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ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of silk worm pupae meal on growth performance in large white yokshire pigs(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Ramamoorthi, S; KAU; Mercy, A DAn experiment was conducted to assess the effect of silk worm pupae meal, a by-product from sericulture industry, on growth, feed conversion efficiency and economics of production in growing pigs. Twenty seven weaned Large White Yorkshire female piglets with an average body weight of 16 kg were selected from University Pig Breeding Farm, Mannuthy and were divided into three groups of nine piglets each, as uniformly as possible with regard to their age and body weight. The piglets were then randomly allotted to three pens to form three replicates per treatment. The three groups of piglets were maintained for 90 days on three isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets T ir Tj and Tj in which protein from unsalted dried fish was replaced by silk worm pupae meal at 0, 50 and 100 per cent level. The animals maintained under the three dietary treatments T w Ta and T, had almost similar growth rate (P>0.05) with a cumulative average daily gain of 481.4, 510.1 and 495.7g. respectively. The total feed intakes of the animals in different groups were almost similar. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in cumulative feed conversion efficiency between the groups, the values being 3.78, 3.63 and 3.62, respectively, for animals in the dietary treatments Tlt T 2 and T 3. The digestibility coefficients of nutrients except that of ether extract, were slightly higher for the control, ration compared to those with silk worm pupae meal. The cost of production per kilogram live weight gain of pigs maintained on the three dietary treatments, T x, T2 and T3 were Rs. 31.46, 29.19 and 28.20 respectively. Though there was a slight decrease in the cost of production due to incorporation of silk worm pupae meal in place of unsalted dried fish in swine ration, the difference was non significant (P>0.05). The above results indicate that silk worm pupae meal can be effectively included in the diets of growing pigs without affecting growth, feed conversion efficiency and the cost of production.ThesisItem Open Access Evaluation of complete rations for kids for meat production(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1999) Dildeep, V; KAU; George MathenAn investigation was carried out in Malabari kids of three to four months of age to study the influence of animal protein and monensin incorporated in complete pelleted concentrate type diet on the growth of animals. Thirty kids were divided into three equal groups, 1, 2 and 3, and fed on three pelleted complete rations, isocaloric and isoproteimic. Ration 2 incorporated meat cum bone meal and ration 3, fish meal at 5 percentage level replacing gingelly oil cake of ration 1 and fed to respective groups for a period of91 days. Animal protein inclusion did not show any significant positive influence on the growth of kids. No significant growth difference between the male and female animals of the three groups were observed. There was significant increase (Panimal protein, but had no positive influence on other body measurements. Significantly lower (Panimal protein containing diets, which can be attributed to palatability problems. The feed conversion efficiency and nitrogen balance values of kids were not influenced by animal protein inclusion. It also had no influence on digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre and nitrogen free extract of the diets. Dressing percentage of kids slaughtered at six months of age in the three groups were almost similar. The gross profit that can be expected from animals of group 2 worked out to be Rs.357.90 compared to Rs.292.06 and Rs.286.20 per animal in group 1 and group 3 respectively for a period of 13 weeks. Histopathological study of the rumen tissues of all the three groups showed rumen papillae that were long and thickened with sparsely distributed keratin deposition indicating distinct parakeratosis, but no clinical symptoms of lactic acidosis were observed. It is possible to maintain kids of three to four months of age profitably on concentrate like complete feeds, supplemented with monensin and sodium bicarbonate for a period not exceeding 91 days.ThesisItem Open Access Nutritive evaluation of complete ration for growth in kids(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Deepa Ananth; KAU; James, C SAn attempt has been made to evaluate the effect of complete ration containing unconventional ingredients on growth and nutrient utilization in kids. Three complete pelleted rations were prepared consisting of a control ration (CR I) containing guinea grass and conventional ingredients, experimental rations eR II and CR III containing crop residues and agroindustrial byproducts such as tapioca leaves plus tea waste and gliricidia leaves plus tea waste respectively (75 :25) at 60 per cent level. Eighteen Malabari kids of 4 - 5 months of age with an average body weight of 9.27 Kg distributed into three groups of six animals each as uniformly as possible with regard to age, sex and weight and were fed individually with three complete rations over a period of 120 days. The results indicated that the incorporation