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Open Access
Evaluvation of China aster [Callistephus chinensis (L.) Nees.] for cultivation in tropical plains
(Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Alfin, Santhosh; KAU; Anupama, T V
China aster [Callistephus chinenesis (L.) Nees.] is one of the most important annual flower crops grown in India for cut flower as well as loose flower purposes. It ranks third next to chrysanthemum and marigold among the annual flowers and has gained popularity due to ease of cultivation, diversity of colours and good vase life. It is also used for bedding purpose in landscapes and as pot plants. In Kerala, the demand for annual flower crops is on the rise, however the cultivation is limited. China aster due to its hardy nature can be grown as a pure crop as well as intercrop in coconut gardens. The investigation entitled ‘Evaluation of China aster [Callistephus chinenesis (L.) Nees.] for cultivation in tropical plains’ was conducted at the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping during 2018-2019 with an objective to evaluate the performance of China aster for cultivation in tropical plains. Ten varieties of China aster viz. Arka Kamini, Arka Shashank, Arka Archana, Phule Ganesh White, Phule Ganesh Violet, Phule Ganesh Pink, Phule Ganesh Purple, AAC-1, Local Pink and Mat White were evaluated for vegetative, floral and post harvest characters. The varieties showed significant variation for vegetative characters. In all the varieties, leaf dentation was present and leaf shape was ovate for all varieties except Arka Shashank which had linear leaf shape. Stem colouration and leaf mid rib colouration were absent in varieties such as Arka Shashank, Arka Archana, Phule Ganesh White and Mat White and the rest of the six varieties showed the presence of purplish stem and mid rib colouration. The variety Phule Ganesh Pink was superior in plant height (68.86 cm) at 3 months after planting. The characters like plant spread (50.08 cm), number of leaves (56.48), number of primary branches (14.25) and stem girth (11.09 cm) were also highest in variety Phule Ganesh Pink. Leaf area was the highest in variety Phule Ganesh White (34.31 cm2). The variety Mat White was significantly inferior for all the vegetative characters observed. Floral characters showed significant variation among the varieties. Powderpuff flower type was observed in Arka Shashank and all the other varieties had semi-double type flower. Days to bud initiation was minimum in variety Arka Shashank (44.40 days) and maximum in Phule Ganesh White (73.67 days). The same trend was observed for days to complete flower opening and days to 50 per cent flowering. The variety Local Pink had the highest duration of flowering (62.40 days) and variety Mat White (45.20 days) had the lowest duration of flowering. The variety Arka Shashank produced highest number of flowers per plant (20.20). The flower stalk length (21.13 cm), flower weight (6.94 g) and flower diameter (7.07 cm) were the highest in the variety Phule Ganesh Pink. The variety Phule Ganesh White was superior in terms of number of disc florets per head (251.00) whereas Phule Ganesh Pink had the highest number of ray florets per head (201.20). The flower yield per plant was highest in variety Phule Ganesh Pink (55.99 g). The variety Phule Ganesh White recorded the highest seed yield per flower (1.27 g) and seed germination (65.27 %). Longest shelf life was observed in variety Phule Ganesh Pink (3.67 days) which was on par with Phule Ganesh White (3.33 days) and physiological loss of weight was recorded highest in Phule Ganesh White (35.70 %). The variety Phule Ganesh Pink had the longest vase life (13.93 days) and total water uptake was also maximum in variety Phule Ganesh Pink (20.27 ml). Anthocyanin content of flowers was recorded highest in the variety Phule Ganesh Violet (51.87 mg/g) followed by Arka Kamini (48.62 mg/g). Dendrogram based on D2 statistics considering qualitative and quantitative characters indicated that high amount of variability is present among the varieties. Correlation and path analysis revealed that the characters such as number of primary branches (0.978), plant spread (0.894), leaf area (0.796) and flower weight (0.933) were having significant positive correlation with flower yield per plant with a direct effect of 0.150, 0.199, 0.281 and 0.498 respectively. Ranking of varieties was done individually for loose flower and cut flower types. In ranking for loose flower types, variety Phule Ganesh Pink scored first position which was followed by Phule Ganesh White and Local Pink. When varieties were ranked for cut flower types, first position was scored by Phule Ganesh Pink while second position was shared by Phule Ganesh White, Phule Ganesh Purple and Local Pink. In overall ranking the variety Phule Ganesh Pink occupied first position followed by Phule Ganesh White and Local Pink and these can be recommended for commercial cultivation in tropical plains of Kerala during winter season.
