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ThesisItem Open Access Reproductive pattern and performance of nanny goats in Kerala(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1992) Krishna Kumar, G; KAU; Sudarsanen, VA study to elucidate the reproductive pattern and performance of nanny goats under the agroclimatic conditions of Kerala conducted on a flock of 154 nanny goats of mixed genotype, Malabari, Saanen x Malabari and Alpine x Malabari, maintained under the All India Co – ordinated Research Project on goats for milk, Kerala Agricultural University, has revealed the following results and conclusions. The method adopted was detection of oestrus twice a day using a vasectomised buck and by clinical examination. On detection, all animals of good reproductive health were bred artificially with freshly collected semen extended in Tris buffered yolk extender and preserved at low temperature. A group of animals were given a second insemination after seven hours of the first insemination for a comparison of the success rate to single and double inseminations during a heat. Following breeding, the duration of gestation, durations of stages of parturition, presentation of kids, incidence of multiple birth and secondary sex ratio were also recorded. Daily record of maximum and minimum temperature for a period of one year of the study was maintained. The period was divided into four quarters almost in agreement with the four natural seasons and the conceptions during each of the quarters were related with their secondary sex ratio and birth weight records to know the influence of the environmental temperature on them. Placental area weight records were also maintained and by applying linear regression equation they have been correlated with the birth weight to establish that the birth weight difference was due to the influence of environmental temperature on placental growth and development. Goats were found to be polyoestrous and 61. 54 per cent came into oestrus during the period from April to September when the day is long. Of the two peak breeding activities noticed the greater one occurred in July and the other during November. Breeding activity was found to be low during the months of January and February. The duration of oestrous cycle was found to be 18 – 23 days but the cycle length varied from 6 to 140 days. 45.8 per cent of the animals had an oestrus duration of less than 18 days. Duration of oestrus varied from 12- 48 h. Cessation of oestrus was noticed in 84.8 per cent of animals by 36 h and in 93.26 per cent of animals by 48 h. Conception percentage to first time single and double inseminations during a heat were 33.93 and 42.85 respectively. Overall conception percentages for the above were 71.42 and 82.14 respectively. Average gestation length was 145.62 ± 0.23 days while with singleton, twin and triplet, the durations were 146.05 ± 144.86 ± 0.32 and 145.25 ± 1.03 days. In twin pregnancies and in pregnancies with male foetus/foetuses in both singleton and homogamous twin, was found to have lesser duration of gestation. Mean durations of the first, second and third stages of labour were 57.47 ± 10.29 , 14.52 ± 1.34 and 128.87 ± 4.84 min respectively. Presentation of kids at the time of birth was 88.9 per cent in anterior and the rest in posterior presentation. Secondary sex ratios of singleton and multiple pregnancies were 52.05 and 54.08 per cent with an overall of 53.22 per cent. No significant variation could be observed in the secondary sex ratio of kids those were conceived between seasons having variable environmental temperature. Mean birth weight of kids born during the three trimesters with mean environmental maximum temperature 39.0, 33.4 and 36.30 C were respectively 1.64, 1.92 and 1.88 kg. Between the trimesters having 39. 00 C and 33.40 C there was a significant increase in birth weight. A definite correlation was found to exist between the placental weight and birth weight and the placental area and birth weight. The following conclusions were derived : 1. There is a reproductive pattern difference as could be seen from the above as 61.54 per cent of the oestruses occurred during the period of long days, contrary to the belief that breeding season of goats is the short days. Peak breeding activity was also noticed during the month of July. An instinctive attempt to reduce the number of births during the months of heavy rain which is not conducive for the survival of the young could be appreciated from the low breeding activity seen during January and February. 