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ThesisItem Open Access Utilization of prawn waste as pig feed(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1991) Syam, Mohan K M; KAU; Sivaraman, EAn investigation was carried out to assess the feeding value of prawn waste as a partial or complete replacement of unsalted dried fish in the rations for growing – finishing pigs. Thirty – two Large White Yorkshire weanling pigs with an average body weight of 9.1 kg were distributed randomly and uniformly as far as possible to four groups (Groups 1, 11, 111 and IV) of eight animals each, with regard to age, sex and body weight and housed in pairs of the same sex. The four dietary treatments A, B, C and D were allotted to the pigs in the groups 1, 11, 111 and IV respectively. Of the total protein, 25 per cent in the diets A, B and C and 12.5 per cent in the diet D were provided as animal protein. Unsalted dried fish was used as animal protein source in the diets C and D. Diet C formed the control diet. In the diets A and B, 50 per cent and 100 per cent replacements respectively of animal protein from unsalted dried fish were made using dried prawn waste. All the animals were maintained on the respective diets with 18 per cent total protein upto an average live weight of 50 kg and with 14 per cent protein till they attained a body weight of 70 kg or 8 months of age, whichever was earlier, when they were slaughtered to study carcass characteristics.ThesisItem Open Access High density rearing of Labeo Rohita (Hamilton) spown indoors using different feeds(Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Panangad, 1998) Dinesh, K; KAU; Mohankumaran, Nair CThree day old rohu spawn was reared in indoor tanks with eight different feeds The diets tried were newly hatched Artemia nauplii, size graded Moina micrura, formulated feed, Artemia nauplii + formulated feed, Moina micura+ formulated feed, first 3 days Artemia nauplii and formulated feed later on, first 3 days Moina micrura and formulated feed later on and mixed zooplankton + ricebran and GOC in I: I ratio (conventional method).ThesisItem Open Access Impact of training programme on hygienic measures followed in pelling sheds(Department of Management Studies, College of Fisheries, Panangad, 1989) Daisy, C Kappen; KAU; Pushkaran, P SThe study was conducted in Quilon district of Kerala with a view to measure the impact of training programme on hygienic measures followed in peeling sheds. The major objectives were: 1. To study the level of knowledge about hygienic measuroe of trained peeling shed workers in comparison with those who have not attended the training programme. 2. To study the perception of the trained peeling shed workers about the quality of the product. • 3. To compare the association, if any, existing between the socio-psychological and economic factors of trained and untrained peeling shed workers with the level of knowledge and extent of perception. 4. To study the motivational factors responsible for attending the training programme by the peeling shed workers. The sample consisted of randomly selected 60 trained and 60 untrained peeling shed workers. Data were collected using interview schedule and suitable statistical techniques were employed for the analysis of data. The study revealed that the trained peeling shed workers had significantly higher knowledge than untrained peeling shed workers. They also had significantly higher perception about the quality of the product than untrained peeling shed workers. The peeling shed workers perceived the factor ‘Quality of the raw material’ as the most important one in determining the final quality of the product. The perception on the factors contributing to the final quality of the product were same for both trained and untrained peeling shed workers. The selected independent variables together contributed significantly in the variation in knowledge and perception about the quality of the product of both trained and untrained peeling shed workers. The correlation analysis revealed that education was positively and significantly related with level of knowledge of trained peeling shed workers; while age, occupation and family indicated negative and significant association. In the case of untrained peeling shed workers extension orienta¬tion is the only variable Which Indicated positive and signi¬ficant relationship with level of knowledge. Education showed positive and significant relationship with perception about the quality of the product of trained peeling shed workers. Age and occupation revealed negative and significant association. In the case of untrained peeling shed workers only age Indicated negative and significant relationship with perception about the quality of the product. Innovativeness was the major motive which induced the peeling shed workers to attend the training programme.