Open Access
Standardization of growing media and growth regulators for rose (Rosa ssp.) under top ventilated rain shelter
(Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 2019) Sijo, John; KAU; Mini, Sankar
Rose is acclaimed as ‘Queen of flowers’ because of its colour, fragrance and elegance. Cut roses are having very high demand in domestic as well as international market due to versatile uses. Roses can be successfully cultivated under top ventilated rain shelters in Kerala. Soilless media consist of vermiculite, perlite, and rockwool are popularly used for commercial production of rose under protected condition. These are costly and not easily available to farmers. Thus, there is a need to develop a cost effective growing media with locally available materials. Exogenous application of plant growth regulators improves the yield and quality of cut flowers by manipulating hormonal regulations in the plant system. Even though commercial formulations of different growth regulators are available in the market, the type and precise concentration of growth regulators are to be standardised. Hence the present study entitled “Standardization of growing media and growth regulators for rose (Rosa spp.) under top ventilated rain shelter” was carried out in the Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 2018-2019. Objective of the study was to standardize growing media and growth regulators for commercial production of cut roses in agroclimatic conditions of Kerala. The experiment consisted of twelve treatments, which included different combinations of three growing media viz; soil + M-sand + cocopeat + FYM (M1), soil + M-sand + cocopeat + vermicompost (M2) and soil + M-sand + cocopeat + poultry manure (M3) in 2:1:1:1 ratio and two levels each of two growth regulators viz; Benzyl adenine (BA) and Gibberellic acid (GA) at 200 and 250 ppm. Six months old grafts of rose variety ‘Tajmahal’ was used for the study. Observations on growth characters, yield, post harvest aspects as well as nutrient status of the growing media were recorded. With regard to vegetative characters, growing media, growth regulators and interaction between growing media and growth regulators had significant influence during the period of observation. Growing media containing FYM (M1) recorded the greatest plant height and was on par with growing media containing vermicompost (M2). Among growth regulators, GA 250 ppm was found to be superior in terms of plant height. With respect to interaction effect, greatest plant height was observed under the media containing FYM (M1) and GA at 250 ppm. Plant spread was highest under medium containing FYM (M1). Growth regulators had significant influence on plant spread and BA at 200 and 250 ppm were superior and on par in terms of this parameter. Regarding interaction, growing media containing FYM (M1) along with 200 ppm BA was observed to have the highest plant spread during the growth period. Media containing FYM (M1) as well as vermicompost (M2) were found to produce more number of branches and among growth regulators, BA at 200 and 250 ppm were on par and superior with respect to this parameter. Regarding interaction effect, highest number of branches was observed under growing media containing FYM (M1) and BA at 200 ppm. Significant effects of growing media could be observed on floral characters and media containing FYM (M1) was found to be superior with respect to floral characters viz; length of flower bud (3.37 cm), diameter of flower bud (2.16 cm), number of flowers /plant (5.04), number of petals/ flower (51.92), stalk length (47.94 cm) and flower diameter at fully opened stage (8.44 cm). Growing media containing FYM (M1) and growing media containing vermicompost (M2) were on par in terms of other floral characters viz; length of flower shoot, neck girth and stalk girth of flower. With respect to the influence of growth regulators on floral characters, a greater number of flowers/plant (5.38 and 5.10) as well as largest flowers at fully opened stage (8.33 and 7.99 cm) were observed under BA at 200 and 250 ppm. Stalk length of the flower was found to be maximum under GA at 200 ppm (47.92 cm). Highest length of flower shoot