2. The duration of oestrous cycle, oestrus, gestation and the first, second and third stages of parturition were found to be in consonance with the already available informations. 3. Two inseminations during a heat was found to improve the conception percentage over single insemination. 4. Incidence of multiple pregnancy was found to be lower in the flock. 5. Secondary sex ratio of the kids born was 53.22 per cent and it confirms well with the reports already available. Presentation of foetus was anterior in 88.9 per cent and the rest of posterior presentation. 6. Conception between periods of variable environmental temperature did not seem to influence the sex ratio, to significantly alter the secondary sex ratio. 7. Environmental temperature at the time of conception was found to significantly influence the birth weight of kids. From the correlation that could be established between placental weight and birth weight and between placental area and birth weight it could be inferred that the environmental temperature effect on birth weight is through its influence on placental development and growth.ThesisItem Open Access Synchronisation of oestrus super ovulation and embryo collection in goats(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) Benjamin, E D; KAU; Nair, M SWith the object of evolving effective methods for standardising techniques for synchronisation of oestrus superovulation and collection of embryos 18 healthy goats were selected from the goat farm attached to the College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Mannuthy and randomly divided into three different groups with six animals in each Animals m the first group were given two doses of 10 mg PGF2cl H days apart and those in the second group were given 12 5 mg progesterone injection daily for 16 days Six animals in the third group were not given any treatment and kept as control The respective treatments were repeated in group I and II after a period of sixty days and superovulation in group I was carried out with eCG injection 1000 IU given intramuscularly on the day previous to the second dose of PGF2a In group II superovulation was done by intramuscular injection of 1000 IU eCG given on the 15th day of progesterone treatment All the animals in the above groups and animals in the control group were inseminated with good quality buck semen four to six hours after the onset of oestrus Embryos were collected surgically m all the eighteen goats by flushing the fallopian tube towards the fimbria after conducting laparotomy of the inseminated goats on the left flank All the animals in group I came to oestrus 57 8 ± 5 65 h after the second injection of PGF2a and the duration of oestrus was 48 ± 8 76 h In group II 83 33% were m oestrus at an interval of 101 6 + 6 11 h after the last progesterone injection and the duration of oestrus was 28 ± 1 41 h The results of administration of eCG in the second treatment regime with PGF2a in group I revealed that all animals in this group evinced oestrus at a mean interval of 50 3 ± 10 86 h after the second injection of PGF2a and the mean duration of oestrus was 44 ± 4h The total number of ovulation points on both the ovaries in this group were 8 4 ± 1 94 with 4 ± 1 30 and 4 4 ± 0 748 for the right and left ovaries respectively The total number of unruptured follicles on both the ovaries was 5 33 ± 1 64 The animals in group II after administration of eCG and progesterone evinced oestrus 72+9 06 h after the last progesterone injection with the duration of oestrus as 38 3 ± 4 46 h The total number of ovulation points on both the ovaries was 12 8 ± 1 4 and the values were 7 5 ± 2 31 for the right and 5 3 ± 2 04 for the left ovary The total number of unruptured follicles on both the ovaries was 3 2 + 1 579 The results of embryo collection in animals in group I revealed that the average number of embryos collected from both the ovaries was 4 8 ± 0 97 with 2 2 ± 0 66 for the right and 2 6 ± 0 39 for the left ovary The total number of embryos collected from all the animals in both the ovaries was 24 (57 14%) of which 17 (70 83%) were transferrableThesisItem Open Access Prostaglandin therapy for post-partum clinical endometritis(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1993) Jacob, T C; KAU; Madhavan, EThe object of the investigation was to evaluate the therapeutic values of alpha# for evolving a non antibiotic alternative for the treatment