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Theses

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2007 - 20102
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Subject: Animal Reproduction and Gynecology × Author: Deepthi, L × End date: 2015 × Type: Thesis ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Detection of serum relaxin as a diagnostic tool for early pregnancy diagnosis in bitches
    (Department of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Deepthi, L; KAU; Sreekumaran, T
    With the object of fioding a suitable and reliable method of early pregnancy diagnosis in bitches, the study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of trans abdominal palpation, ultrasound scanning and relaxin detection was conducted. The study consisted of 45 apparently healthy bitches whieh were brought to the clinics for finding the optimal breeding time. Out of this, ten animals were selected at random for pregnancy diagnosis and were subjected to different methods of pregnancy diagnosis at different gestational age-16 to 20 days, 21 to 24 days and 25 to 30 days post breeding. Blood samples were collected for the estimation of haemoglobin, packed eell volume and erythrocyte sedimentation rate at the day of breeding and also at the above gestation periods. Body weights were reeorded at the day of breeding and also at different gestation periods. In the present study, it was found that abdominal palpation was difficult m diagnosing pregnancy between 16 to 20 days of gestation. When palpation was done in between 21 to 24 and 25 to 30 days post breeding, the accuracy obtained was 50% and 70% respeetively. This study suggests that trans abdominal palpation was not useful in diagnosing early pregnancy. By ultrasound scanning, the percentage accuracy at 16 to 20 days was 50%, which improved to 80 percent and 100 percent at 21-24 and 25-30 days post breeding respeetively. Foetal heartbeat could be observed in all the positive cases from 24 days of gestation. Pseudo-pregnancy, pyometra and abortion could be easily identified by this method. The earliest positive result obtained for serum relaxin detection was obtained at 20" day post breeding and the percentage accuracy was 50% at this period, as against 100% at 21-30 days of gestation. In the present study, it was found that serum relaxin test was not influenced by pseudo-pregnancy and uterine pathological conditions like pyometra. There was significant variation in haemogram (P <0.01) at the day of breeding and at different gestational age. Haemoglobin concentration at 16-20, 21-24 and 25-30 days of gestation were 10.88+0.31, 10.24+0.22, 8.77+0.28g/dl, which was lower than the value 11.56+0.27 obtained prior to breeding. The packed cell volume values were 34.66+0.9, 30.77+0.94, 28.22+1.02 and 26±0.94 percent at day 0, 16-20, 21-24, 25-30 days post breeding. There was significant variation in the values before and after conception. There was significant variation in erythrocyte sedimentation rate between day zero and at different gestational age. The values obtained varied significantly and recorded as 4.6±0.33, 14.3±1.09, 17.8±1.28 and 21.76±1.47mm/hr at day 0, 16-20, 21-24 and 25-30 days of gestation respectively. The body weight of all the ten animals varied significantly (P<0.01). It was observed that the body weight had shown a steady and progressive increase as the pregnancy advanced. The study revealed that abdominal palpation was not very useful in diagnosing early pregnancy. By ultrasound scanning, uterus as well as foetus could be visualized after 23 days of gestation. Serum relaxin detection could be used as an early tool for pregnancy diagnosis in bitches from 20 days post breeding. Results of the present study suggest that the relaxin test was accurate in diagnosing early pregnancy and its advantage being that it could be conducted and interpreted easily by a dog breeder or a dog owner. It could be concluded that detection of serum relaxin is a quick, simple and accurate tool for diagnosing early pregnancy under field conditions
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for enhancing reproductive efficiency in female dogs
    (College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2010) Deepthi, L; KAU; Aravinda Ghosh, K N