was observed in GA at 200 ppm and BA at 200 ppm which were on par with each other (38.79 and 36.94 cm respectively). Growing media and growth regulator interaction had significant influence on floral parameters viz; stalk length and number of petals per flower. Media containing FYM (M1) with GA 200 as well as 250 ppm were found to have maximum stalk length (52.48 and 50.09 cm respectively). Highest number of petals were observed under media containing FYM (M1) along with BA 200 and 250 ppm, media containing FYM (M1) along with GA 200 and 250 ppm, media containing vermicompost (M2) along with BA 200 ppm and GA 200 ppm as well as media containing poultry manure (M3) along with BA 200 ppm. Early initiation of flower bud was observed under media containing FYM (M1) along with BA 250 ppm (119.22 days). Regarding post harvest characters, media containing FYM (M1) was superior in terms of fresh weight of flower (16.36 g), total water uptake (49.48 ml) and vase life (8.46 days). Among growth regulators BA 200 ppm had longest vase life which was on par with GA at 200 ppm. Maximum fresh weight was observed under BA 200 ppm (15.17g). With regard to interaction effect, treatment combination of FYM + BA at 200 was found to have maximum vase life and fresh weight of flower (9.38 days and 18.71g respectively). Considering overall performance, growing media combination of soil + M-sand + cocopeat + FYM (2:1:1:1) along with monthly application of BA at 200 ppm can be recommended for commercial cultivation of rose under protected condition in Kerala.
Open Access
Effect of time of planting and growth regulators on flowering and vase life of Gerbera jamesonii
(Department of Pomology and floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture,Vellanikara, 1993) Suma, P; KAU; Lila Mathew, K
Studies were carried out in the Department of pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, during 1991 – 93 to examine the effect of time of planting and growth regulators on flowering and vase life of gerbera. Four varieties, namely , Eoliet, Presley, Pritty and Sunbird and five treatments, viz., GA 50 ppm, GA 100 ppm, CCC 500 ppm, CCC 750 ppm and control, were tried. Varieties were found to have significant influence on both vegetative as well as the floral characters whereas the treatments did not have any significant effect on vegetative characters of the Gerbera cultivars in general, when evaluated in the first season. In the second season both varietal and treatment effects were not consistent. Variety Presley was found to be early flowering while Eoliet was late flowering. GA 50 ppm and GA 100 ppm hastened flowering whereas CCC 500 ppm and CCC 750 ppm delayed it. In general the longevity of flowers was maximum in varieties Eoliet and Sunbird. Variety Presley had the least longevity. Among the treatments, CCC 750 ppm and GA 50 ppm increased the longevity of flowers in field. Maximum number of blooms was produce by Presley and the minimum by Eoliet. In general GA 100 ppm and CCC 750 ppm increased the number of blooms. In general CCC 750 ppm, GA 50 ppm and GA 100 ppm had a significant positive influence on flower diameter. In general variety sunbird had the maximum stalk length and diameter, while Pritty produced the shorest stalks. CCC 500 ppm and CCC 750 ppm had the best effect on stalk length. Vase life was found to be significantly increased by GA 100 ppm and CCC 750 ppm treatments given to the plants. Five per cent sucrose + 20 ppm AgNO3 significantly increased the longevity of flowers in vase. Planting in June was found to be better than October planting with respect to vegetative as well as floral characters, especially for number of flowers and flower diameter. Among the varieties, with respect to growth and number of flowers, Presley was found to be superior. In the correlation studies flower number was found to have positive and highly significant correlation with plant height and leaf area whereas flower diameter had significant negative correlation with leaf area and stalk length. Petiole length, stalk diameter and leaf number had positive correlation with this character. Vase life had significantly positive correlation with fresh weight of flowers.