of unconventional feed ingredients even to the extent of 60 per cent did not affect the growth performance of animals as the total weight gain and average daily gain recorded as 7.0~Kg and 62.6 g/day for the control and 6.65 Kg and 59.37 g/day for experimental ration CR Il and 5.96 Kg and 53.11 g/day for ration CR Ill. The efficiency of feed and protein utilization also exhibited the same trend. Cost efficiency for ration CR Il containing tapioca leaves plus tea waste as major part as well as for ration CR III containing ghricidia leaves plus tea waste as major part comes to around Rs.59.16 per Kg gain and Rs.60.43 per Kg gain respectively, as against Rs.69.54 per Kg gain for control ration CR l. The hematological studies revealed that TE.C., TL.C., Haemoglobin, Plasma protein, serum calcium, phosphorus and magnesium were within normal range prescribed for the species. The animals maintained on the three rations did not show any significant difference between groups for these parameters. Digestibility studies revealed a significant difference (P>O.Ol) in all the parameters between groups, while the kids maintained on control ration CR I recorded highest digestibility of drymatter, crude protein, ether extract and nitrogen free extract, the kids maintained on ration CR III recorded maximum fibre digestibility. On fibre fractions, ration Clc II recorded the lowest digestibility (P>O.Ol) in neutral detergent fibre and there was no difference in acid detergent fibre digestibilty. The results show that incorporation of agroindustrial byproducts in the complete ration for kids influencgfthe digestibility of nutrients. "- The results on balance experiment showed no significant difference (Pbetween the groups with regard to per cent retention of nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. Overall assessment of the results showed that incorporation of agroindustrial byproducts even upto the extent of 60 per cent in the complete ration of goats did not have any significant effect on production parameters and animals maintained on ration CR II containing tapioca leaves plus tea waste as major part did show similar performance and efficiency compared to that of control ration and though not significant, slightly lower biological efficiency was exhibited by ration CR III .on performance of the animals.ThesisItem Open Access Monensin supplementation in complete rations for kids(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Biju Chacko; KAU; George MathenAn investigation was carried out to assess the influence of monensin supplementation in complete rations for kids. Thirty Malabari kids of three to four months of age were divided randomly into three equal groups (I, 11 and Ill). The animals were maintained on isoproteimic and isocaloric complete rations A, Band C containing eight, twelve and sixteen per cent crude fibre respectively for a period of 13 weeks'" (91 days). The rations were supplemented with monensin at the rate of 20 mg/kg. The weight gained by animals during the experimental period was highest in group I followed by groups 11 and III in the descending order, groups I and 11 showing significantly higher gains (Pthe positive influence of monensin in rations containing lower levels of crude fibre. Monensin did not appear to have any effect on body measurements viz., body length, chest girth and height at withers. The average daily dry matter (DM) intake of animals in group I was significantly higher (P there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in DM intake per 100 kg body weight between the three groups. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in weekly feed conversion efficiency values between the three groups. The cost of production per kilogram gain increased linearly with increase in the level of crude fibre in the ration. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and nitrogen free extract did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between the three groups. However, the digestibility coefficient of crude fibre was significantly lower (P<0.05) in group I when compared to groups 11 and Ill. The average dressing percentage did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between the three groups. The animals in groups 11 and III showed milder A distinct group I. parakeratosis ~as evident in animals of degrees of parakeratosis in descending order. The gross profit declined linearly with increase in the level of crude fibre in the ration. From an overall evaluation of the results obtained during the course of the present investigation, it can be inferred that, supplementing monensin in low fibre complete rations improves growth and feed efficiency in kids reared under intensive system of management. The gross profit that can be expected from a kid of group I fed on ration A works out to Rs.254 over a period of 90 daysThesisItem Open Access Efficacy of ammonium chloride and horse gram (Dolichos biflorus) extract on the amelioration of urolithiasis in goats(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Senthilkumar, R P; KAU; James, C SThe efficacy of ammonium chloride and horse gram (Dolichos biflorus) extract on the amelioration of urolithiasis in goats ware evaluated by using 18 male Malabari goats of 9 to 12 months old, maintained for an experimental period of 84 days. Goats were divided into three groups (I, 