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1997 - 199912000 - 20102
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Subject: Biochemistry × Author: KAU ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of feeding onion (allium cepa var aggregatum g. don) and garlic (allium sativum linn) on lipid profile in Japanese quail (coturnix coturnix japonica)
    (Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1997) Girish Kumar, V; KAU; Surendranathan, K P
    Poultry products are comparatively rich in cholesterol. WHO report indicates incidence of coronary heart disease and high dietary cholesterol level to be positively correlated. In such a situation, decreasing the cholesterol content in poultry products would be appropriate. Onion and garlic are ascribed with therapeutic effects such as hypocholesterolemia, hypolipidemia and immunosuppressant action in mammals, while no convincing reports are available on the effect of supplementation of these agents in reducing cholesterol level in egg and poultry meat. Hence, this study reports on the hypolipidemic effects and/or other effects of dietary onion and garlic on the lipid profile in the tissues of Japanese quails. Further, information on the physiological norms of tissues is essential for understanding any pathological entity. Although in recent years, the Japanese quail has gained increasing popularity as a biological model for various investigations, published reports on the lipid profile in the tissues of this species are very few. Essentially, all the previous studies on this aspect are based on observations in only a particular tissue or a particular lipid component or sex and age. Hence, the present investigation is also aimed at establishing a more or less complete picture of lipid profile in liver, plasma and muscle in both sexes at three different physiological stages of growth viz., three-week old (immature), six-week old (onset of sexual maturity) and in nine-week old (mature) birds. Likewise, the lipid profile that are analysed in the liver will also be: established in the egg yolk. The results revealed an increase in the liver and plasma total lipid content (Table II) due to onion and garlic. Although a trend of decrease in the cholesterol level in the liver and muscle was observed the results were statistically nonsignificant (Table III), indicating the hypocholesterolemic effect of onion and garlic to be of questionable biological significance. The plasma free cholesterol level (Table IV) was found to be decreased due to onion and garlic, while no effect of the same was observed with regard to plasma esterified cholesterol (Table IV). The effect of onion and garlic on the cholesterol content in different lipoproteins (Table IV) indicated that these alliums are causing recirculation of plasma cholesterol between different lipoproteins and/or tissues in such a way that the plasma LDL-C is not increased. There was an increase in the triglyceride content in the liver and plasma due to dietary alliums (Table V). The phospholipid level in the plasma was found to be increased with a decrease in the plasma free fatty acid (Table XII) level due to dietary alliums. The variations in the plasma esterified fatty acid content (Table XII) due to alliums are in accordance with the variations in the plasma content of esterified form of lipids. The iodine value of liver lipid was increased due to alliums in both sexes, while these alliums were found to have no influence on the saponification and acid value of the liver lipid. In all the above instances where onion and garlic were found to have significant effect, dietary garlic was found to have either a similar or significantly more alliaceous effect than dietary onion. No significant variations in the lipid profile of the muscle and yolk were observed due to dietary supplementation of onion and garlic. The influence of onion and garlic on the feed consumption by birds was found to vary with duration of feeding. In the first week of feeding alliums to both sexes and in the second week in the male birds, no change in the feed consumption was observed. Thereafter in both the sexes the feed consumption increased due to dietary onion and garlic. Dietary onion and garlic caused a nonsignificant increase in the body weight. Feed efficiency in both the sexes and egg production in the females were unaltered due to dietary supplementation of onion and garlic. The levels of total lipid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, total phospholipid and phospholipid fractions in liver, plasma and muscle were found to differ significantly due to effect of age within a sex and due to effect of sex within an age group. Similarly the level of plasma free cholesterol, esterified cholesterol, HDL-C, VLDL-C, HDL-C, free fatty acid and esterified fatty acid differed significantly due to age within a sex and due to sex within an age group. Iodine value and saponification value of lipid in liver were influenced due to age and sex, while the same was not observed in the muscle. The acid value of the lipid in the liver and muscle was unaltered due to age or sex. The feed consumption and body weight increased with age in both sexes and it was more in the females. The feed efficiency was unaltered due to age or sex. The egg production was also not influenced by age.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of coconut oil on lipid profile and antioxident status in rats
    (Department of Veterinary Biochemistry,College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Sreeji, K.P; KAU; Sisilamma, George
    The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of various preparations of coconut oil (copra oil, seasoned coconut oil and virgin coconut oil) and fish oil on lipid profile and antioxidant status in rats. Adult male Wistar rats (180-220 g) were randomly divided into five groups and administered with oils as follows: G1 – normal control (NC), G2 – copra oil (CO), G3 – seasoned coconut oil (SCO), G4 - virgin coconut oil (VCO) and G5 – fish oil (FO). Oils were administered orally to rats at a dose of 16.4g/kg body weight per day using an orogastric tube for a period of 90 days. Blood samples were collected on day 0 (before oil administration), 45 and 90 and serum was separated. Body weight was also recorded on the above days. Animals were euthanized on day 90; liver and heart were separated and weighed. Serum were analyzed for biochemical parameters viz., TAG, TL, TC, HDL, LDL and VLDL and tissues for TC, TAG, LP and GSH. Liver glycogen was also estimated. Representative samples of liver and heart tissues were subjected to histopathological examination. Administration of CO and SCO for 3 months did not show any significant variation in body weight. VCO administration significantly (P< 0.05) decreased whereas, FO administration significantly (P< 0.05) increased the body weight, when compared to NC. Serum TAG and VLDL were significantly (P< 0.05) increased while, LDL was decreased by CO administration. Serum TL, TC and HDL were similar to that of NC. SCO administered rats showed significantly (P< 0.05) higher levels of TL, TC, TAG, HDL, LDL and