Open Access
Response of Gladiolus to Rapid Cloning Through in Vitro Techniques
(Department of pomology and floriculture, College of horticulture,Vellanikkara, 1995) Sakkeer Hussain, C T; KAU; Geetha, C K
Investigations were carried out to study the response of gladiolus to rapid cloning through in vitro techniques at the Department of Pomology and Floriculture and Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory of All India Co-ordinated Floriculture Improvement Project, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, during 1992-94. The main objective was to identify the most suitable explant and media combination for in vitro cloning. The explants used were corm axillary buds, cormel tips, inflorescence nodal segments (for enhanced release of axillary buds), inflorescence internodal segments, flower buds, flower bud bracts, root segments (for somatic organogenesis) and leaf segments (for somatic embryogenesis). The best season for the collection of corm axillary buds and cormel tips was from September to May. Surface sterilization of the explants could be effectively done with 0.1 or o.2 per cent mercuric chloride and the duration of treatment varied from I to25 minutes. Culture establishment of the corm axillary bud, cormel tip explants were better in MS medium supplemented with BAP ranging from 1.0 mg 1 -1 to 4.0 mg 1-1. The concentration of BAP required varied according to the stage of development of corms and cormels. Higher levels of BAP was ideal during early stages of development of corm and cormels. Of the different media (White’s, SH and MS) tried, MS medium was found to be the best culture establishment (Stage 1) when supplemented with 3.0 mg 1-1 BAP. Elongated shoots of Stage I were subjected to shoot proliferation (Stage 2). Multiple axillary bud production was very high when the MS medium was supplemented with BAP 1.0 mg 1-1 and NAA 0.5 mg 1-1 or BAP 2.0 mg 1-1 and NAA 0.5 mg 1-1. Callus production from the base of the elongated shoots were observed when the concentration of NAA increased in the medium. Of the different cytokinins (BAP, kinetin and 2ip) tried, BAP was found to be the best in Stage 2. Frequent subculturing onto the MS medium containing BAP 2.0 mg 1-1 and NAA 0.5 mg 1-1 increased the production of multiple axillary buds. These when transferred to the MS medium devoid of growth regulators resulted in elongation of shoots. The elongated shoots produced maximum number of roots in the MS medium containing 1.0 mg 1-1 IBA under the exclusion of light. However, early rooting was obtained in MS liquid medium devoid of growth regulators. Plantlet survival was maximum when treated with 0.2 per cent Bavistin immediately after removing from the culture vessels, followed by treatment with 0.2 per cent mancozeb and norfloxacin at the time of transplanting and post planting treatment with 1/10 MS solution and drenching with triadimefon 20.0 mg 1-1 at three days interval inside improvised mist chamber. Direct organogenesis could be obtained from immature inflorescence segments in modified MS medium supplemented with 15.0 mg 1-1 NAA and 3.0 mg 1-1 BAP. Among the various explants tried for callus mediated organogenesis, callus index was the maximum (400) when immature inflorescence segments were inoculated to the modified MS medium supplemented with NAA 15.0 mg 1-1 in 16 h photoperiod and also in the medium supplemented with 15.0 mg 1-1 NAA + 2.0 mg 1-1 BAP and kept under exclusion of light. The callus derived from inflorescence segments differentiated into shoots in the MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg 1-1 BAP and also in the medium supplemented with 1.0 mg 1-1 BAP and 0.5 mg 1-1 NAA. Callus also could be obtained from flower buds and flower bud bracts. The callus derived from the corm axillary buds and cormel tip explants in Stage 2, differentiated in the basal MS medium devoid of growth regulators or supplemented with 20.0 ml 1-1 coconut water and also in the medium with 0.5 mg 1-1 BAP. The root segments (both in vitro and in vivo) produced callus in MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg 1-1 NAA and the differentiation was obtained in the medium containing 3.0 mg 1-1 BAP an 1.0mg 1-1 NAA. Leaf segments failed to develop callus. However, the explants collected from the leaf covering the inflorescence boot leaf) when cultured in modified MS medium supplemented with 15.0 mg 1-1 NAA and 1.0 mg 1-1 BAP and incubated under darkness for three months developed somatic embryos. In vitro corm production was noticed in the cultures, if planting out was delayed. Earliest and large sized corm induction was made possible in elongated shoots of gladiolus from Stage 2 in Ms medium containing 5.0 per cent sucrose, 0.5 mg 1-1 NAA and 5.0 mg 1-1 triadimefon kept under etiolated condition. The size of the in vitro produced corms enlarged from 0.2 cm to 2.3 cm in the MS liquid medium containing 5.0 per cent sucrose and 3.0 mg 1-1 triadimefon.
