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ThesisItem Open Access Utilization of prawn waste as pig feed(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1991) Syam, Mohan K M; KAU; Sivaraman, EAn investigation was carried out to assess the feeding value of prawn waste as a partial or complete replacement of unsalted dried fish in the rations for growing – finishing pigs. Thirty – two Large White Yorkshire weanling pigs with an average body weight of 9.1 kg were distributed randomly and uniformly as far as possible to four groups (Groups 1, 11, 111 and IV) of eight animals each, with regard to age, sex and body weight and housed in pairs of the same sex. The four dietary treatments A, B, C and D were allotted to the pigs in the groups 1, 11, 111 and IV respectively. Of the total protein, 25 per cent in the diets A, B and C and 12.5 per cent in the diet D were provided as animal protein. Unsalted dried fish was used as animal protein source in the diets C and D. Diet C formed the control diet. In the diets A and B, 50 per cent and 100 per cent replacements respectively of animal protein from unsalted dried fish were made using dried prawn waste. All the animals were maintained on the respective diets with 18 per cent total protein upto an average live weight of 50 kg and with 14 per cent protein till they attained a body weight of 70 kg or 8 months of age, whichever was earlier, when they were slaughtered to study carcass characteristics.ThesisItem Open Access High density rearing of Labeo Rohita (Hamilton) spown indoors using different feeds(Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Panangad, 1998) Dinesh, K; KAU; Mohankumaran, Nair CThree day old rohu spawn was reared in indoor tanks with eight different feeds The diets tried were newly hatched Artemia nauplii, size graded Moina micrura, formulated feed, Artemia nauplii + formulated feed, Moina micura+ formulated feed, first 3 days Artemia nauplii and formulated feed later on, first 3 days Moina micrura and formulated feed later on and mixed zooplankton + ricebran and GOC in I: I ratio (conventional method).ThesisItem Open Access Studies on depuration of edible oyster Crassostrea madrasensis (Preston)(Department of processing technology, College of fisheries, Panangad, 1993) Usha, P T; KAU; Damodaran, NamboodiriOysters crassostrea madrasensis harvested from cochin back waters are commonly contaminated with low levels of food poisoning organisms such as E.coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholera, V-parahaemolyticus etc, heavy metals like cadmium, lead, copper, zinc, mercury etc and sand content. Depuration studies were conducted to find out any changes in the biochemical constituents such as total Nitrogen, salt soluble Nitrogen, Non protein Nitrogen, Ash and sand content. The studies revealed that there were no significant changes in the biochemical constituents during the 48th depuration period. Oysters were laboratory contaminated to levels in excess of 10000 cells /g with E.coli and it was cleansed from such oysters during purification in a laboratory depuration unit that used ultraviolet light and chlorination for sterilizing the depuration water. Depuration in sterilized water using ultra violet light treatment was found to be more efficient in cleansing the oyster of pathogen, E.Coli than using chlorination. Of the two salinity tested depuration of oyster in seawater at 35 ppt salinity gave better results compared t that in 30ppt salinity sea water both sterilised with uv light. Depuration of oyster in unsterile seawater and in seawater sterilised 10 ppm chlorination was found to be least effective in cleansing the oyster to the acceptable international standard of less than 2.3 E.Coli/g oyster meat within 48h depuration. There was no appreciated change in the sensory characteristics of oysters such as aroma, taste, and flavor. However there was significant change in the grittiness characteristics of oyster after 48h depuration. Depuration was not effective in removing heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, zinc, Tin and Mercury from the oyster within the depuration period of 48h.ThesisItem Open Access Breeding biology of Villorita cyprinoides (Gray) in relation to salinity gradients(Department of Fishery Biology, College of Fisheries, Panangad, 1991) Sudha, B Nair; KAU; Jose, T MThe present study was undertaken to investigate the influence of salinity variations on the breeding biology of populations of black clam Villorita cyprinoides (Gray), inhibiting two different cological zones of the Vembanad Lake. Two stations with perennial clam beds, but differing greatly in salinity conditions were selected for the study. Station I, in the northern side of Thanneermukkam barrier, has more influx of sea water and Station II, in the southern side has low saline influx. Monthly collections of black clams and bottom and surface waters were made from May 1989 to June 1990. Major environmental parameters such as salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH of bottom and surface waters were estimated with a view to understand the circannual variations within and between the stations. Among