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ThesisItem Open Access Utero-tubal insufflation technique for diagnosis of tubal impatency in cows(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1981) Athman, K V; KAU; Neelakanta Iyer, C PThe objective of the present study was to design an apparatus for utero-tubal insufflation test and to standardize its use in both excised genitalia and in live animals for the diagnosis and treatment of tubal impotency. Perfect obturation of the cervix was obstained using a stainless steel catheter with 22 FR. Neo Foley’s latex catheter sleeved over. Unilateral and bilateral impotency were recorded in 8.70 and 19.25 per cent of the excised genitalia. The incidence of unilateral and bilateral impotency in 37 infertile animals were found to be 2.70 and 13.52 per cent respectively. The mean pressure at which air escaped from both the tubes in excised genitalia was 128.12 mm. Hg. In cows and 148.93 mm. Hg. In heifers. On the contrary in experimental animals the corresponding pressure in cows and heifers were 116.38 mm. Hg. And 127.50 mm. Hg. Respectively. It was observed that a higher pressure was required to open both the tubes in heifers than in cows. Blown up condition of the uterus took place in excised genitalia of cows and heifers between 100-280 mm. Hg. And 100-260 mm. Hg. Respectively. The pressure range for producing “blown up” condition in experimental animal was found to be 120-220 mm. Hg. In cows and 195-200 mm. Hg. In heifers. Since the safety margin was estimated to be 60.00 mm. Hg. In experimental cows, the test is considered to be a safe diagnostic test for tubal impotency. Although uterus might be “blown up” in a very few cases at a pressure lower than the higher pressure for escape of air from normally patent tubes, the test will not endanger the life of the animal. Since 69.56 percentage of cows with bilateral patency of salpinx on testing conceived after insemination, utero-tubal insufflation test could also be exploited for the treatment of temporary tubal blockage.ThesisItem Open Access Observation on gestation and parturition in goat-Capra hircus(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 1981) Kuriakose, K K; KAU; Neelakanta Iyer, C PA systematic study involving the use of 85 does comprising 27 Malabari, 35 Alpine x Malabari and 23 Saanen x Malabari crosses reared and maintained at Mannuthy, Kerala, under All India Co – ordinated Research Project on Goats for Milk was carried out in order to ascertain the gestation length, process of parturition and placental details. In addition 583 breeding particulars gathered from the registers maintained at the Project also utilized for assessing the gestation length and frequency of occurrence of multiple births. The salient observations made and the valid inferences drawn are indicated below. The average gestation length of different genetic groups of goats was found to be 146.66 + 0.53 days. There was no significant variation in the gestation period of does of different genetic groups both in single and multiple births. Parity had no influence on the gestation length in does. The variation in gestation length due to difference in the sex of kid was also not significant. Gestation period was not found to vary between seasons. The frequency of occurrence of single, twin and multiple births was found to be 50.75 per cent, 45.05 per cent and 4.19 per cent respectively. Signs of approaching parturition was assessed based on the degree of manifestation of such symptoms as tumefaction of the vulva, udder engorgement and relaxation of the pelvic ligaments. The symptoms exhibited by the does were only moderate in the beginning but on nearing parturition there was conspicuous increase in the intensity of these changes. Colostrum was present in all the animals two days prior to parturition. Visible flow of cervical mucus was evident in 75 does two days prior to kidding and in all, 24 hours before parturition. There was no significant fluctuation of body temperature of does during prepartum period. The total duration of parturition was 360.91 + 30.85, 358.20 + 16.67 and 395.42 + 40.09 minutes in single births and 359.12 + 26.15, 357.20 + 32.23 and 368.73 + 24.03 minutes in multiple births in Malabari, Alpine x Malabari and Saanen x Malabari goats respectively. The duration of parturition was not variance between genetic groups both in single and multiple births. The weight of kid was positively correlated to the weight of placenta, total number of cotyledone and to the number of large and medium sized cotyledons. There was negative correlation between weight of kid and the number of small sized cotyledons. The number of cotyledons in the gravid horn was significantly higher than that in non gravid horn in all the genetic groups. Weight of the placenta as well as the total number of cotyledone was found to be more in multiple pregnancy than in single pregnancy.ThesisItem Open Access Post-partum reproductive performances of crossbred cows(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1981) Bhaskaran, K V; KAU; Neelakanta Iyer, C PThe object of the present investigation was to study the various aspects of the post-partum reproductive