Open Access
Response of Papaya (Carica Papaya L.) to Major Mineral Nutrients
(Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture , Vellayani, 2003) Bindu, B; KAU; Jayachandran Nair, C S
An experiment was conducted in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2001-2002, to study the response of major plant nutrients viz., nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on growth, yield and quality of papaya under Kerala conditions and to standardise the optimum dose of these nutrients. The experiment was conducted in 33 confounded factorial RBD, confounding NPK in replication 1 and Np2K2 in replication 2. The present study revealed that application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased plant height, girth and number of leaves. The highest plant height was obtained with the combined application of 200 g N, 300 g P and 500 g K plan' year-', while the highest plant girth was obtained with application of 250 g N, 300 g P and 500 g K. Combined application of 300 g N, 250 g P and 500 g K p lant' year-' resulted in the maximum number of leaves. Plants receiving a dose of nitrogen at 250 g, 300 g phosphorus and 500 g potassium plant" took the shortest time for flowering. Combined application of nitrogen at 250 g plant.", phosphorus at 250 g plant" and potassium at 500 g planr' considerably shortened the time for harvesting the first fruit. Fruit weight, number of fruits plant", yield planr' and papain yield increased by application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Application of 250 g N, 250 g P and 500 g K planr' year-' gave highest yield. Maximum fruit girth was obtained from 200 g N, 200 g P and 500 g K, whereas maximum fruit volume and pulp percentage was obtained from 250 g N, 250 g P and 500 g K. Levels of nitrogen and phosphorus tried had no significant influence on TSS and ascorbic acid content of fruits. Nitrogen at 200 g, phosphorus at 250 g planr' produced. fruits of low acidity, while potassium had no significant influence. The combination of 200 g nitrogen, 300 g phosphorus and 500 g potassium plane 1 year" increased carotenoids, total sugars, reducing sugars and organoleptic qualities of fruits. Most of the treatments had light yellow peel colour, orange pulp colour and firm flesh. Nitrogen at 200 g, phosphorus at 250 g and potassium at 500 g plant" was found to increase the shelf life of fruits. Application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium increased soil and leaf petiole content of the respective elements. Highest benefit: cost ratio was obtained from the combination of 250 g N, 250 g P and 500 g K I -I -I P ant year . Over all assessment indicated that application of N, P and K at the rate of 250 : 250 : 500 g plant" year-I in six equal splits was economically viable and improved growth, yield and quality of papaya.
