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Open Access
Influence of different levels of energy on growth performance of crossbred pigs
(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2001) Rekha, P; KAU; George, Mathen
An experiment was conducted to assess •the influence of different levels of energy on the growth performance of crossbred (Large White Yorkshire x Desi) pigs. Fifteen male (castrated) and fifteen female weaned crossbred piglets with an average body weight of 12.9 kg were divided into three equal groups as uniformly as possible with regard to age, sex and body weight. The three groups of piglets were maintained on three rations with 16 per cent crude protein but differing in their energy content, viz., 2800 kcal (T1), 3000 kcal CT2) and 3200 kcal (TI) of digestible energy (DE) per kg. The average daily gains recorded for the three groups T1, T2 and TI were 262.9, 302.0 and 362.8 g respectively. The cumulative feed conversion efficiencies were 6.0, 5.2 and 4.1 for the groups T1, T2 and TI respectively. The values recorded for TI were higher (P<0.01) than those for T1 and T2. The digestibility coefficients of nutrients except that of crude fibre and crude protein were found to improve with increase in the energy content of the rations. Study of the carcass traits revealed that the body weight at slaughter and dressed weight without head improved as the energy content of the rations increased. However, dressing percentage, carcass length and back fat thickness were not significantly influenced by the energy content of the ration. The cost of feed per kg weight gain of animals was significantly lower (P<0.01) for the dietary treatment T3 compared to that of T2 and Tl, the values being Rs.49.90, 43.30 and 34.10 for Tl, T2 and T3 respectively. The above results indicate that crossbred pigs require 3200 kcal of DE/kg of the ration for better growth performance provided the crude protein level is maintained at 16 per cent.
Open Access
Effect of bakers yeast on growth and nutrient utilization in crossbred (large white yorkshire X desi )pigs
(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 2003) Sekar, M; Viswanathan, T V
A study was carried out to assess the influence of baker's yeast culture on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients and carcass characteristics in Large White Yorkshire x Desi (75:25) crossbred pigs. Thirty weaned piglets (15 barrows and 15 gilts) with an average body weight of 13.5 kg were divided into three homogeneous groups with regard to age, sex and body weight. Ten piglets in each group were randomly distributed into five replicates of two piglets each. The three groups were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments viz., T,- control (standard ration), Tr control diet supplemented with 0.25 per cent baker's yeast culture and T3- control diet supplemented with 0.5 per cent baker's yeast culture. The piglets were fed on their respective grower rations which contained 18 per cent crude protein and 3200 kcal digestible energy per kg until they attained an average body weight of 50 kg and thereafter changed to finisher rations which contained 14 per cent crude protein and 3 100 kcal digestible energy per kg until the pigs were slaughtered. A digestibility trial was conducted towards the end of the experiment using chromic oxide as external indicator. On completion of seven months of age six pigs from each treatment were slaughtered to study the carcass characteristics. Average daily gain of 352, 383 and 405 g were recorded for the groups T" T2 and T3, respectively. The pigs fed with diet containing 0.5 per cent baker's yeast (T3) had higher (P<0.05) average daily gain than those fed with unsupplemented diet (T,). But, there was no significant difference between T, and T2 as well as T2 and T3. However, there was a trend for a higher average daily gain for those fed 0.25 per cent yeast culture (T2) over those fed control diet Cl (T,). Feed conversion efficiency was 4.36, 4.05 and 3.83 for the groups T" T2 and T3, respectively. The pigs fed with diets containing 0.25 (T2) and 0.5 per cent baker's yeast (T3) had higher (Pwith unsupplemented diet (T,). The digestibility coefficient for dry matter and ether extract were significantly higher (P<0.05) for pigs fed 0.5 per cent yeast culture than those fed with unsupplemented diet and there was no significant difference between T, and T2 or T2 and T3. Pigs fed diet containing 0.5 per cent baker's yeast had higher (P<0.05) crude fibre digestibility than those fed with the diets containing 0 and 0.25 per cent yeast culture. Study of the carcass characteristics revealed that the dressing percentage, carcass length, back fat thickness and loin eye area were not significantly influenced by the inclusion of yeast culture at different levels. The cost of feed per kg live weight gain was Rs.36.63, 35.52 and 34.99, respectively for the treatments T}, T2 and T3. Feed cost per kg live weight gain was lower in T3 compared to other treatments. It is concluded that baker's yeast can be economically included at 0.5 per cent level in the diet for better growth and feed conversion efficiency in crossbred pigs.
