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Theses

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2000 - 20035
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Subject: Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ethics and Jurisprudence × End date: 2004 × Start date: 2000 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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Now showing 1 - 5 of 5
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Investigations on etio-pathology of vomiting in dogs
    (Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2001) Muraly, P; KAU; Baby, P G
    The study "INVESTIGATIONS ON ETIO-PATHOLOGY OF VOMITING IN DOGS" was conducted in 20 dogs to evaluate ultrasonography and radiography as diagnostic tools in vomiting dogs; to assess hydration status, electrolyte and acid-base balance in vomiting dogs and to correlate clinico-pathologic findings with radiographic and ultrasonographic changes. Various parameters such as history, physical examination, hydration status, ultrasonography, radiography-plain and contrast, haematology, serum biochemistry, and wherever possible histopathology were studied. Most of the dogs under study had bile stained watery vomitus but dogs with pyloric stenosis had frothy or watery white vomitus. The frequency of vomiting in dogs with gastritis and gastrointestinal (GI) obstruction was two to seven times per day, it was variable in dogs with hepatic and renal disorders, but was associated with food intake in dogs with pyloric stenosis. Physical examination was found useful in dogs with GI obstruction, while it was non-specific in dogs with gastritis and renal disorders. Capillary refill time (CRT) and degree of sunken eye balls were helpful to assess dehydration. Estimation of volume of packed red cells (VPRC) was found beneficial to assess dehydration unless the dogs are anemic. Ultrasonography could not identify any lesions in dogs with gastritis, but was useful to detect GI obstructions due to pyloric stenosis, intussusception and foreign body and to characterise lesions in the parenchymal organs like liver and kidney. While plain radiographs could give indication to possible non-radiopaque GI obstructions, contrast radiography was required to confirm. Radiography could not identify any lesions in dogs with gastritis, hepatic and chronic intestitial nephritis. Hypokalemia with metabolic alkalosis was the significant electrolyte and acid-base derangement in dogs with vomiting due to gastritis and GI obstructions.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Ultrasonographic evaluation of canine hepatic disorders
    (Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Renjith, R; KAU; Alex, P C
    Study on 'Ultrasonographic evaluation of canine hepatic disorders' was conducted on forty eight dogs to evaluate the utility of ultrasonography as a tool for early and better diagnosis of liver diseases and classify liver diseases based on ultrasonographic findings. Parameters studied were history and clinical signs, physical examination, ultrasonography of liver, ultrasound guided biopsy, haematology and serum biochemistry, post-mortem examination and histopathology. Specific clinical signs noticed were ascites and icterus. Physical examination revealed abdominal distension, yellowish discolouration of skin and hepatomegaly. Primary liver disorders identified by ultrasound scans were haematoma, lymphosarcoma, hepatitis due to leptospirosis, cirrhosis, fibrosis, fatty infiltration, chronic active hepatitis, portal hypertension and portosystemic shunt. Secondary changes noticed in liver were due to pyometra, proctitis and cholecystitis, hepatic calcification in chronic renal failure and passive venous congestion in right sided heart failure. Ultrasound guided biopsy confirmed lymphosarcoma, fatty infiltration and , chronic active hepatitis. Histological changes in leptospirosis were chronic venous . and sinusoidal congestion whereas ~n cirrhosis, fibrosis and pseudo lobulation were the prominent histological change. Alkaline phosphatase and Alanine aminotransferase levels were above normal values in all the cases studied. From the present study it was inferred that ultrasonography was a valuable tool for diagnosing hepatopathies along with clinico-pathological and ultrasound guided biopsy.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Clinico-therapeutic study of ruminal lactic acidosis in goats
    (Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 2000) Anil Thachil, J; KAU; Baby, P G
    welve goats with history and symptoms suggestive of ruminal acidosis were divided into two groups (I and 11). Six healthy goats were also served as controls. Detailed clinical examination, recording of clinical data, sampling and analysis of rumen liquor and blood were done at zero hour, one hour, 12 h, 24 h, 48 hand 72 h of the study. Therapeutic management of group I was done by giving five per cent sodium bicarbonate solution intravenously at a dose rate of 5 ml / kg ; whereas in group 11 it was replaced with a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate (carbicarb) intravenously at a dose rate of 4 ml / kg. Animals of group I and 11 were given dexamethasone 20 mg intravenously, evacuated rumen contents and given .. magnesium hydroxide and oxytetracycline orally. Supportive treatments were done with fluids, vitamin B complex inj ection daily and transfer of fresh rumen liquor on second or third day in both groups. The clinical signs noticed were anorexia, dullness, low carriage of head, dry muzzle, sunken eyes, tending of skin, oliguria, distended abdomen, cold extremities and retracted eye balls. There was improvement in the pulse quality and also considerable reduction in respiratory rate noticed in animals of group 11 than in group I at 24 h of .treatment. In both groups, the rumen liquor colour, odour, consistency and protozoal motility became normal, SAT and MBRT showed improvement and elevated rumen liquor lactic acid became normal by 72 h. Elevated haemoglobin, PCV, TEC, TLC and neutrophilia also became normal. Improvement in serum bicarbonate level was marked in group 11 than in group I at 24 hand 48 h of treatment. Serum lactic acid showed significant increase at zero hour in group I and 11, but came to normal in group 11 at 72 h, but not in group I. Elevated serum protein level at zero hour also came to normal. Clinical assessment throughout the study revealed that all animals of group 11 appeared more alert and active and recovered earlier than in group I.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Electrocardiogram abnormalities in cardiac disorders of dogs