of post partum clinical endometritis. For this, 42 cross-bred cows, belonging to University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy, having post partum clinical endometritis were divided into four groups. Group I consisted of 10 animals which were watched for their natural oestrus and inseminated twice at 24 hours interval. In group II, 11 animals were observed for their natural oestrus and inseminated twice at 24 hours interval and were given post insemination intrauterine antibiotic treatment 24 hours later based on antibiotic sensitivity test. Eleven animals in group III were subjected to induction of oestrus by administration of PGF2 alpha (Lutalyse) 25 mg intramuscular 8-12 days of their cycle and inseminated twice at 24 hours, at the induced oestrus. Group IV consisted of 10 animals subjected to induction of oestrus as in group III and inseminated twice at 24 hours interval and were given post insemination intrauterine antibiotic therapy based on sensitivity tests, 24 hours later. The observations made and inferences drawn are given below. The interval from the administration of PGF2 alpha to the onset of oestrus ranged from 4.8-120 hours (mean 61.81 hours) and 36 to 72 hours (mean 54.0 hours) in group III and IV, respectively. The mean duration of oestrus was 21.6 hours, 23.36 hours, 28.36 hours and 31.60 hours in the four groups respectively. The duration of oestrus showed significant variation between groups I and IV (f = 2-8910) and between groups II and IV (t* = 2.6445). The percentage of intense, medium and weak oestrus was 66.66, 23.80 and 9.52 per cent respectively in natural oestrus and 66.66, 19.04 and 14.28 in induced oestrus respectively. The difference in the intensity of oestrus between natural and induced oestrus was not significantly different, although, a slightly high incidence of weak oestrus was observed, when oestrus was induced with Lutalyse. Physical changes of the reproductive tract' like oedema of the vulva, congestion of vulval mucosa and sliminess did not show any variation between the natural oestrus and induced oestrus. The percentage of animals showing purulent discharge, discharge with flakes and cloudy discharge showed a marked reduction when treated with PGF2 alpha alone and a combination of PGF2 alpha and antibiotics. Similarly the percentage of animals showing clear discharge increased enormously by above treatments. The bacterial organisms isolated from the uterine discharges were citrobacter spp. 23.84 per cent, Bacillus spp.. 23.80 per cent, S. aureus .14.28 per cent, Pseudomonas 14.28 per cent, Corynebacterium spp. 9.52 per cent, Coagulase negative staphylococci, 9.52 per cent and the yeast Candida guilliermondii 4.76 per cent. Gentamicin was the most sensitive antibiotic for most of the organisms isolated, followed by chloramphenicol, oxytetracycline and sulphadiazine. Penicillin was the most resistant followed by streptomycin and nitrofurantoin. Significant difference in the overall conception rate was observed between different groups; the overall conception rate was significantly higher in group IV than in group I and II (t1 = 4.8341 between groups I & IV and t' = 2.9186 betweengroups II & IV). Significantly higher conception rate was observed in group III than group I also (t ' = 5.5886). The number of inseminations required per conception was lowest in group III and highest in group I. Thus, it appeared that PGF2 alpha in combination with antibiotic was beneficial in the treatment of clinical endometritis. But since the number of inseminations required for conception was lower in group III than group IV and because, there is no significant difference in the overall conception rate, between these two groups, it could be inferred that administration of antibiotics along with P G F 2 alpha did not have any added advantage. Furthermore, considering the harmful effects of administration of antibiotics, it may be stated that PGF2 alpha alone would be beneficial in the treatment of post partum clinical endometritis and can be recommended as the drug of choiceThesisItem Open Access Pathological conditions of ovary and bursa in cross-bred cattle(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1994) Viju George; KAU; Prabhakaran Nair, KTwo hundred and fifty two non – gravid genitalia and 13 gravid genitalia of cross – bred cows collected from slaughter houses were examined morphologically for lesions in the ovary and bursa and those with gross lesions were examined