Open Access
Nutritive evaluation of squilla (oratosquilla nepa) meal in broiler chicken diets
(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2000) Kanakasabai, P; KAU; Kunjikutty, N
An experiment was designed and conducted to assess the nutritive value of squilla (Oratosquilla nepa) meal in broiler chicken diet as an animal protein source replacing fish meal protein at three levels viz. zero, 50 and 100 per cent with supplementation of lysine and methionine at 100 per cent level of replacement. One hundred and eighty one – day old straight – run commercial broiler chicks were divided into four groups each with three replicates of fifteen birds and were allotted to four dietary treatments viz. T1 containing 10 per cent unsalted dried fish (control), T2 in which 50 per cent crude protein from dried fish was replaced with squilla meal protein, T3 in which 100 per cent crude protein from dried fish was replaced with squilla meal protein and T4 in which T3 was supplemented with adequate lysine and methionine as per BIS (1992). The rations were made isoproteimic and iso – caloric. The chicks were reared under standard managemental conditions for a period of eight weeks. The birds fed on 100 per cent squilla meal protein dist in replacement of fish meal protein attained significantly lower body weight gain )P < 0.01) compared to those in the control ( T1) and 50 per cent squilla meal protein (T2) group at six and eight weeks. Lysine and methionine supplementation in the 100 per cent squilla meal protein diet improved the weight gain of birds to a level comparable to those on 50 per cent squilla meal protein diet. Feed intake and protein of birds on various dietary treatments at different ages did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). But the feed conversion efficiency of birds maintained on control diet was significantly higher (P < 0.05) at six weeks and eight weeks (P < 0.01) than those on 100 per cent squilla meal protein diet (2.437 vs 2.93). Protein efficiency ratio of birds differed significantly between different treatment groups and the values correlate well with the body weight gain at different ages. Slaughter studies revealed no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the different groups in dressed yield, giblet yield and length of duodenum. However, the abdominal fat was significantly higher (P < 0.01) in control group of birds, while the ready – t0 – cook yield was significantly less (P < 0.05) in 100 per cent squilla meal protein group. The apparent metabolisable energy content of different rations and daily protein retention of birds showed no significant difference between the different dietary treatments. The cost of production per kilogram of live weight gain of birds maintained on the four dietary treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4 were Rs. 26.42, 26.24, 27.25 and 27.79 respectively. Though there was a slight decrease in the cost of production of birds due to incorporation of squilla meal in place of unsalted dried fish at 50 per cent replacement, the difference was insignificant. However, 100 percent replacement of fish meal protein with squilla meal protein and amino acid supplementation to the same increased the cost of production (P < 0.01) with no corresponding increase in performance. From the results obtained in the present study it was inferred that squilla meal can be effectively included in broiler chicken diets to replace 50 per cent of fish meal protein without affecting growth, feed conversion efficiency and the cost of production.