    (Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2001) Ravindran, P; KAU; Ajithkumar, S
    In the present study, standard electrocardiogram patterns were worked out from sixty normal dogs. These dogs were grouped according to age groups like dogs below one year and above one year and different breeds like German Shepherd, Dobermann pinscher, Dachshund, Spitz and Mongrel. Based on the clinical signs and electrocardiogram abnormalities, thirteen dogs were grouped into ( 1) dogs with congestive heart failure, (2) dogs with ventricular enlargement secondary to anaemia and (3) dogs with electolyte imbalance due to renal disease. Congestive heart failure was found to be more in geriatric small breeds like Dachshund and Spitz. The clinical signs observed in dogs with CHF were anorexia, cough, exertional dyspnoea, exercise intolerance, orthopnoea, crackles, murmurs, syncope, cachexia and ascites. Clinical signs exhibited by the dogs with ventricular enlargement secondary to anaemia were anorexia, pale visible mucous membranes, weakness and respiratory distress. Dogs with electrolyte imbalance due to renal disease exhibited anorexia, vomiting, diarrhoea, malena, polydipsia, oliguria and anuria. The electrocardiographic signs exhibited by dogs with congestive heart failure were consistent with left atria! enlargement, left and right ventricular enlargement, ventricular tachycardia and right bundle branch block. Dogs in group II had right and left ventricular enlargement as major electrocardiogram abnormality. Dogs in group III with renal disease exhibited tall and peaked ‘T ’ wave and prolonged ‘Q-T- interval in electrocardiogram specifically on the chest leads. The prominent radiographic signs observed in dogs with CHF in the present study were left atrial enlargement, left and right ventricular enlargement and tracheal elevation. Dogs in group II showed left ventricular enlargement, pericardial effusion and tracheal elevation. Group III animals had no radiographic signs of cardiac enlargement. Ultrasonographic evidence of cardiac involvement were present in three dogs, two with CHF and one with ventricular enlargement secondary to anaemia. The findings of postmortem examination of the heart in one dog with CHF were suggestive of mitral valvular insufficiency. Haematology showed no variations in dogs with CHF. Group II and III animals exhibited anaemia evidenced by haematological changes like low TEC, Hb and PCV. Group III animals had neutrophilia with lymphopenia. Group III also had microcytic anaemia.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of trisodium citrate in the treatement of mastitis in cattle
    (Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Sindhu, O K; KAU; Baby, P G
    A study was conducted in the Department of Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, for a period of three semesters during the year 2002 and 2003, to assess the efficacy of oral administration oftri- sodium citrate as therapeutic agent in subclinical mastitis of cattle and as a supportive treatment along with antibiotic in clinical mastitis of cattle and to evaluate the levels of pH, citric acid, calcium, lactose and chloride in milk of cattle affected with mastitis. Twenty cases of subclinical mastitis and fifteen cases of clinical mastitis were utilized for the study. Subclinical mastitis cases were divided in to three groups and clinical mastitis cases divided into two groups based on the therapeutic trial adopted. Gram positive cocci were isolated from cases in which the milk appeared white, cream, slight yellow or yellow coloured with fine clots or flakes. Gram negative coccobacilli were isolated from cases in which the milk appeared straw or yellow coloured watery milk with clots or without clots. Gram positive cocci were isolated from majority of the subclinical and clinical mastitis cases than the gram negative coccobacilli. Gram positive cocci were, highly sensitive to enrofloxacin, cephotaxime and ciprofloxacin. Gram negative coccobacilli were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol, trimethoprim, gentamicin, Enrofloxacin, Cefotaxime and ciprofloxacin. The pH and chloride levels of the affected quarter milk in subclinical and clinical mastitis cases before the treatment showed significant increase compared to the nonaffected quarter milk values. These values showed significant decrease to normal level on post treatment. The mean values of citric acid, lactose and calcium levels of the affected quarter milk in subclinical and clinical mastitis cases before the treatment, showed significant decrease before treatment when compared to the nonaffected quarter milk values. These values significantly increased and reached normal levels after treatment. Oral administration of tri-sodium citrate was found to be effective in treating subclinical mastitis cases. All the biochemical parameters of milk came to normal level in all cases in the trisodium citrate alone treated group by sixth day of treatment and also the increase in milk production after the treatment was slightly better in this group. Oral administration of tri-sodium citrate along with antibiotic was found to be effective in managing clinical mastitis cases. 100 percent bacteriological cure was observed in this group whereas only 75per cent bacteriological cure observed in the other group.