histopathologically for confirmation of the conditions. Eighty – seven pairs of ovaries showing cyclic activity, nine pairs of ovaries from pregnant animals, 12 pairs of inactive ovaries and 1.4 pairs of senile atrophic ovaries were utilised for biometrical studies of ovaries, corpora lutea and graafian follicles. While out of the 252 genitalia examined, 139 (55.16 per cent) showed one or more lesions of the ovary and bursa, only 39.28 per cent showed one or more lesions in the ovary. The ovarian pathological conditions were inactive ovaries (23.41 per cent), cystic ovaries (2.78 per cent), cystic corpora lutea (2.78 per cent), haemorrhage in the ovary (5.56 per cent), persistent corpus luteum (0.79 per cent), retention cyst (0.79 per cent), par ovarian cyst (3.17 per cent) and par ovarian abscess (0.40 per cent). The incidence of pathological conditions of bursa was 26.98 per cent, which included bursitis and ovarobursal adhesion (25.79 per cent), hydrops bursa (0.40 per cent) and haemorrhagic bursitis (0.79 per cent). The most common type of bursitis was fibrinous which was the mildest and was of no significance in causing infertility. The strandular type of ovarobursal adhesions might lead to subfertility or infertility. The weight and dimension of senile atrophic ovaries were significantly higher than those of ovaries in follicular and luteal phases of the cycle and inactive ovaries (P > 0.01). Similarly the weight and dimensions of ovaries in follicular and luteal phases of the cycle were significantly more than those of inactive ovaries (P > 0.01). However no significant differences in the weight and dimensions of ovaries in follicular and luteal phases of cycle and the right and left ovaries in both phases of cycle were noticed. It may be concluded that the pathological conditions affecting ovaries and bursa of cross – bred cows slaughtered at local slaughter houses were fairly high probably on account of the fact that most of the cows slaughtered were problem breeders. The biometrical and gross morphological studies of the ovaries of cross – bred cows in cycle, anoestrum and senility would greatly help the clinician in differential diagnosis of these conditions.ThesisItem Open Access Treatment of endometritis for improving fertility in dairy cows(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1992) Vahida, A; KAU; Mathai, EA study was undertaken to assess the incidence of endometritis in cows and to find out the effect of intramuscular and intrauterine administration of different antimicrobial agents in improving the conception rate in cows during the period from April 1991, to July 1992. The study was conducted in the animals brought to the Artificial Insemination Centre attached to the Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, Thrissur. In vitro sensitivity test was done on 127 samples of uterine discharge collected aseptically by the use of a newly designed Catheter. Sensitivity tests showed that 78 isolates (61.41 per cent) were sensitive to Gentamicin, 75 (59.05 per cent) to Chloramphenicol, 59 (46.45 per cent) to Furazolidone and 30 (23.62 per cent) to Co – trimoxazole. Intermediate sensitivity to Co – trimoxazole was seen in 12 (9.45 per cent) isolates. Identification of bacterial organisms were also done in the study. Isolates obtained were Coagulase negative Staphylococc spp. (40 per cent), Staphylococcus aureus (30.00 per cent) corynebacterium spp. (16.66 per cent) Bacillus spp. (6.67 per cent) and Pseudomonas spp. (6.67 per cent). Animals were grouped into 3 treatment groups based on result of sensitivity tests. Animals in 1 A and 11 A received intramuscular and intrauterine administration of Gentamicin respectively. Dose rate was 4 mg/kg body weight for intramuscular and 400 mg for intrauterine administration at 12 hour interval for three days and two days respectively. Animals in 1 B received Chloramphenicol at the rate of 4 mg/kg body weight intramuscularly at 12 hour interval for three days and animals in 11 B got intrauterine administration of 1 g chloramphenicol at 12 hour interval for two days. Group 111 A consisted of animals in which discharge showed sensitivity to Co – trimoxazole and received Co – trimoxazole (Sulphamethoxazole 3000 mg + Trimethoprim 600mg) as intrauterine infusion at 12 hour interval for two days. Group 111 B animals were given Furazolidone 30 ml as intrauterine infusion at 12 hour interval for two days. After treatment animals with clear discharge in the subsequent heat