Open Access
Effect of dietary potassium diformate on growth performance in large white yorkshire pigs
(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 2003) Suresh, M; KAU; Viswanathan, T V
A study was carried out to assess the influence of potassium diformate on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients and carcass quality in Large White Yorkshire pigs. Thirty weaned male piglings with an average live weight of 13.0 kg were divided into three equal groups as uniform as possible with regard to age and body weight. Pigs were maintained on three experimental diets viz., T j - control standard grower (18 per cent crude protein and 3150 kcal/kg ME) and finisher ration (15.5 per cent crude protein and 3100 kcal/kg ME), T2 - control diet supplemented with 0.75 per cent potassium diformate and T3 - control diet supplemented with 1.5 per cent potassium diformate. The average daily gain of 465,494 and 519 g were recorded for the groups Tj , T2 and T3, respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the supplemented group and the group fed control diet. However, there was a trend for a higher growth rate of 6.2 per cent and 11.7 per cent, reported for T2 and T 3 over those fed control diet. The average cumulative feed conversion efficiency were 3.97, 3.74 and 3.55 for the groups Tj, T2 and T3, respectively. Addition of potassium diformate at 0.75 and 1.5 per cent level in the diet of growing-finishing pigs had a higher (Pthose fed control diet. Ther,e was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the supplemented groups. However, there was a trend for a higher feed efficiency for those fed 1.5 per cent potassium diformate supplemented diet. The digestibility coefficients for dry matter, ether extract, crude protein and nitrogen free extract were significantly higher (Ppotassium diformate at both the levels (0.75 and 1.5 per cent). There was no significant difference between the supplemented groups. Dressing percentage, carcass length, back fat thickness, loin eye area and others were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by the inclusion of potassium diformate at different levels. The costs of feed per kg live weight gain of pigs were Rs.32.82, 32.05 and 31.50, respectively for T1, T2 and T3. The above results indicate that potassium diformate can be economically incorporated at l.5 per cent level in the diet of Large White Yorkshire pigs.
Open Access
Effect of citric acid and microbial phytase on phosphorus utilization and growth in broiler chicken
(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 2003) Hariharan, T; KAU; Gangadevi, P
An investigation spread over a period of eight weeks was carried out to study the effect of citric acid and microbial phytase (Natuphos®-SOOOG) on nutrient utilization and growth performance in broiler chicken. One hundred and ninety two day-old broiler chicks (Ven cob) were divided into four identical groups having four replicates in each group with 12 birds in each replicate and allotted randomly into four dietary treatments viz., T1, T2, T3 and T4. The treatments consisted of a standard broiler ration (SBR) with O.S per cent available P (T1), low available P broiler ration having 0.3 per cent available P (LAPBR) and 3.0 per cent citric acid (T2), LAPBR supplemented with 700 U of phytase/kg feed (T3) and LAPBR with 1.5 per cent citric acid and 3S0 U of phytase/kg feed (T4). All the rations were formulated as per BIS specifications except in the level of available P. Effect on body weight, weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency, DM retention, nitrogen balance, mineral availability, serum and tibial mineral contents, processing yields and livability of birds were the criteria employed for evaluation. Body weight and weight gain of the experimental birds were significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. Maximum weight and weight gain were recorded in T4 followed by T2, T3 and Tl in the descending order, indicating the positive and synergistic effects of citric acid and phytase on phosphorus utilization and growth. Cumulative feed intake of experimental birds was significantly (Pgroups over the control, the highest feed intake being noticed in T4 followed by T2, T3 and T1. Cumulative FCR did not differ significantly (P>O.OS) between treatments. However, comparatively better feed efficiency was recorded in citric acid and phytase groups (T2, T3 and T4) at sixth week and comparable values at eighth week with the control group (Tl). Cumulative PER also showed similar trend in eight week with significantly high (Psignificantly, better DM retention, nitrogen balance, per cent retention and reduced nitrogen excretion were noticed in T2, T3 and T4 than Tl. Availability of P, Mg, Zn and Mn were enhanced (P>0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 by citric acid and phytase addition compared to Tl group on SBR. Mg and Mn availability were significantly influenced by dietary treatments with highest availability of Mg and Mn noticed in T3 (P<0.05) followed by T4, T2 and Tl. The excretion of P was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 on citric acid and for phytase supplementation. Weight of dried tibia was significantly high (P<0.05) in T4 followed by T2, T3 and Tl at sixth week. Per cent tibial ash at sixth and eighth week were also high (P>0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 compared to Tl on SBR which could indicate that citric acid and/or phytase favour P utilization and bone development. No significant difference \ could be noticed in tibial and serum Ca, P, Mg, Zn and Mn except for a significantly high . tibial Mg (P<0.05) in T4 and serum Zn (P<0.05) in T3 at sixth week. Serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly reduced (P . ., by T3, T2 and Tl. Birds of citric acid, phytase and combination group though maintained on low P diet registered no significant difference in per cent dressed yield, ready-to-cook yield, gib let yield, abdominal fat yield and livability, when compared to Tl fed on SBR. Regarding the cost of production as feed cost/kg gain, phytase group (T3) recorded the lowest due to high cost citric acid. Overall evaluation of the results of the present study revealed that inclusion of either 3.0 per cent citric acid or phytase (700U/kg feed) or its combination (1.5 per cent .citric acid + 350 U phytase/kg feed) in low available P diet (0.3 per cent) resulted in better nutrient utilization and growth performance in chicks than chicks maintained on SBR with 0,5 per cent available P; tending to suggest that available P level in the feed could be reduced by 40 per cent without affecting the performance and health of broiler chicks by dietary inclusion of citric acid and/or phytase.