11 and Ill) of six animals each and were fed individually at maintenance level with high magnesium basal calculogenic ration containing 1.194 per cent calcium, 0.578 per cent phosphorus, 1.202 per cent magnesium (ration A) alone, fortified with ammonium chloride at the rate of one per cent in the ration (ration B) or with supplemented horse gram extract at the rate of one litre per animal per day (ration C) respectively. Grass and concentrate were fed at 1: 4 ratio and drinking water provided ad libitum throughout the experiment. Body weight gain, dry matter intake, feed efficiency and protein efficiency were not significantly altered by the dietary treatments, b.ut. goats fed on supplemental ammonium chloride (group 11) had a trend towards better weight gain, feed and protein efficiency. •No significant difference observed among the three groups with regard to TEC, TLC, haemoglobin, and plasma protein. Elevated dietary magnesium in the diet (ration A) caused significant decrease in serum ii calcium (Pmagnesium (Pcalcium (P<0.05), significant increase in urine phosphorus and magnesium (PIll. Supplemental ammonium chloride and horse gram extract caused significant rise in serum calcium, significant reduction in serum phosphorus and magnesium and significant reduction in urine calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, whereas horse gram extract was less effective than ammonium chloride in this regard. Both the dietary treatments had no significant influence on urinary nitrogen excretion and digestibility of dietary calcium, phosphorus magnesium and nitrogen. Supplemental ammonium chloride caused significant increase in per cent retention of calcium (Pphosphorus (Ponly a tendency to increase per cent retention of calcium and phosphorus. Both the dietary treatment had no influence on nitrogen retention and supported nitrogen retention during the progress of experiment. Magnesium retention has increased drastically due to high dietary supplementation of magnesium in all the three groups and' neither supplemental ammonium chloride nor horse gram extract had any significant influence on per cent retention of magnesium. Clinical signs of obstructive urolithiasis were not observed in any of the goats maintained on three experimental groups. Goats in group I \ 113 &4 iii exhibited severe crystalluria, had numerous visible sand like rudimentary calculi in the kidney and had severe gross and histopathological changes. Goats fed with supplemental ammonium chloride showed reduction in urine pH, increased urine volume had not found to have any calculus material in the kidney and had mild gross and histological changes in the kidney and bladder. Goats fed on supplemental horse gram extract showed reduction in intensity of crystalluria, had few calculi materials in the kidney with gross and histological changes in the kidney and bladder comparable to group I. On chemical analysis, the calculi were found to contain magnesium, phosphate and ammonia. The present investigation conclude that supplementation of ammonium chloride prevented the calculi formation possibly due to increased excretion of chloride ions in the urine. Supplemental horse gram extract had not prevented calculi formation when fed along with high magnesium calculogenic ration in goats whereas, had a tendency to prevent the incidence of urinary calculi perhaps due to its diuretic effect.ThesisItem Open Access Nutritive evaluation of carcass meal for growth and carcass characteristics in large white yorkshire pigs(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Marie Sinthiya, V; KAU; Viswanathan, T VAn investigation was carried out to assess the effect of carcass meal, a product processed from slaughter house by-products, on the growth rate, feed conversion efficiency, carcass quality and economics of production in growing and finishing pigs. The conventional animal protein supplement fish meal was replaced with carcass meal. Twenty four Large White Yorkshire female piglets with an average live weight of 20 kg were divided into four groups (Groups I, 11, III and IV) of six animals each as uniformly as possible. They were maintained on four isoproteimic and isocaloric diets T1, T., T) and T. containing 0, 6, 12 and 18 per cent in grower rations and at 0, 4, 8 and 12 per cent in finisher rations respectively of carcass meal replacing fish meal. The animals under all the four dietary treatments had similar growth rates with an overall average daily gain of 381, 389, 382 and 376 g for the groups I, II, III and IV respectively. The total feed intake of the animals in different groups were similar. There was no significant difference in the feed conversion efficiency among groups, the overall average values being 4.36, 4.56, 4.35 and 4.48 for the groups I, II, III and IV respectively. Results of the studies on carcass characteristics revealed that there was no significant difference in the dressing percentage, carcass length, backfat thickness, loin eye area and weight of ham among the groups. Cost of production per kg live weight of animals in the four groups I, II, III and IV were Rs.39.78, 43.70, 43.73 and 45.11 respectively which is attributed to the high cost of carcass meal as compared to fish meal. The above results indicate that carcass meal can be effectively included in the diets of growing and finishing pigs without affecting either the growth performance or the carcass characteristics.