performances of crossbred cows and to assess the reproductive efficiency by breeding cows before and after 60 days post-partum. Fifty two freshly calved and randomly selected crossbred cows, belonging to the University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy formed the materials for the study of genital involution, cyclic ovarian acivity and post-partum oestrus. These animals were grouped into normal and abnormal calvers and data recorded and analysed. Twenty four crossbred cows, selected at random, were weighed at fortnightly intervals, commencing from the day of calving till 90 days post-partum to study the pattern of gain or loss in weight and its influence on the post-partum heat and conception. To study the effect of early breeding on the future reproductive efficiency 38 crossbred cows in oestrum were grouped into three. Group I was inseminated between 30 and 45 days, group II between 46 and 60 days and group III after 60 days post-partum and fertility assessed. Data collected were subjected to statistical analysis. The observations made and inferences drawn are summarized below: Abnormal calving significantly delayed the involution of uterus, cessation of uterine lochia, involution of vulva, regression of pregnancy corpus luteum and onset of first observed oestrus, The rate of uterine and vulval involution were significantly higher in primpara than pluripara. In contrast, primparous cows took a significantly longer interval for the onset of first observed heat. However, breed of the cow, milk yield and sex and weight of calf did not influence any of the parameters studied. Animals gained in body weight after calving exhibited early oestrum and better fertility. Further, breeding of cows, between 30 and 60 days after calving yielded high fertility without adversely affecting milk yield, thus reducing the service period and calving interval.ThesisItem Open Access Reproductive performance of crossbred heifers(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1981) Babu Rajendraprasad, P; KAU; Neelakanta Iyer, C PA detailed Investigation was undertaken with the object of studying the reproductive performance of crossbred heifers including the pattern of oestrous cycle. Data of 152 crossbred heifers and personal observation of 50 crossbred heifers belonging to the Cattle breeding farm, Thuraboormuzhi formed the materials for the study. The observations made and inferences drawn are furnished below. The lowest birth weight was Observed In 62.5 per cent Jersey crosses and highest in 50 per cent Holstein crosses* Attainment of puberty was earliest in 62.5 percent Jersey crosses while this was latest in 50 per cent brown Swiss crosses. Minimum weight at puberty and weight at conception were noticed in 62.5 per cent Jersey crosses whereas the corresponding values were maximum in 50 per cent Holstein crosses. Similarly age at conception was lowest in 62.5 per cent Jersey crosses and highest in 50 per cent brown swiss. Number of inseminations were conception was highest in 62.5 per cent jersey crosses and lowest in 75 per cent Brown Swiss crosses. Birth weight had significant positive correlation with weight at puberty and weight at conception in 50 per cent Jersey crosses whereas in 62.5 per cent the birth weight was significantly correlated only to weight at conception The overall mean length of oestrous cycle was found to be 19.54 days in the crossbreds studied* Significant difference was noticed in the length of oeetrous cycles in different genetic groups* The mean duration of oestrus in the crossbreds studied was found to be 16.97 hours without any significant difference between the different genetic groups. Majority of crossbreds exhibited pronounced heat symptoms and none of them shewed weak signs of heat* Ovulation occurred between 8 and 20 hours after the end of oestrus in majority of cases* Jersey crossbreds did not exhibit an ovulatory heat* while brown swiss crosses exhibited a higher incidence of an ovulation*Metoestorous bleeding was absent in 50 per cent Jersey crossbreds while 50 per cent Holstein crossbreds exhibited a higher percentage.ThesisItem Open Access Prostaglandin administration in improving the breeding efficiency of suboestrous cows(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1983) Rajagopalan Nair, R; KAU; Madhavan, EThe object of the study was to find the incidence of postpartum suboestrum in crossbred cattle and to evaluate the efficiency of PGF2 alpha (Estrumate) in the treatment of suboestrum. For this, the crossbred cows belonging to the University Livestock Farm, Mannuthy which were reported to be anoestrous even after 45 days postpartum were subjected to detailed clinic gynaecological examination and those having palpable corpus luteum were considered as suboestrous. Among these, 54 cows which had an active corpus luteum of 7 – 14 days of age were given 500 microgram of Estrumate and the result of the treatment was assessed. The observations made and inferences drawn are summarised below. The incidence of postpartum suboestrum in the herd was 45.68% and in the reportedly anoestrous animals 71.84% were suboestrous. In all, 98.15% cows exhibited cestrus at an average interval of 53.2075 + 1.038 hours, after the administration of the drug. Among these 92.45% ovulated at an average interval of 82.6122 + 2.0015 hours after the administration of Estrumate. The percentage of treated animals which conceived at first insemination was 43.4. The conception rate in the induced heat was significantly influenced by the intensity of heat. The number of inseminations required per conception did not vary significantly from that of the rest of the herd. The service period of the treated animals was significantly shorter (92.4583 + 3.5394) than that of the herd (135.11 + 6.9742) days. In short, it may be stated that PGF2 alpha analogue, Estrumate, was effective in the induction of ovulatory oestrum with satisfactory fertility in the suboestrous cows.ThesisItem Open Access Preliminary trials on presservation of buck semen in glycerol containing diluents(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1983) Aswini Kumar, Sarma; KAU; Matai, EA systematic study was carried out on normal characteristics and preservation of buck semen in chilled and frozen conditions. A total of 240 ejaculates from 3 Malabari and 3 Alpine X Malabari bucks were utilized for the study on normal semen characteristics. The overall average reaction time was 98.86 + 4.309 seconds. Significant positive correlation between reaction time and mass activity was observed. The mean semen volume was found to be 0.55 + 0.017 and 0.72 + 0.015 ml in Mala bari and Alpine X Malabari bucks respectively. Semen volume was significantly higher in cross bred bucks. The colour of buck semen varied from milky yellow to cremy white. The overall density score of buck semen was 3.52 + 0.030 out of four. Mean values for pH of Malabari and Alpine X Malabari semen were 6.74 + 0.026 and 6.74 + 0.019 respectively. Mass activity varied significantly between bucks. Significant difference was noted in motility percentage between breeds. Initial motility was having significant positive correlation with the live sperm percentage. The overall mean live sperm percentage was 90.64 + 0.317. Significant difference in sperm concentration was observed between bucks. Average total sperm abnormalities of 1.65 + 0.183 and 1.14 + 0.093 per cent were noted in Malabari and Alpine X Malabari bucks respectively. Effect of room temperature and refrigeration temperature glycerolisation of Tris and reconstituted skim milk diluents, each having 0, 1,3 and 7 per cent glycerol, on preservability of buck spermatozoa was studied. Motility and abnormality assessment were made at zero hour to 144 hours, at 24 hours interval. Skim milk diluent with seven per cent glycerol at refrigeration temperature glycerolisation preserved above 30 per cent sperm motility up to 72 hours of storage. No added advantage could be observed in the addition of glycerol at room temperature in skim milk diluent. Tris diluent with one per cent glycerol was found to be suitable for preservation of buck spermatozoa at 5°C, in room temperature and refrigeration temperature glycerolisation. Refrigeration temperature glycerolisation was found to be significantly superior to room temperature glycerolisation in preserving motility percentage in both the Tris and skim milk diluents. In both the diluents, total abnormality percentages at room temperature glycerolisation were significantly higher than that at refrigeration temperature glycerolisation. With both methods of glycerolisation in Tris and skim milk, the total abnormality percentages were higher as the level of glyoerol increased. The present study revealed an increase in acrosomal defects with the advancement of storage period. The occurence of acrosomal defects was significantly higher in room temperature glycerolisation. ill four ejaculates each from six bucks were diluted in Tris and skim milk diluents each with seven per cent glycerol, to study the effect of deep freezing and post-thawing motility. The average post-thawing motility in Tris and skim milk diluent was 44.44 and 31.06 per cent respectively. Tris diluent was found significantly superior to skim milk diluent for freezing buck spermatozoa.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of dextrose on fertility of repeat breeding cows(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1983) Naveen, P K; KAU; Mathai, EA study was conducted to assess the efficacy of intrauterine administration of dextrose after insemination in improving the breeding efficiency of repeaters. Post – insemination intra – uterine administration of 50 ml of 15 per cent dextrose to 147 repeate breeders resulted in a conception rate of 47.62 per cent as against 15.38 per cent in 13 controls. The difference in the conception rate of animals in the treatment and control group was highly significant (P < 0.01). For analysis, the data on the treatment and control animals were grouped on the basis of blood glucose level, parity, age, post – partum interval in months, number of previous unsuccessful inseminations and type of semen used for insemination. The conception rate of 66.67 per cent was obtained in animals having low blood glucose level (upto 45 mg/100 ml) as against 41.77 per cent in those which had high blood glucose level (56 mg/100 ml and