Open Access
Influence of rendered fat in the diet of large white yorkshire sows on litter performance
(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Thiruveni, S; KAU; Viswanathan, T V
A study was conducted to assess the influence of rendered fat in the diet of Large White Yorkshire sows on their litter performance. Thirty-two Large White Yorkshire gestating sows at late gestation (100 days of gestation) formed the experimental animals. Four groups with eight replicates each were maintained under four experimental diets, viz., Tl (standard ration - containing 18% crude protein and 3300 kcal DE/kg), T2 (standard ration + 5 per cent rendered animal fat), T3 (standard ration + lO per cent rendered animal fat) and T4 (standard ration + 15 per cent rendered animal fat) from late gestation (100 days of gestation) to weaning (56 days of lactation). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) observed between the four dietary treatments for the parameters observed such as litter size and piglet weight at birth and at weaning, average daily gain of piglets, body weight loss of sows during lacta~ion and piglet mortality. But there was a trend for reduction in lactational body weight loss of sows fed T2, T3 and T 4 experimental diets. The digestibility coefficients of nutrients such as ether extract (Pcrude fibre was found to be decreased (Pcrude protein were not affected (P>0.05) with the increasing energy density of the experimental diets. ii The cost benefit ratios showed an increasing trend in the economics of gain from the sows fed rendered animal fat added gestation and lactation diets than that of the control sows. The above results indicate that the rendered animal fat, as an energy source for Large White Yorkshire sows, can be added extra at 15 per cent level of the standard ration (containing 3300 kcal DE/kg and 18% crude protein) during late gestation and lactation, to improve the performance of sows and the litter and to have a better economics of gain.
Open Access
Effect of supplementation of dried yeast (Nutramix - Mdy) on growth performance of pre- ruminant calves
(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2002) Asitha, T V; KAU; Mercy, A D
An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation of dried yeast (''Neutramix-MDY'') on growth performance of pre-ruminant calves. Twelve calves of one week to one month of age were distributed into two groups of six calves each, as uniformly as possible with regard to age, sex and body weight, with one group receiving the control diet (calf starter, grass and milk) and the other group receiving dried yeast ("Neutramix-MDY") @ 20g/day along with the control diet. The final body weight (kg) and average daily gain (g/day) were 72.5 and 247 for control group and 76.2 and 284 for treatment group during the trial period. Though there was no statistically significant difference between the control and the treatment group, there was a numerical increase in both the parameters in treatment animals. The average feed to gain ratio was 4.94 and 4.60 for the control and treatment group respectively. There was no improvement in dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fibre and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities in yeast fed group over the control. Haematological parameters such as blood glucose, plasma protein, calcium and phosphorus were unaffected by the dietary treatment. The above results indicate that supplementation of yeast culture to the diets of pre- ruminant calves had no statistically significant effect on animal performance.
