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1978 - 197912000 - 20091
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Subject: Dairy Chemistry × Author: KAU × End date: 2009 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Studies on microflora in boiled milk
    (Department of Dairy Science, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1978) Mukundan, M; KAU; Subramanyam, M
    A study was carried out to determine the total spore count, the incidence and distribution of the different types of the aerobic spore – formers present in milk boiled for one minute. The keeping quality of raw as well as boiled milk stored at 370C, 290C and 40C was determined and compared. The samples of milk required for the study were collected from the University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy, Co – operative Milk Supply Union, Trichur and individual households around Trichur Town. A total of 48 samples of milk were collected. The spore count in the samples was determined after subjecting them to boiling for one minute. The spore count for the samples of milk collected from the ranged from 10 to 190 per ml whereas the range was 40 to 155 per ml and 10 to 150 per ml for those obtained from Co – operative Milk Supply Union and individual households respectively. The average spore count of the 48 samples studied was 69 per ml. A total of 162 isolates were identified as Bacillus subtilis 85, Bacillus cerus 23, Bacillus pumillus 20, Bacillus licheniformis 15, Bacillus megaterium 11, Bacillus alvei 6 and Bacillus firmis 2. The samples from all the sources revealed the predominance of Bacillus subtilis and it accounted for more than 52.5 per cent of the isolates. Out of the 48 samples of raw milk stored at 370 C, 34 had a keeping quality of less than eight hours and the remaining 8 and 12 hours. When raw milk was stored at room temperature (290 C) 20 had a keeping quality of less than eight hours, and it was 8 to 12 hours for 28 samples. At refrigeration temperature of 40 C, 41 samples remained good for five days and in the other seven samples the keeping quality was for six days. When the keeping quality of boiled milk stored at 370 C was studied, 4 out of 48 had a keeping quality of less than eight hours and the remaining 44 samples had 8 to 12 hours of keeping quality. At room temperature (290 C) the keeping quality was 8 to 12 hours for 38 samples as against the same of 12 to 16 hours and 16 to 20 hours for 8 and 2 samples respectively. When the samples of boiled milk were stored at refrigeration temperature (40 C), 19 out of 48 samples had a keeping quality of 13 days. The keeping quality was found to be 16 days for three of the samples stored at 40 C. Some of the procedures necessary to improve the keeping quality of boiled milk have been suggested.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Techno- economic analysis of mid- size organised dairy farm
    (Department of Livestock Production and Management, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2009) Ayub, A; KAU; Joseph, Mathew
    Seven farms in three districts of Kerala (Palakkad, Malappuram and Thrissur) were studied taking University Livestock Farm (ULF), Mannuthy as control. Feeding, breeding, health, marketing and economics of these farms were studied. Peak yield was seen achieved before one month of lactation. Persistency was optimum in 28% of farms. Occurrence of disease was more in large farms. Mastitis was the major cause of economic loss followed by Lameness and dermatitis. Among reproductive parameters, calving interval and service period were not ideal in all the farms. Best reproductive performance was observed in the ULF and this included a calving interval of 358 days and service period of 82 days respectively. Rearing of calves was not adequate in almost all the farms visited. Calf scour and Joint ill were the common diseases observed among calves. Farmers were reluctant to maintain replacement stock as it was not economical. Vaccination against Foot and Mouth disease were done in all farms regularly. Feed cost was the most important variable which contributed the major share of expense. Increased use of non conventional feeds reduced feed cost. Roughage consumption was not adequate in many of the farms. Branded feeds were not used in any of the farms except ULF. Crude protein requirement was met through the daily ration as per the National Research Council (NRC) recommendations. Labour was the second largest component in the variable cost. Labour efficiency was more in large farms than medium sized farms. More than 60 percent of labourers were from outside states. Majority (71%) of farms sold milk directly to the consumers to get better profit. Present study revealed that profitability of a farm depended on productivity of the animals which in turn relied on feed, breed and breeding. Efficient utilization of feeds and labour determined the economic viability of farms. Size of the farm was another factor that determined the profitability. Large farms with more than 50 herds were more profitable than medium farms with 25 to 50 animals.