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on depuration of edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston)(Department of processing technology, College of fisheries, Panangad, 1993) Usha, P T; KAU; Damodaran, NamboodiriOysters crassostrea madrasensis harvested from cochin back waters are commonly contaminated with low levels of food poisoning organisms such as E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, V-parahaemolyticus etc, heavy metals like cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, mercury etc and sand content. Depuration studies were conducted to find out any changes in the biochemical constituents such as total Nitrogen, salt soluble Nitrogen, Non protein Nitrogen, Ash and sand content. The studies revealed that there were no significant changes in the biochemical constituents during the 48th depuration period. Oysters were laboratory contaminated to levels in excess of 10000 cells /g with E.coli and it was cleansed from such oysters during purification in a laboratory depuration unit that used ultraviolet light and chlorination for sterilizing the depuration water. Depuration in sterilized water using ultra violet light treatment was found to be more efficient in cleansing the oyster of pathogen, E.Coli than using chlorination. Of the two salinity tested depuration of oyster in seawater at 35 ppt salinity gave better results compared t that in 30ppt salinity sea water both sterilised with uv light. Depuration of oyster in unsterile seawater and in seawater sterilised 10 ppm chlorination was found to be least effective in cleansing the oyster to the acceptable international standard of less than 2.3 E.Coli/g oyster meat within 48h depuration. There was no appreciated change in the sensory characteristics of oysters such as aroma, taste, and flavor. However there was significant change in the grittiness characteristics of oyster after 48h depuration. Depuration was not effective in removing heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, zinc, Tin and Mercury from the oyster within the depuration period of 48h.ThesisItem Open Access Breeding biology of Villorita cyprinoides (Gray) in relation to salinity gradients(Department of Fishery Biology, College of Fisheries, Panangad, 1991) Sudha, B Nair; KAU; Jose, T MThe present study was undertaken to investigate the influence of salinity variations on the breeding biology of populations of black clam Villorita cyprinoides (Gray), inhibiting two different cological zones of the Vembanad Lake. Two stations with perennial clam beds, but differing greatly in salinity conditions were selected for the study. Station I, in the northern side of Thanneermukkam barrier, has more influx of sea water and Station II, in the southern side has low saline influx. Monthly collections of black clams and bottom and surface waters were made from May 1989 to June 1990. Major environmental parameters such as salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH of bottom and surface waters were estimated with a view to understand the circannual variations within and between the stations. Among these, salinity was found to be the most important parameter showing prominent variations. At Station I, the bottom salinity values ranged from 0.0 to 18.12%0 and in Station II from 0.0 to 2.12%0. Histological studies of the clams collected from the two stations revealed that animals inhabiting Station I, a predominantly brackish water zone, have a protracted, almost year round breeding season extending from September to June with peak spawning during March to June and coinciding with the peak salinity levels and temperature. At Station II, a predominantly freshwater zone, the clams have a short duration spawning season extending from March to June with peak spawning during Apirl and May, again coinciding with the peak salinity levels and temperature. It is also observed that there exists a positive correlation between the bottom salinity and gondal maturation and spawning. Size – frequency studies of the calms collected from the two stations revealed that at Station I, the clam fishery was dominated by small sized animals, when compared to Station II. This may be related to the differences observed in the extend of spawning activity between the population of the two stations, resulting in the divergent apportionment of energy resource for somatic growth versus reproduction.ThesisItem Open Access Investigations on head drooping In head-on processed prawns(Department of Processing Technology, College of Fisheries, Panangad, 1994) Jose, V T; KAU; Sherief, P MHead drooping is the