Open Access
Floral biology and compatibility in gladiolus
(Department Of Pomology And Floriculture,College Of Horticulture,Vellanikkara, 1999) Jisha, V; KAU; Suma, A
The present investigation on 'Floral biology and compatibility in gladiolus was conducted in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during the period from July 1997 to December 1998. The investigations on floral biology, pollen studies and the extent of compatibility between different varieties were done in the experimental field of AICRP on Floriculture. All the varieties showed significant variation among themselves for all the characters studied. Accession-l showed maximum corm germination percentage (94.89), plant height (68.86 cm), leaf number (9.44), spike length (64.67 cm), spike yield per plant (3.11) and took minimum days for spike emergence (46.56) and first flowering (60.44 days). These desirable qualities combined in a single variety indicate its scope for using in further breeding programme. American Beauty had maximum duration of flowering (12.44 days) and highest cormel number (8.11). Agnirekha had maximum number of florets per spike (15.00) and corm weight (31.66 g). Mansoer Red had highest spike weight (25.63 g) and Wedding Bouquet had maximum floret size (11.14 cm) and cormel size (1.84). Maximum number of florets per spike was observed in Pacific. It had longest vase life (8.66 days), corm size (5.18 cm) and conn number (1.78) also. Tambri showed maximum cormel weight (4.65 g). In all the varieties fullanthesis occurred from 7.15 a.m. and peak time was 9.00 a.m. Anthers dehisced within two to three hours after unfurling of perianth .. Stigma became receptive only after it turned feathery. By 9.30 a.m. on the day of anthesis stigma turned feathery and after that upto two days it remained receptive. White Friendship had maximum pollen fertility (85.90 %) and pollen production per anther (39500) while Pacific registered highest pollen diameter (38.09 J.!). Maximum pollen germination was observed in 15 per cent sucrose + 75 ppm boric acid medium for the two varieties studied viz., White Friendship and Accession-L Pollen viabil ity was the highest when stored in desiccator at 4"C. High heritability and high genetic advance were observed in characters I ike days to first flowering, spike length and leaf area: This shows that most likely the heritability is due to additive gene effects and selection may be effective for these characters. PCV and GCV were high for leaf area, spike yield per plant, number of florets open at a time and duration of flowering and they were low in the case of vase life, spike length, plant height and leaf number. The number of florets per spike which determines the market quality had positive correlation with spike weight, number of florets open at a time and leaf area. So the number of florets per spike can be increased with the improvement of any of these characters. A straight away selection from - gennplasm lines will be very effective for making improvement in this character. The genotypic correlation coefficients were found to be higher than the phenotypic correlation coefficients for most of the characters. This indicates that the environment had lesser effects on these characters. The direct and indirect effects of 12 characters on number of florets per spike showed that spike weight had the maximum direct effect on number of florets per spike: It was followed by duration of flowering, collar girth, spike length and vase life. The direct selection for the characte-s like spike weight and duration of flowering would be beneficial for crop improvement, since these two also showed positive correlation coefficients. Negative direct effects on number of florets per spike was from days to first flowering, plant height, floret size, leaf area, leaf number and spike yield per plant. The highest positive indirect effect on number of florets per spike was of leaf area through spike weight. The indirect effect of duration of flowering on number of florets per spike through number of florets open at a time was the lowest. Ten gladiolus varieties namely, White Friendship, Tambri, Echo Saunder, American Beauty, Tiger Flame, Wedding Bouquet, Accession-l , Accession-2, Amal and Pacific were selected and crossed in all possible combinations. In Amal and Tambri there was no pod development and seed set in both cross pollination and self pollination tests. In self pollination, pod set, number of seeds per pod and weight of seeds per pod were higher than that in cross pollination. Pods took 25 to 35 days to mature. In self compatibility Accession-I had maximum -pod set (100 %) and highest number of seeds per pod (77.21). Weight of seeds . per pod was highest in Wedding Bouquet (1.36 g). In cross compatibility, the pod set was maximum in Accession-2 x White Friendship (91.78 %) and the number of seeds per pod was highest in Accession-? x Accession-I. Thc weight of seeds per pod was maximum in Tiger Flame x Amal (0.92 g). The seed germination percentage was maximum in Pacific (78.94 %) in self compatibility studies. In cross compatibility the seed germination percentage was highest in Accession-2 x White Friendship. The varieties with highest number of florets per spike, vase life and early flowering were observed in this investigation. Also the compatible varieties were identified. These varieties can be exploited in further breeding programmes in gladiolus.