    The present study was undertaken for finding optimal breeding time in bitches, early pregnancy diagnosis and tackling pseudopregnancy using antiprolactin drugs. Experiment consisted of 55 apparently healthy bitches which were brought to the Small Animal Obstetrics and Gynaecology unit of Veterinary College Hospital, Mannuthy and University Veterinary Hospital, Kokkalai for getting breeding advice. Fertility rate was assessed in two different groups viz., Group I (n=30) and Group II (n=25). The conception rate was 73.3 per cent in group I and 88.0 per cent in group II. Conception rate was more in those animals, which were bred, based on vaginoscopy than those bred based upon clinico-gynaecological examination and vaginal exfoliative cytology. This supported the view that performing vaginoscopy will augment conception rate in bitches. Clinico-gynaecological examination together with vaginal exfoliative cytology was found to be useful for finding optimal breeding time in bitches under field conditions. Vaginoscopy, in addition to being a non-invasive method, had the added advantage of predicting the fertilization period, thereby breeding advice could be more accurate as it helps in the visual inspection of vaginal mucosal folds. Pregnancy diagnosis was carried out in 20 animals at 20th, 35th and 50th day of gestation. Abdominal palpation at 20 days after breeding was non-confirmatory of pregnancy but at 35 days of gestation foetus could be appreciated as tense distinct uterine swellings. By ultrasound scanning at 20 days of gestation the image of embryonic vesicles appeared as spherical structures with anechoic consistency. No foetus or foetal membranes could be visualized at this stage. By day 25 to 27, echogenic foetal mass and heart beat became detectable. By day 28 to 33, head and body of the foetus were similar in size and revealed flickering heart beats. Anatomical features of the foetus became more obvious by about 34 to 39 days of gestation. Shape and size of the foetal head became distinguishable from the body at this stage. The percentage accuracy for transabdominal palpation at 20 days of gestation was found to be 20 per cent which improved to 75 per cent by about 35 days. The percentage accuracy at 50 days was 60 per cent. This study suggested that transabdominal palpation was not reliable in early and late gestation. For ultrasound scanning, the percentage accuracy at 20 days of gestation was found to be 15 per cent which improved to 90 per cent by 35 days. The percentage accuracy improved to 100 per cent by 50 days of gestation. Thus ultrasound scanning could be used as reliable tool for assessing the foetal viability. The level of serum alkaline phosphatase at 20th, 35th and 50th day of gestation was found to be 67.90 + 2.98, 91.85 + 2.10 and 139.65 + 6.84 U/L respectively. The level of haptoglobin at 20th day of gestation was 53.10 + 3.22 mg/dl where as the level elevated to 81.12 + 3.40 and 119.44 + 3.16 mg/dl by 35 days and 50 days of gestation respectively. The level of serum globulin at 20th, 35th and 50th day of gestation was 2.43 + 0.12, 3.05 + 0.11 and 3.74 + 0.15 g/dl respectively. Statistical analysis revealed significant difference between day 20 and day 50 (P<0.05). Thus the level of serum alkaline phosphatase, serum haptoglobin and serum globulin was found to be increasing as the pregnancy advanced and this could be used as indicators of healthy pregnancy. Total erythrocyte count (TEC) at 20, 35 and 50 days of gestation was 6.07 + 0.16, 5.58 + 0.15 and 5.12 + 0.16 million/cmm respectively. Haemoglobin concentration at day 20, 35th day and 50 days of gestation were found to be 11.86 + 0.28, 10.45 + 0.27 and 9.17 + 0.30 g/dl respectively. Packed cell volume values were 40.45 + 0.83, 37.30 + 0.87and 33.40+ 1.10 percent respectively at day 20, day 35 and 50 days of gestation. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate at day 20, day 35 and 50th day of gestation were found to be 10.31 + 0.73, 15.41 + 0.54 and 21.85 + 1.04 mm/hr respectively. Haemogram studies showed significant decrease in the total erythrocyte count, haemoglobin and packed cell volume at different gestational age (P<0.05). These changes were attributed by haemodilution and increased plasma volume. But erythrocyte sedimentation rate has shown an increase which could be attributed to the endometrial implantation by the embryo. The total leucocyte count at day 20, day 35 and day 50 of gestation was found to be 13844.90 + 539.90, 15449.00 + 569.86 and 17502.50 + 780.21 cells/cmm respectively. The neutrophil count at 20th, 35th and 50th day of gestation was 67.30 + 1.11, 70.30 + 4.95 and 75.35 + 1.27 per cent respectively. The lymphocyte count was found to be 27.80 + 0.87, 31.55 + 0.88 and 36.95 + 1.03 per