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of mineral status of cattle in Kerala(Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1998) Kuruvilla Varghese; KAU; Kunjikutty, NTo assess the present feeding conditions as well as the mineral status of cattle in Kerala, a survey work was conducted covering all the districts under the different agro-climatic regions in the state. From each district, 50 per cent of the taluks and from each taluk, two villages were selected for the survey work. From each village, nine samples of blood were collected from lactating cattle maintained by three categories of farmers (large, medium and marginal) based on socio-economic conditions. 'Samples of soil and feeds and fodders fed to cattle were also collected from different regions for the estimation of major as well as trace elements. Nutritional status of animals and incidence of nutritional deficiency conditions were assessed by using a proforma supplied to each farmer and also from the clinical cases recorded in various veterinary institutions in the concerned districts. Dietary intake of minerals by lactating cattle was calculated from the, information gathered during the survey work on the quantities of feeds and fodders fed and from the results on the mineral analysis of samples of feeds and fodders collected. The results on the nutritional survey indicated that majority of farmers maintained crossbred cows and a small proportion in all districts practised fodder cultivation for feeding their animals. The animals in all districts received both straw and grass as roughage. As concentrate feeds, majority of farmers used a mixture of compounded feed and concentrate feed ingredients. Feeding of separate mineral mixture was practised in all the districts. From the results of analysis of soil, it was seen that while the level of iron in soil from all the districts was much higher and level of magnesium and zinc adequate, there was a general deficiency of copper and manganese. Phosphorus deficiency was noticed only in Kottayam district, but levels of calcium were low throughout the state except in Kasargod district. The results of analysis of concentrate mixtures revealed that the levels of iron in all the districts were much higher, phosphorus, magnesium and copper adequate, calcium adequate except in Idukki and Kasargod, zinc adequate except in Palakkad and manganese adequate except in Alleppey, Kozhikode and Kasargod. But the levels of sodium and potassium were found to be lower in all the districts. The mineral levels in the various concentrate feed ingredients collected from the different districts were found to be within the normal range. The mineral concentration in the different mineral mixtures collected during the present study revealed that none of the mineral mixtures analysed, was found to conform fully to the BIS Standard, the contents of most of the minerals being either higher or lower, an observation which warrants strict regulations of quality control of all mineral mixtures marketed in the country. Analysis of local grasses collected during the survey work revealed that manganese levels were lower in all districts except Kottayam. Deficiency of phosphorus and copper were more wide spread, followed by calcium and deficiency of zinc, sodium and potassium scattered in nature, while the iron levels in all districts were much higher. Wide variations were observed in the mineral concentration of paddy straw collected from different districts, the variations being mainly attributable to the differences in the variety of straw fed to the animals. Analysis of blood serum collected from lactating cattle from different districts revealed a normal mineral status in regard to all the minerals except calcium for which slightly lower levels were observed in animals from Kottayam, Wyanad and Kasargod districts. More cases of reproductive disorders other than abortion and dystocia were recorded in the areas surveyed than either metabolic or nutritional deficiency. The dietary intake of minerals by lactating cattle in regard to all major and minor elements was not only satisfactory but was much higher in all districts except for calcium, the intake of which was relatively inadequate in Pathanamthitta, Kottayam, Idukki, Malappuram, Kannur and Kasargod districts. From an overall evaluation of the results obtained in the present study, it can be inferred that the animals in all districts maintained a satisfactory mineral status for all minerals except for calcium, in spite of a generalised deficiency of copper and manganese and a scattered deficiency of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium in soils and local grasses. Slightly lower blood calcium values were recorded from Kottayam, Wyanad and Kasargod districts. The lower dietary intake of the element in these areas, probably is due to the differences in the type of feeds and quality of mineral mixture provided to them. However, marginal deficiencies of minerals which may go undetected, lower utilisation of minerals due to their interactions or imbalances or deficiencies of major nutrients particularly energy, might also be probable contributory factors for the higher incidence of reproductive disorders reported from veterinary institutions in the surveyed areas.