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ThesisItem Open Access Genetic variability and plus tree selection in natural populations of Malaveppu (Melia dubia Cav.)(Department of Forest biology and tree improvement, Vellanikkara, 2019) Binu Kamalolbhavan, N; KAU; Santhoshkumar, A VMelia dubia commonly known as Malabar neem is a fast growing indigenous species. It is considered as a major wood in plywood and paper industries and the plant is put into various medicinal uses, preferred for use in packing cases, cigar planks etc. There are no identified genotypes of melia, suitable for Kerala. This is one of the reasons which has made a dearth in the availability of good planting material. Hence, a study was conducted to determine the genetic diversity of the trees and select plus trees from the forests of Kerala. Fifteen locations spread over eighteen localities where the species is common were identified from secondary data and reconnaissance survey. In total 281 trees were selected for the survey. The important quantitative and qualitative characters of the trees were determined. Based on baseline selection system, a regression analysis was done between the (DBH)2 x height and (crown width)2 x crown length separately for each location and the trees above the regression line having highest score for the qualitative characters were selected. This was to ensure that a minimum of one tree got selected from a locality to ensure diversity in selection. The study showed that variability existed for all the qualitative characters and it was more within the localities when compared to between localities. In total twenty five trees were selected. Clustering done for the twenty five plus showed that Melia dubia genetic resources resolved the trees into seven clusters and it was found that grouping were independent to the geographic locations. Inter and intra cluster divergence were also studied. The evaluation of the seedling progenies from the twenty five plus trees were done in the nursery for five months. Significant differences among the progenies of the selected trees were observed for various morphological and physiological characters studied. The performance of the progenies of two trees from Tholpetty (FCV-MD-03 and FCV-MD-04) were the best in most of the parameters studied. The genetic analysis of the causes of variation for the morphological and physiological traits were studied. The values for the phenotypic coefficient of variations ranged from 12.62 per cent for height to 24.53 per cent for biovolume. ii The result indicated that the values for genotypic coefficient of variation was less than the phenotypic coefficient of variations for all the traits studied, indicating existence of environmental effect on these characters. Heritability estimates in broad sense were observed higher than 50 per cent for the quantitative characters such as height, collar diameter, number of leaves, AGR and biovolume. Heritability was also higher for all the physiological characters studied. The genetic gain was also high indicating possibilities of using selections for further breeding. The correlation studies on the morphological and physiological characters showed that the height was positively correlated with all the morphological and physiological characters studied except leaf temperature. Photosynthetic rate was positively correlated with the height, chlorophyll and relative water content of the leaves. For standardization of clonal progenies, cuttings from the seedlings, semi hardwood cuttings from mature trees and root suckers by damaging the roots were taken to develop a method for mass multiplication of the Melia dubia. Three different auxins IBA, NAA, IAA at different concentrations were administered. The result showed that the best treatment for the cuttings and rootsuckers were IBA at 1000 ppm. For the semihardwood cuttings, miniclonal technology was used and the best treatment observed was IBA at 6000 ppm.ThesisItem Open Access Morphological and biochemical diversity assessment of Garcinia indica(Thouars) choisy germplasm(Department of Forest Biology and Tree Improvement, College of Forestry,Vellanikkara, 2019) Raveena Kapatia, KAU; Santhoshkumar, A VA study on ^Morphological and biochemical diversity assessment of Garcinia indica (Thouars) Choisy germplasm' was conducted to find out variations in G. indica germplasm maintained at NBPGR Regional station, Thrissur. The study attempted to evaluate variability in general tree characters, flower, fhiit, biochemical characters and physio-chemical properties of butter. It was observed that large variability was present in morphometric characters like height, GBH and height of first branch, whereas characters like canopy shape and branching habit did not show much variations. In comparison to the general tree characters, leaf and flower characters showed less variability. Among all the leaf characters studied, petiole length showed largest variation (CV=20.2 percent). In case of flower characters, maximum variability was observed in pedicel length. Variability was also observed in the timing of flowering, which ranged from October to January. Variability study on fruit characters like fruit weight, rind weight and number of fruits showed significant variations. Yield ranged from 220 to 1050 fruits per tree. Fruit colour did not show much