more). Significant statistical association between the conception rate and blood glucose level was observed. The blood glucose level of normal cows (59.79 + 1.63 mg/100 ml) which settled to one or two inseminations was significantly higher than that of repeaters (53.02 + 0.69 mg/100 ml). The conception rate was higher in cows (52.13 per cent) than in heifers (39.62 per cent) though, the blood glucose levels did not show significant variations between the two groups. The parity did not influence the blood glucose level significantly, however, a positive association was observed with parity and fertility. A positive correlation was observed between the age and fertility also. However, blood glucose level did not show a significant variation between age groups. Highest fertility rats (59.38 per cent) was obtained in animals inseminated with frozen semen and lowest (36.96 per cent) in those animals inseminated with CME semen. However, there was no significant difference in blood glucose levels. Administration of a combination of dextrose and antibiotics after insemination was found to increase the conception rate in repeaters which failed to conceive to post – insemination dextrose therapy. Post – insemination intra – uterine administration of dextrose alone or dextrose with antibiotics increased conception rate in repeat breeders.ThesisItem Open Access Therapy for anoestrum in crossbred cattle(Department of Animal Reproduction, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1983) Kurien, M O; KAU; Madhavan, EThe object of the study was to assess the efficacy of ‘Clomiphene Citrate’ (‘Fertivet FVT 300’) and oestrogen and progesterone (‘Secrodyl’) in the treatment of ‘true anoestrum’ in crossbred cows and heifers. As an integral part of the study, the incidence of anoestrum among crossbred cows and heifers was also assessed. The material for the investigation involved 575 cows and 446 crossbred heifers belonging to the University Livestock Farm and animals brought for examination in infertility caps. Though, the reported cases of anoestrum was 31.3 per cent and 36.99 per cent among cows and heifers respectively, detailed gynaeco – clinical examination revealed a lesser incidence of 9.74 and 13.68 percentage of ‘true anoestrum’ among cows and heifers respectively. The experimental animals were allotted randomly into two groups, consisting of 28 cows and 41 heifers in group I and 28 cows and 20 heifers in group II. Nineteen cows and 33 heifers in group I were administered orally one tablet of ‘Fertivet’ FVT 300’ for five consecutive days, keeping 9 cows and 8 heifers as control. Twenty cows and 14 heifers in group II were given one ml of ‘Secrodyl’ intramuscularly for five consecutive days, while 8 cows and 6 heifers were kept as control. The experimental animals were watched for signs of heat and confirmed by rectal examination. Pregnancy diagnosis was done 45 to 60 days after insemination. Those which failed to conceive at first insemination were reinseminated at the subsequent heats. ‘Fertivet’ was capable of including ovulatory oestrum in 68.42 percent of cows and 63.64 per cent of heifers in ‘true anoestrum’ while only 33.33 per cent cows and 37.50 per cent of heifers came into heat in the control group. The variation was statistically significant. Similarly, the conception rate at the induced heat was 42.11 per cent in cows and 33.30 per cent in heifers when treated with ‘Fertivet’, while only 11.11 per cent of cows conceived in the control group. Among control heifers none of them conceived at the induced heat. Statistical analysis showed significant variation between the two groups in the conception rate. The overall conception rate by subsequent insemination was 57.89 per cent in cows and 42.42 per cent in heifers while the corresponding figures in the control animals were only 22.22 per cent and 25 per cent. This variation was also significant. Treatment with ‘Secrodyl’ could induce ovulatory oestrum in 50 per cent of cows and 50 per cent of heifers, while the response in the control group was only 25 per cent among cows. None of the heifers in the control group showed ovulatory oestrum. The difference was statistically significant. Significant variation was also observed in the conception rate at the induced heat between the experimental and control groups, values being 15 per cent for cows and 14.28 per cent for heifers in the treated groups and 12.5 per cent for cows and none for heifers in the control group. The overall conception also showed significant variation between the two groups among cows and heifers. The overall efficiency of ‘Fertivet’ and ‘Secrodyl’ among cows and heifers revealed that 60.28 per cent showed ovulatory oestrum among 52 animals when treated with ‘Fertivet’ while among 34 animals only 50 per cent showed ovulatory oestrum when treated with ‘Secrodyl’, the variation being significant. Significant variation was also observed in the conception rate at the induced heat, the values being 34.61 per cent when treated with ‘Fertivet’ and 14.71 per cent when treated with ‘Secrodyl’. The overall conception rate was also higher (48.08 per cent) when treated with ‘Fertivet’ than when treated with ‘Secrodyl’ (29.41 per cent).