major quality problem associated with processing of headon prawns. The head drooping in head on prawns refers to the condition of oozing out of hepatopancreatic juice resulting from the breakage of the arthrodial membrane, which connects cephalothoraz of prawn to abdomen dorsally. The susceptibility of prawns to head drooping depends on the stability of the arthrodial membrane which in turn is determined by its biochemical composition. In this connection various biochemical constituents of the arthrodial membrane such as protein, phospholipid, moisture, calcium and cholesterol were analysed for two specied of prawn, Penaeus indicus and Penaeus monodon under three size groups (30/40, 50/60, and 70/80 pieces /kg). The activities of various hydrolytic enzymes of the hepatopancreas were also studied. The various biochemical constituets showed significant difference between species. Within the same species a size wise variation in the constituents of the arthrodial membrane and enzyme activity of hepatopancreas was observed. The various unit process such as hauling time, ice storage durations, freezing methods, cold storage durations and thawing methods were studied individually for their influence on head drooping. The study shows that the major determinants of head drooping in prawns are the biochemical composition of the arthrodial membrane and the easiness with which the hydrolytic enzymes of the hepatopancreas are released on postmortem handling and processing.ThesisItem Open Access Secondary production in brackish water culture ponds(Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Panangad, 1988) Aneykutty Joseph; KAU; Jayasree Vadhyar KSecondary production of zooplankton and zoobenthos (macrobenthos and meiobenthos) of two brackishwater ponds, A and B, each having 0.042 hectare area and connected to the Cochin backwaters, in the instructional fish farm of College of Fisheries, Panangad, Cochin have been studied for three culture periods. Viz, culture I.C. chenos (120 days, during August to December, 1986), culture II. P.indicus (60 days, during January to March, 1987) and culture III.P. monodon (45 days, during mid May to June, 1987). Fortnightly fluctuations in the biomass of zooplankton, meiobenthos and macrobenthos both group wise and total, their percentage dominance and frequency of occurrence have been studied during each culture period. Attempts have been made to correlate the fortnightly biomass of zooplankton, meiobenthos and macrobenthos with the fortnightly growth increment of C.chanos, P. indicus and P.monodon separately. Since zooplankton production is mainly dependent on primary production, fortnightly estimations of net and gross primary production have been carried out. The physic-chemical parameters of the pond water and soil have been studied fortnightly since both primary and secondary productivity of a culture pond depends mainly on these variables. The zooplankton groups are constituted by rotifers copepods and crustacean nauplii. The total biomass of zooplankton ranges from 22.388 mg/m3 to 5476.950 mg/m3 and 5.085mg/m3 to 1316.832 mg/m3 in ponds A and B respectively. The zooplankton biomass shows three peaks i.e., 1) in November 2) in March and 3) in June in pond A during culture I,II and III respectively while in pond B, it does not show such pronounced peaks. Neverthless, small zooplankton peaks are apparent in pond B in the former half of September, February and May during culture I ,II and III respectively. The relationship between the fortnightly biomass of zooplankton and that of growth increment of C. chanos is mostly an inverse one which could be because of the grazing effect of the latter on the former. An inverse relation is also observed between the biomass of zooplankton and growth increment values of P.indicus and P.monodon. Since the prawns are benthic feeders such an inverse relation cannot be attributed to direct consumption of zooplankton by them. However, zooplankton on dying sink to the bottom and form part of the detritus, constituting direct food for the prawns. The meiobenthos in both the ponds is constituted by nematodes and copepods. The total biomass of meiofauna ranges from 36.018 µg/10cm2 to 2539.322 µg/10cm2 in pond A and from 57.882 µg/10cm2 to 1556.616 µg/10cm2 in Pond B. A direct correlation is observed between the biomass of meiofauna with growth increment values of C.chanos whereas an inverse relation is noted between the former and the growth increment value of P.indicus and P.monodon. This suggests that meiofauna may not from direct food to C.chanos while it may be the contrary to the prawns. The macrobenthos is composed of amphipods, tanaids, polychaetes and mollusks. The total biomass of macrofauna groups ranges from 0.035 