variations, mainly being dark purple and red. Primary metabolites like carbohydrates, proteins and crude fat showed considerable variability, while it was observed to be comparatively low in TSS and reducing sugar. Variability was also observed in secondary metabolites like phenols (CV = 29.1 percent) and ilavanoids (CV = 17.9 percent). It was observed that Hydroxy citric acid was present in large quantity in fruit rind, average being 36.5 g/IOOg. The variability study on minerals like Ca, Na, Mg, K and P revealed that K was present in the largest quantity, followed by Mg. Maximum variability was observed in P content (CV=24.4 percent) while minimum in K content (CV =9.5 percent). The average vitamin C content was estimated to be 37.17 mg/lOOg and CV being 27.6 percent. Variabilit>' study on physio- chemical properties of kokum butter showed that on an average 30.55 percent of butter (CV=12 percent) was obtained from the seeds. Less variability was present in the melting and pour point of butter. Chemical properties of butter like saponification value, acid value and iodine value also showed less variability.ThesisItem Open Access Field performance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on vegetative growth of mahogany (swietenia macrophylla king.) seedlings(Department of Forest Biology and Tree Improvement, College of Forestry, Vellanikkara, 2018) Satyabrata, Nayak; KAU; Santhoshkumar, A VA study was conducted to determine the efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the vegetative growth of mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King.) seedlings under field conditions at College of Forestry nursery and Instructional farm of Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur district, Kerala during 2015-2017. Three AMF species used in the study were Funneliformis mosseae (Fm), Acaulospora mellea (Am) and Glomus etunicatum (Ge). The study was carried out in two parts. The first experiment was conducted in nursery for three months and the second experiment was conducted in the field for six months. In the nursery experiment, the AMF were applied to the seedlings either individually or in combinations (Fm, Am, Ge, Fm + Am, Am + Ge, Ge + Fm, Fm + Am + Ge) at three different doses (5 g, 10 g and 15 g) and laid out in a factorial CRD with control as 21+1 treatment combinations and three replications. The purpose of the nursery experiment was to choose the best four treatments for out-planting in the main field. It was found that the AMF species used in the nursery significantly influence the biometric characters (height, collar diameter and number of leaves) of the seedlings when compared to control. However, the AMF treatments did not differ among themselves. There was significant differences among different doses of AMF. The seedlings growth increased when the doses of AMF increased. From the result, Fm (15 g), Am (15 g), Ge (15 g) and Fm + Ge (15 g) were chosen as treatments for seedlings for the second experiment. The field experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with five treatments (four chosen treatments from nursery + control) with three replications. The observations like height, collar diameter, number of leaves, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and leaf temperature were recorded at 30 days interval. Soil nutrient analysis was done before and after the planting of ii the seedlings. Plant’s nutrient analysis were done after the completion of the experiment. It was found that inoculation with AMF, did not result any significant differences in height, collar diameter, number of leaves, stomatal conductance and leaf temperature. However, the AMF had significant influence on photosynthesis rate and transpiration rate on the seedlings at later stages of the experiment. From soil nutrient analysis, it was found that total N, available P, available K and organic carbon content increased with AMF inoculation. The soil pH changed from 5.46 to 5.94. From plant nutrient analysis, it was found, that there were no significant effect of AMF on K and N content of the seedlings. However, the P and C content of the seedlings increased due to AMF. The root colonisation percentage and total spore count were found to be low in all treatments. These values were significantly higher in seedlings inoculated with AMF than the non-inoculated seedlings. From the study, it was concluded that increasing doses of AMF can increase S. macrophylla seedlings growth in nursery. The AMF did not affect the growth of seedling during first six months of field experiment. But, some physiological parameters like photosynthesis rate and transpiration were influenced by the AMF at later stages of the growth. It may be pointed to the fact that AMF experimented could not establish in the field as evidence by low root colonisation percentage. This may be because of the soil reaction which was acidic in nature and was not suitable for AMF to establish since AMF require neutral medium for its better growth and development. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi helped in improving the pH of soil along with other nutrient contents (N, P, K and organic C). The seedlings were benefitted from AMF as their P uptake was increased. Further studies are required to identify better native species of AMF for S. macrophylla in acidic ultisols of Kerala.