Open Access
Micropropagation and crop improvement of Cordyline (Cordyline terminalis (L.) Kunth)
(Department of pomology and floriculture, College of horticulture,Vellanikkara, 2000) Lavanya, R; KAU; Rajeevan, P K
Investigations on micropropagation and crop improvement of cordyline were carried out in the Department of Pomology and Floriculture, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara during 1998-2000. The main objectives were to study the response of various explants and to identify the most suitable explant and media combination for in vitro propagation. Attempts were also made to find out the optimum dose of y - irradiation, for inducing variation. The shoot tips and nodal segments of cordyline were found to be ideal explants for the enhanced release of axillary buds and for indirect organogenesis. The best sterilization treatment was wiping with 70 per cent ethyl alcohol, followed by a dip in 0.1 per cent mercuric chloride for 18 min. for shoots, nodal segments and axillary buds. For leaf segments, treatment with 0.1 per cent mercuric chloride for ten minutes alone was enough. The nodal segment explants collected in the drier months, namely; January, March, November and December showed no contamination. Survival percentage was the highest in the months of November and December. The shoot tip explants showed least contamination when collected during August to April. Early release of buds (4.4 days after inoculation) and further growth of buds was better in MS medium supplemented with BAP 3.0 mg r'. Maximum shoot proliferation was observed in MS medium with 2.0 mg rI BAP. In the case of shoot tips MS medium having Kin 3.0 mg r' showed less time (5.5 days) for bud emergence. Maximum number of shoots (2.5) was also obtained when MS medium was supplemented with 3.0 mg rl KIN. MS medium supplemented with BAP in combination with NAA also proved better for culture establishment of nodal segments and shoot tips. Maximum number of shoots was observed in MS medium with NAA 0.5 mg r' + BAP 1.0 mg l". Of the different media tried, MS medium was found to be the best for early release of buds in nodal segments and shoot tips. Number of shoots produced did not differ significantly in all the three media. The elongated buds from Stage 1 showed very high rate of axillary bud production when inoculated in MS medium containing BAP 1.0 mg r' + NAA 0.5 mg r' and BAP 2.0 mg r' + NAA 0.5 mg r'. Among MS, SH and WPM media, full strength MS medium gave very high rate of axillary bud production within a short time (12.2 days). High rate of callus production was observed in MS medium having 1.0 mg r' BAP + 1.0 mg rl NAA and 2.0 mg rl BAP + 1.0 mg rl NAA. The rate of axillary bud production and callusing was less with KIN in combination with NAA. Irrespective of the media, rhizogenesis was observed when higher levels of 2ip was incorporated in to the media. Elongation of the multiple axillary buds with normal shoot and root growth was recorded in full strength MS medium devoid of growth regulators. None of the media supplements (activated charcoal, adenine sulphate, coconut water and casein hydrolysate) induced multiple axillary bud elongation. Among the three basal media tried, MS medium was superior with respect to the number of lengthy roots and the time taken for root initiation. Among the auxins, iliA was superior for root induction. Callus formation was observed at the base when NAA was incorporated in the media. Maximum percentage of rooting, early rooting and more number of lengthy roots were obtained in full strength MS basal medium. Addition of activated charcoal in the medium did not affect root number and root length, but reduced the number of days taken for root initiation. Triadimefon in the rooting medium slightly increased the number of days taken for root initiation and decreased the number of roots/culture and length of roots. It also increased the survival percentage during hardening. Maximum survival percentage of the plantlets was obtained when the plantlets rooted in the medium containing Triadimefon 1.0 mg r' + iliA 5.0 mg l' were treated with 0.1 per cent Bavistin for 30 minutes soon after removal from the