these, salinity was found to be the most important parameter showing prominent variations. At Station I, the bottom salinity values ranged from 0.0 to 18.12%0 and in Station II from 0.0 to 2.12%0. Histological studies of the clams collected from the two stations revealed that animals inhabiting Station I, a predominantly brackish water zone, have a protracted, almost year round breeding season extending from September to June with peak spawning during March to June and coinciding with the peak salinity levels and temperature. At Station II, a predominantly freshwater zone, the clams have a short duration spawning season extending from March to June with peak spawning during Apirl and May, again coinciding with the peak salinity levels and temperature. It is also observed that there exists a positive correlation between the bottom salinity and gondal maturation and spawning. Size – frequency studies of the calms collected from the two stations revealed that at Station I, the clam fishery was dominated by small sized animals, when compared to Station II. This may be related to the differences observed in the extend of spawning activity between the population of the two stations, resulting in the divergent apportionment of energy resource for somatic growth versus reproduction.ThesisItem Open Access Investigations on head drooping In head-on processed prawns(Department of Processing Technology, College of Fisheries, Panangad, 1994) Jose, V T; KAU; Sherief, P MHead drooping is the major quality problem associated with processing of headon prawns. The head drooping in head on prawns refers to the condition of oozing out of hepatopancreatic juice resulting from the breakage of the arthrodial membrane, which connects cephalothoraz of prawn to abdomen dorsally. The susceptibility of prawns to head drooping depends on the stability of the arthrodial membrane which in turn is determined by its biochemical composition. In this connection various biochemical constituents of the arthrodial membrane such as protein, phospholipid, moisture, calcium and cholesterol were analysed for two specied of prawn, Penaeus indicus and Penaeus monodon under three size groups (30/40, 50/60, and 70/80 pieces /kg). The activities of various hydrolytic enzymes of the hepatopancreas were also studied. The various biochemical constituets showed significant difference between species. Within the same species a size wise variation in the constituents of the arthrodial membrane and enzyme activity of hepatopancreas was observed. The various unit process such as hauling time, ice storage durations, freezing methods, cold storage durations and thawing methods were studied individually for their influence on head drooping. The study shows that the major determinants of head drooping in prawns are the biochemical composition of the arthrodial membrane and the easiness with which the hydrolytic enzymes of the hepatopancreas are released on postmortem handling and processing.ThesisItem Open Access Ensiling cuttlefish wastes for use as fish feed ingredient(Department of Processing Technology, College of Fisheries, Panangad, 1999) Santhosh Kumar, C; KAU; George, M CThe disposal of cuttle fish processing waste is becoming a major problem for the seafood processing industries in India. Formic acid fish silages and fermented fish silages were prepared using the waste. The silage preparations were stored for 90 days. Samples were drawn on 0,2,3,5,7,14,30,60 and 90th days of storage. The pH and various biochemical parameters like, total nitrogen (TN), non protein nitrogen (NPN), total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN), tri methyl amine (TMA) and peroxide value (PV) were carried out. Microbial analyses, viz., total plate count (TPC) and most probable number (M.P.N) of coliforms were carried out for formic acid fish silage preparations, whereas for fermented fish silage preparations, acid producing bacterial count (APBC) and M.P.N of coliforms were determined. All the combinations of fermented fish silage preparations studied, preserved well. A pH of not more than 3.8 was necessary for the formic acid fish silage to be preserved for 90 days. All the silages, which preserved well, were used for making fish feed. The pelletised feeds were fed to common carp tCyprinus carpio) fingerlings. The feeds were consumed by the fishes within 15 minutes of feeding.ThesisItem Open Access Anaesthetization of Liza parsia (Hamilton) fry for oxygen - packed transportation(Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Panangad, 1998) Vimala Rose Mathew; KAU; Jayasree Vadhyar, KThree fish anaesthetics viz, chloral hydrate at 0.20, 0.25 and 0.30 g/l, tertiary butyl alcohol at 2.5, 3.0 and 3.5 m1!1 and clove oil at 8.5, 9.0 and 9.5 mg/l were tried on L parsia fry of average weight 0.22 g, at 7 ppt salinity and at ambient temperature 28 ± 2°C to determine the optimum dose of each. The optimum dose was selected on the basis of behavioural pattern, induction and recovery times, ra.e of oxygen consumption and post-treatment survival. The optimum doses obtained for chloral hydrate, tertiary butyl alcohol and clove oil were 0 J 0 g/l, 2.5 mlll and 8.5 mg/l respectively. The effect of each anaesthetic at the selected dose on the metabolic rate of the fry was compared, and significant difference was observed amongst the three anaesthetics and control at these doses. Chloral hydrate and clove oil treatment resulted in lower oxygen consumption rate than that of tertiary butyl , '..11:' _ O;-=-, : ••• - '.' .