g/m2 TO 43.074 G/M2 in pond A and from 0.144 g/m2 5.712 to g/m2 (excluding villorita cyprinoides var.cochinensis) in pond B. One peculiarity observed in pond B is the presence of thick bed of black clam V. cyprinoides var. cochinensis during all the culture periods. A direct correlation between the fortnightly biomass of macrofauna with growth increment of C.chanos during the former half of culture period and inverse relation during the latter half of culture period are observed . this may be attributed to the utilization of macrofauna by c.chanos during the later stages of their growth. This supports the previous views put forward by several authors. An inverse relation is observed between the fortnightly biomass of macrofauna and growth increment values of P.indicus as well as P.monodon. This is in agreement with the views of several authors which highlight the utilization of macrofauna by the prawns. Fortnightly observations on primary productivity of phytoplankton as well as physic – chemical parameters of pond water and soil have also been discussed in general.ThesisItem Open Access Ensiling cuttlefish wastes for use as fish feed ingredient(Department of Processing Technology, College of Fisheries, Panangad, 1999) Santhosh Kumar, C; KAU; George, M CThe disposal of cuttle fish processing waste is becoming a major problem for the seafood processing industries in India. Formic acid fish silages and fermented fish silages were prepared using the waste. The silage preparations were stored for 90 days. Samples were drawn on 0,2,3,5,7,14,30,60 and 90th days of storage. The pH and various biochemical parameters like, total nitrogen (TN), non protein nitrogen (NPN), total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), tri methyl amine (TMA) and peroxide value (PV) were carried out. Microbial analyses, viz., total plate count (TPC) and most probable number (M.P.N) of coliforms were carried out for formic acid fish silage preparations, whereas for fermented fish silage preparations, acid producing bacterial count (APBC) and M.P.N of coliforms were determined. All the combinations of fermented fish silage preparations studied, preserved well. A pH of not more than 3.8 was necessary for the formic acid fish silage to be preserved for 90 days. All the silages, which preserved well, were used for making fish feed. The pelletised feeds were fed to common carp tCyprinus carpio) fingerlings. The feeds were consumed by the fishes within 15 minutes of feeding.ThesisItem Open Access Anaesthetization of Liza parsia (Hamilton) fry for oxygen - packed transportation(Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Panangad, 1998) Vimala Rose Mathew; KAU; Jayasree Vadhyar, KThree fish anaesthetics viz, chloral hydrate at 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 g/l, tertiary butyl alcohol at 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 m1!1 and clove oil at 8.5, 9.0 and 9.5 mg/l were tried on L parsia fry of average weight 0.22 g, at 7 ppt salinity and at ambient temperature 28 ± 2°C to determine the optimum dose of each. The optimum dose was selected on the basis of behavioural pattern, induction and recovery times, ra.e of oxygen consumption and post-treatment survival. The optimum doses obtained for chloral hydrate, tertiary butyl alcohol and clove oil were 0 J 0 g/l, 2.5 mlll and 8.5 mg/l respectively. The effect of each anaesthetic at the selected dose on the metabolic rate of the fry was compared, and significant difference was observed amongst the three anaesthetics and control at these doses. Chloral hydrate and clove oil treatment resulted in lower oxygen consumption rate than that of tertiary butyl , '..11:' _ O;-=-, : ••• - '.' .- • ..c:' alcohol treatment No significant effect was observed on the percentage survival and duration of the fry treated with the three anaesthetics at the selected doses in the oxygen- packed jars. Packing density had significant effect on the sur vival and duration of oxygen-packed fry. The safe duration with 100% survival was 15. ,6 h at 100 fry/I and 3 to 7 hat 200, 300, 400 and 500 fry/I. Linear relationships could be established in the case of (1) chloral hydrate treatment, in the oxygen-packed jars at 70% survival between (a) packing density and dissolved oxygen levels, (b) packing density and carbon dioxide levels and (c) packing density and ammonia -N levels and (2) for tertiary butyl alcohol treatment 91 between (a) packiruz density and dissolved oxygen levels and (b) packing density and carbon dioxide levels Significant difference was observed in the carbon dioxide levels between treated and control jars, while no significant difference was noted in the dissolved oxygen and ammonia -N levels in the treated and control jars.