culture vessels and subjected to a post planting treatment with triadimefon (20 mg rl) drenching at weekly intervals and kept in a net house having 50 per cent shade. Plant height was the maximum when the plantlets after planting out were supplied with 0.75 g 17: 17: 17 NPK mixture per week as soil drench. Among the various explants tried for somatic organogenesis, nodal segments and shoot tips were the most ideal for callus initiation, growth and differentiation. Callus intensity was maximum in the leaf segments when bottom portions of the immature leaves with midrib were cultured. Best response to callusing and callus intensity was obtained with the adaxial surface of the leaf touching the medium. Direct organogenesis could not be obtained in different treatment combinations or explants. Shoot tips and nodal segments produced higher percentage of callus and showed maximum callus index when MS medium was supplemented with lower levels of 2, 4 D (0.5 mg rl) and BAP (0.5 mg r'j, both in 12 h photoperiod. No positive response was observed with the addition of coconut water on callus induction and differentiation. Earliest differentiation of callus derived from nodal segment and shoot tip explants was possible in MS medium supplemented with BAP 1.0 mg r' + KIN 2.0 mg r': Very high rate of shoot production was observed in the medium supplemented with BAP 1.0 mg rl + KIN 2.0 mg r'. A combination of BAP + KIN gave high rate of shoot production, compared to BAP + 2ip combination. Various treatment combinations failed to induce morphogenesis in leaf derived callus, but additon of activated charcoal prevented browning of callus upon subculturing. Higher concentration of cytokinins prevented rhizogenesis. In vitro mutagenesis was attempted to know the optimum dose and correct stage for induction of variation. Of all the doses of y-irradiation, a dose of 10 Gy at culture establishment stage produced plants having narrow yellow leaves with green line at the centre, but after planting out the plantlets reverted to normal behaviour.
Open Access
Somatic Embryogenesis in Musa (AAB) Nendran
(Department of pomology and floriculture, College of horticulture,Vellanikkara, 2002) Beena, R; KAU; Aravindakshan, K
Open Access
Performance of clonal progenies from different yield groups and in relation to size of suckers in rainfed banana musa (AAB Group) palayankodan
(Department of Pomology & Floriculture and Landscaping, College of Horticulture, Vellanikkara, 1983) Prasanna, K P; KAU; Aravindakshan, N
Tae p resen t in v e s tig a tio n m e se r r ied c a t in the S ep erteen t e f Penology, C o lleg e e f iia r tie u ltu r e , V sllen lk ifsre from 1981 te 19<»2. The study wee aimed a t fin d in g ou t the e f f e e t e f suekare fr e e d iffe r e n t y ie ld group* end th e ir e is e en growth, d u r a tio n y ie ld end q u a lity e f f r u i t s . th e fe a r parental y ie ld groups fr e e which suckers were eeed were 5 te 7 hg9 d to 10 kg, 11 te 13 kg and 14 t e 16 k g . The e ls e e f seek ers need in the study wee 1 te 1*3 kg, 2 te 2 .5 kg end 3 te 3*5 k g . th e t r ia l wee la id s e t a s m f e e tor in i experiment in randomised bloc* d esign with twelve tr e e teen te end f iv e r e p lic a tio n s . • Seekers fr e e d iffe r e n t y ie ld groups had no e f f e e t en the morphological charactera , hut th e e ls e e f se ek ers in flu enced the a o rp h elo g lea l eh ereeta rs during the v e g e ta tiv e phase. Toward* sh e e tin g t in e , th ese differences were le v e lle d o f f . The duration e f the erep wee s ig n if ic a n t ly redueed whan the sueksr used wee larger* Meiinua duration wee t aken fey plant* rein ed fr e e euokere weighing 1 te 1 .5 k g. Y ield a ttr ib u te s v is * 9 w eight e f bunch, len g th e f buneh9 nusber e f hands per buneh9 w eight e f hend9 number e f fin g e r s per bunch, and len g th , g ir th end w eight e f fin g e r were s e t in flu en ced by the treatment*. traatsante a loo n*& m t f fM l oa toe f r u i t quality UuffMUn like to ta l aoluOla M i l l * , a c id ity , to ta l sugar, radualng sugar, noxwaduoifig auger and augur/acid ra tio *

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