- • ..c:' alcohol treatment No significant effect was observed on the percentage survival and duration of the fry treated with the three anaesthetics at the selected doses in the oxygen- packed jars. Packing density had significant effect on the sur vival and duration of oxygen-packed fry. The safe duration with 100% survival was 15. ,6 h at 100 fry/I and 3 to 7 hat 200, 300, 400 and 500 fry/I. Linear relationships could be established in the case of (1) chloral hydrate treatment, in the oxygen-packed jars at 70% survival between (a) packing density and dissolved oxygen levels, (b) packing density and carbon dioxide levels and (c) packing density and ammonia -N levels and (2) for tertiary butyl alcohol treatment 91 between (a) packiruz density and dissolved oxygen levels and (b) packing density and carbon dioxide levels Significant difference was observed in the carbon dioxide levels between treated and control jars, while no significant difference was noted in the dissolved oxygen and ammonia -N levels in the treated and control jars.ThesisItem Open Access Microencapsulation and its effects on quality and shelf life of prawn larval feed(Department of Processing Technology, College of Fisheries, Panangad, 1998) Rema, M K; KAU; Lizy BehananThree microencapsulated diets have been prepared using clam meal as the protein source and collagen and gelatin (extracted from fish skin waste) and commercially available egg albumin as the encapsulating material. Attempts were made to rear the larval prawn, M 'aorobrachium rosenbergii, with these diets and to study the effect of encapsulation on quality and shelf life of the encapsulated feeds. The results of the 15 days feeding trials showed that all the three encapsul- ated diets were acceptable to the larvae from V th stage onwards with survival rate ranging from 80-90 % which is comparable with that of live Artemia nauplii (90%) and the larvae also undergone moulting during the rearing period. The microbial analysis and the rancidity tests conducted to evaluate the shelf life of the feed showed that all the feeds remain in good condition after 45 days of storage except that the gelatin encapsulated diet showed a comparatively higher . number of microflora. However, the gelatin encapsulated diets showed permissible limit of rnicroflora after 15 days of storage. The peroxide and rnalonaldehyde content of the prepared diets were below the toxic level to affect the survival of the larvae, A definite tolerable level of rancidity in prawn feeds is not known. Hence, to find the lethal level of toxicity of oxidised feed further work has to be done in this field.ThesisItem Open Access Growth response of giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii (de man) juveniles to feeds based on combined animal protein sources(Department of Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Panangad, 1998) Neeraja, T; KAU; Susheela JoseThe present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of test diets formulated from dif- ferent animal protein sources viz., clam meat, shrimp meat and crab meat in various combi- nations on the growth of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii juveniles was done for a period of 60 days. A comparison has also been made between the diets based on combined protein sources over the diets with single protein sources. Seven isonitrogenous test diets, Tl to T7 were prepared with 35% crude protein. They were diet T 1 with clam meat + shrimp meat + crab meat, diet T 2 with shrimp meat + crab meat, diet T 3 with clam meat + crab meat, diet T 4 with clam meat + shrimp meat, diet T 5 with clam meat, diet T 6 with shrimp meat and diet T 7 with crab meat. The other ingredi- ents used were GOC, tapioca powder, potato starch, cholesterol, sunflower oil and supplevite- M (a vitamin-mineral mixture). Results showed better growth rates in prawnjuveniles fed with diets based on com- bined animal protein sources than those with single animal protein sources. Among the combined protein sources the diet T3 recorded highest growth rate of 265.30 mg though it was not seen to be significantly different from T 4 and Tl. Specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio also showed better performance of prawn juveniles fed on combined ani- mal protein sources. The highest SGR (2.483) and PER (1.137) were recorded in prawns fed on diet T3 and lowest SGR (1.839) and PER (0.747) were obtained with diet T5. The survival rate of juvenile prawns was not found to be significantly influenced by the various test diets used and the survival ranged from 86.67% to 96.67%. Productive protein value (PPV) was found to be highest in prawn juveniles fed on diet T3 (18.807) and the lowest with diet T5 (11.929). The PPV of prawns fed on diets T3 and T4 were found to be significantly higher than those fed on diets T2, T6, T7 and T5.