were considered as recovered and were inseminated. The recovery obtained was 80.00, 95.00, 95.83, 85.00, 72.73 and 95.24 percentages respectively in Group 1A, 11A, 1B, 11B, 111A and 111B. Conception rate was calculated on the basis of actual follow up. The percentages of conception were 66.60, 75.00, 72.73, 75.00, 100.00 and 64.71 per cent in Group 1A, 11A, 1B, 11B, 111A and 111B respectively. Out of 127 animals treated, 98 animals were followed up and 73 animals were found pregnant. Sixty three animals were found pregnant at first insemination, eight after second insemination and two after third insemination. The average conception rate was 74.49 per cent. Data were subjected to statistical analysis and there was no significant difference among treatment groups in conception rates except for animals which received Co – trimoxazole as intrauterine infusion. These animals showed a significantly higher rate of conception. The data on comparative effect of intramuscular and intrauterine routes of administration on analysis showed that both routes are equally effective in counteracting endometritis.ThesisItem Open Access Certain haematological parameters and blood biochemical constituents in cows with normal and impaired fertility(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1993) Ani S, Das; KAU; Neelakanta Iyer, C PA study was conducted to asses the influence of certain haematological parameters like haemoglobin (Hb) and packed cell volume (PCV) and biochemical constituents like total serum protein, serum phosphorus, total blood cholesterol and blood glucose in crossbred cows and the efficacy of replacement therapy of glucose and phosphorus on fertility in deficient animals. Animals which had apparently normal breeding history and conceived with one or two inseminations were classified into group I. Animals that were hard to settle and apparently deficient in nutrition but clinically free from any genital affections were classified into group II. Blood samples were collected from all these animals at oestrus and levels of Hb, PCV, serum total protein, serum phosphorus, blood glucose and total blood cholesterol were estimated. After estimation of blood constituents the cows in group II were divided into two. Animals in group II A were inseminated without any treatment and animals in group II B were administered 15 ml of Tonophosphan by intravenous injection or 540 ml of 25 per cent dextrose as intravenous infusion or both based on the deficiency of phosphorus or glucose alone or in combination. The levels of Hb, PCV, serum phosphorus, blood glucose, total serum protein and total serum cholesterol were 10.06+0.06 g per cent, 31+1.33 per cent, 4.85+0.343 mg per cent, 46.10+3.19 mg per cent and 7.00+0.99 g per cent and 95.09+8.67 mg per cent respectively in normally fertile cows. In cows with impaired fertility which were deficient in different constituents the corresponding levels were 6.86+0.75 g per cent, 21.50+0.50 per cent, 3.65+0.068 mg per cent, 31.13+0.726 mg per cent, 4.57+0.30 g per cent and 71.36+1.66 mg per cent respectively, all of which were significantly lower than their corresponding levels in normally fertile cows (P < 0.10). The overall conception rate was 81.80 per cent 11.11 per cent and 77.77 per cent in group I, group I IA and II B cows. Conception rate of cows with lower levels of Hb (zero) was significantly lower than the conception rate (50 %) observed in animals with normal level of Hb (P<0.05). Similarly the same in cows with normal and low levels of PCV was 40.75 per cent and zero respectively. Cows with low levels of serum protein and serum phosphorus had conception rate of 40.70 per cent and 8.30 per cent against 46.70 per and 71.40 per cent in animals with normal values. Statistical analysis revealed significant difference in the case of phosphorus (P<0.01). Similarly cows with low levels of blood glucose and total cholesterol also had significantly low (P<0.01) conception rates (7.69 and 13.33% respectively) as against that in normal cows (70 and 69.20%). Animals when treated with phosphorus alone 71.42 per cent conceived as against 25 per cent in non treated group. Similarly 75 per cent of animals conceived when treated with glucose compared to 12.5 per cent conception rate in non treated group. When cows were given combined treatment of glucose and phosphorus conception rate was 87.5 per cent while none conceived in non treated group. This difference was statistically highly significant (P <0.01).