Open Access
Nutritive evaluation of prawn waste for growth in large white yorkshire pigs
(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2002) Madhukumar, U; KAU; Viswanathan, T V
An experiment was conducted to assess the nutritive value of prawn waste for growth in Large White Yorkshire pigs. Thirty female pigs with an average body weight of 31.4 kg were divided into three equal groups as uniformly as possible with regard to age and body weight. The three groups of pigs were maintained on three different experimental diets viz., Tl control standard grower (16 per cent CP) and finisher ration (14 per cent CP), T2 - 25 per cent of total protein in Tl replaced by protein from prawn waste and T 3 - 50 per cent of total protein in T 1 replaced by protein from prawn waste. The average daily gain recorded for the three groups T1, T2 and T3 were 385.5, 393.3 and 381.1 g respectively. The cumulative feed conversion efficiencies were 4.87, 4.73 and 4.89 for the groups T1, T2 and T3 respectively. The digestibility coefficients of nutrients were significantly higher in T2 for dry matter (p<0.05) and crude protein (pwas found significantly higher (p and T2. The digestibility coefficients of crude fibre and ether extract were almost similar for all the three groups. Study of the carcass characteristics revealed that dressing percentage, carcass length, back fat thickness, loin eye area and ham weight were not significantly influenced by the inclusion of prawn waste at different levels. The cost of feed per kg weight gain of animals in different treatments Tl and T2 and T3 were Rs. 29.95, 23.84 and 21.18 respectively. The above results indicate that, prawn waste can be used economically to replace the protein of the grower and finisher rations for pigs up to 50 per cent level.
Open Access
Effect of monensin supplementation on growth and bioavailability of minerals in kids
(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2001) Sindhu, P R; KAU; Gangadevi, P
An investigation spread over a period of 13 weeks was carried out to assess the effect of monensin on growth and bioavailability of minerals in kids. Eighteen Malabari kids of three to four months of age divided into three identical groups formed the experimental subject. The kids in groups I, Il and III were maintained on concentrate mixtures supplemented with 0, 20 and 30 ppm monensin respectively along with jack leaves fed ad libitum as the sole source of roughage, for a period of 13 weeks. Increase in body weight, feed conversion efficiency, dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients, nitrogen balance, mineral balance and serum mineral concentration of kids were the criteria employed for evaluation. The weight gained by the animals during the experimental period was highest in group III followed by groups II and I in the descending order, group II and III showing significantly higher weight gain (p < 0.01) than group 1. This is suggestive of the positive influence of monensin on the growth of kids. Maximum improvement in feed conversion efficiency was shown by kids in group Ill, followed by group Il and group I. Though there was no significant difference (p < 0.05) between the two monensin supplemented groups (groups Il and Ill), both had significant improvement (P < 0.01) over the controls. The dry matter intake per 100 kg body weight was significantly lower (p < 0.01) in groups Il and III than group I, but no significant difference was recorded in a verage daily dry matter intake between the three groups. Regarding the nutrient digestibility an increasing trend In the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre, ether extract and nitrogen free extract• was noticed (P > 0.05)• in monansm supplemented groups over the non •supplemented control group. Nitrogen retention (per cent of intake) was highest In group IH and lowest in group I, with significant increase (P < 0.01) in monensin supplemented groups (groups Il and Ill) over group I. Though there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in per cent retention of calcium, phosphorus, i r on, copper, zmc and manganese between the monensin supplemented and non-supplemented groups, an increasing trend was observed in the percentage r eterrtion of major as well as trace minerals on monensin supplementation. The haematological constituents VIZ., haemoglobin, plasma protein, calcium, phosphorus, iron, copper, zinc and manganese in kids of various groups were within the normal range. There was no significant influence (P > 0.05) of monensin on haematological values. From an overall evaluation of the results obtained during the course of the present investigation :it can be inferred that supplementation of monensin at 20 and 30 ppm level significantly (P < 0.01) improves the growth rate, feed efficiency and nitrogen retention, reduces the dry matter consumption and favours (P > 0.05) nutrient digestibility and utilization of major as well as trace mi ner al s in kids reared under intensive system of management.

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