VLDL. VCO administration significantly (P< 0.05) increased the level of HDL and decreased LDL. Moreover, VCO administered rats did not show any significant variation in the levels of TL, TAG, TC and VLDL. Administration of FO showed the levels of TC, HDL and VLDL similar to that of NC, but TAG increased significantly (P< 0.05) and TL and LDL showed a significant (P< 0.05) reduction. When HDL/LDL ratio was compared, CO, VCO and FO administered rats showed higher values when compared to NC. SCO administered rats, showed a value similar to that of day 0 but VCO administered group showed the highest value. Administration of CO and FO significantly (P< 0.05) increased the weight of liver and heart while VCO administration did not show any significant variation from that of NC. SCO significantly (P< 0.05) decreased weight of liver whereas, weight of heart was similar to that of NC. Level of liver glycogen decreased significantly (P< 0.05) in all oil administered groups except VCO, which showed a level similar to that of NC. Administration of CO significantly (P< 0.05) increased the level of TC in heart and TAG in both the tissues, while TC in liver was similar to that of NC. SCO administration significantly (P< 0.05) increased TC whereas, the TAG levels were similar to that of NC in both the tissues. VCO consumption significantly (P< 0.05) decreased the level of TC in both the tissues, while it increased TAG in heart without affecting liver TAG. FO administration did not show any significant variation in the level of TC and TAG in heart, but it significantly (P< 0.05) decreased the level of TC without affecting liver TAG. Administration of CO and FO significantly (P< 0.05) increased the levels of LP and GSH in both the tissues except for liver GSH in FO group, which was similar to that of NC. Feeding SCO maintained the level of LP in both the tissues, while GSH increased significantly (P< 0.05) in heart while its level in liver was unaffected. VCO intake significantly (P< 0.05) reduced the level of both LP and GSH in heart, but maintained the normal level in liver. Hepatocytes of rats administered with CO showed diffused necrosis with vacuolation and central venous congestion and lesions in heart were characterized by congestion and moderate hyalinization. SCO administered rats showed dilatation of sinusoids and diffuse congestion of liver but histological architecture in heart tissue was normal. VCO and FO administration exhibited normal histological architecture of both liver and heart except for a mild degeneration of hepatocytes in VCO consumed group. Based on the above observations it could be suggested that long term consumption of VCO and FO might not cause any adverse effects on serum and tissue lipid profile except for oxidative stress by FO. CO and SCO feeding revealed some adverse effects, but it is worth mentioning that the dose of oil administered (16.4 g/kg body weight, i.e. 30 kg/head/year) was very high, which stands in between per capita world average consumption (17.8 kg/head/year) and consumption of developed western world (44 to 48 kg/head/year), also which is more than double the per capita coconut oil consumption in Kerala (14 kg/head/year). Therefore, consumption of CO and SCO at a lower dose or the per capita consumption in Kerala as stated above might not elicit adverse effects as observed in the present study.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Antioxident status and metabolic profile of goats during pregnancy and lactation
    (Department of Veterinary Biochemistry,College of Veterinary and Animal Science, 2010) Cynthia Jose; KAU; Jayavardhanan, K K
    The present study was undertaken with the objective to assess the changes in antioxidant status indicators and metabolic profile of goats during pregnancy and lactation and to evolve any possible relationship between antioxidant markers and other relevant blood parameters. The study was carried out in 33 adult healthy female Malabari and crossbred goats aged between 3 to 6 years maintained at University Goat and Sheep Farm, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy during the period of March to November 2009. Blood samples were collected during early (between 40-60 d), mid (between 90-110 d) and advanced (between 130-150 d) period of gestation and on 7th, 45th and 70th d post-partum. Antioxidant and metabolic parameters were analyzed and were compared with dry and nonpregnant goats. The research findings showed a significant increase in MDA level during mid-gestation period and 70th d of lactation as compared to control. The activity GSH-Px and GSH level increased significantly in the mid-gestation from initial stage and then decreased in the advanced stage of gestation. Significant reduction in the values of GSH-Px activity was observed during early and advanced gestation and 7th d of lactation and GSH level was significantly increased only during mid-gestation when compared with control group. During the entire study period a significant increase in ascorbic acid concentration was noted only during early gestation, when compared with control group. Significant increase in OSF was noticed during mid-gestation compared to control group as well with other stages of gestation and lactation. Glucose concentration was significantly decreased in mid and advanced gestation and 45th d of lactation period when compared with control group. A significant reduction was observed in serum cholesterol during early gestation and a significant increase during advanced gestation, 7th and 70th d of lactation when compared with control. No significant changes were observed in serum total protein during pregnancy and lactation period. But in the albumin level a slightly significant reduction during 45th d of lactation period was noticed. When compared to control group, significant increase was observed for creatinine during advanced gestation and 70th d of lactation and for blood urea, during advanced gestation and 45th d of lactation. There was a significant reduction in Na during advanced gestation and 70thd of lactation but a significant elevation in serum K during early gestation and 70th d of lactation compared to the control group. Haematological examinations revealed a significant increase in Hb during early gestation and reduction during 45th and 70th d of lactation and PCV was decreased during 70th d of lactation compared to the control group. In the present study, animals were in a low energy state mainly in mid-gestation period which is evident from the variations in the level of glucose, cholesterol and urea. During the same critical period of pregnancy, indicators of oxidative stress like MDA and OSF were maximum. In order to overcome the oxidative stress, antioxidants like GSH-Px and GSH were found to be increased at this stage, providing the protection of maternal organs and fetus against the negative influence of free radicals. When the animals reached peak lactation, the metabolic status was stabilized and that was reflected in the antioxidant status. The present study concludes with the finding that low energy metabolic status of animal is correlated with the oxidative stress.