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2003 - 20044
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Subject: Animal Nutrition × Author: KAU × End date: 2004 × Start date: 2003 × Thesis Type: M.V.Sc. ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of dietary potassium diformate on growth performance in large white yorkshire pigs
    (Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 2003) Suresh, M; KAU; Viswanathan, T V
    A study was carried out to assess the influence of potassium diformate on growth performance, digestibility of nutrients and carcass quality in Large White Yorkshire pigs. Thirty weaned male piglings with an average live weight of 13.0 kg were divided into three equal groups as uniform as possible with regard to age and body weight. Pigs were maintained on three experimental diets viz., T j - control standard grower (18 per cent crude protein and 3150 kcal/kg ME) and finisher ration (15.5 per cent crude protein and 3100 kcal/kg ME), T2 - control diet supplemented with 0.75 per cent potassium diformate and T3 - control diet supplemented with 1.5 per cent potassium diformate. The average daily gain of 465,494 and 519 g were recorded for the groups Tj , T2 and T3, respectively. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the supplemented group and the group fed control diet. However, there was a trend for a higher growth rate of 6.2 per cent and 11.7 per cent, reported for T2 and T 3 over those fed control diet. The average cumulative feed conversion efficiency were 3.97, 3.74 and 3.55 for the groups Tj, T2 and T3, respectively. Addition of potassium diformate at 0.75 and 1.5 per cent level in the diet of growing-finishing pigs had a higher (Pthose fed control diet. Ther,e was no significant difference (P>0.05) between the supplemented groups. However, there was a trend for a higher feed efficiency for those fed 1.5 per cent potassium diformate supplemented diet. The digestibility coefficients for dry matter, ether extract, crude protein and nitrogen free extract were significantly higher (Ppotassium diformate at both the levels (0.75 and 1.5 per cent). There was no significant difference between the supplemented groups. Dressing percentage, carcass length, back fat thickness, loin eye area and others were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by the inclusion of potassium diformate at different levels. The costs of feed per kg live weight gain of pigs were Rs.32.82, 32.05 and 31.50, respectively for T1, T2 and T3. The above results indicate that potassium diformate can be economically incorporated at l.5 per cent level in the diet of Large White Yorkshire pigs.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of citric acid and microbial phytase on phosphorus utilization and growth in broiler chicken
    (Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences,Mannuthy, 2003) Hariharan, T; KAU; Gangadevi, P
    An investigation spread over a period of eight weeks was carried out to study the effect of citric acid and microbial phytase (Natuphos®-SOOOG) on nutrient utilization and growth performance in broiler chicken. One hundred and ninety two day-old broiler chicks (Ven cob) were divided into four identical groups having four replicates in each group with 12 birds in each replicate and allotted randomly into four dietary treatments viz., T1, T2, T3 and T4. The treatments consisted of a standard broiler ration (SBR) with O.S per cent available P (T1), low available P broiler ration having 0.3 per cent available P (LAPBR) and 3.0 per cent citric acid (T2), LAPBR supplemented with 700 U of phytase/kg feed (T3) and LAPBR with 1.5 per cent citric acid and 3S0 U of phytase/kg feed (T4). All the rations were formulated as per BIS specifications except in the level of available P. Effect on body weight, weight gain, feed efficiency, protein efficiency, DM retention, nitrogen balance, mineral availability, serum and tibial mineral contents, processing yields and livability of birds were the criteria employed for evaluation. Body weight and weight gain of the experimental birds were significantly influenced by the dietary treatments. Maximum weight and weight gain were recorded in T4 followed by T2, T3 and Tl in the descending order, indicating the positive and synergistic effects of citric acid and phytase on phosphorus utilization and growth. Cumulative feed intake of experimental birds was significantly (Pgroups over the control, the highest feed intake being noticed in T4 followed by T2, T3 and T1. Cumulative FCR did not differ significantly (P>O.OS) between treatments. However, comparatively better feed efficiency was recorded in citric acid and phytase groups (T2, T3 and T4) at sixth week and comparable values at eighth week with the control group (Tl). Cumulative PER also showed similar trend in eight week with significantly high (Psignificantly, better DM retention, nitrogen balance, per cent retention and reduced nitrogen excretion were noticed in T2, T3 and T4 than Tl. Availability of P, Mg, Zn and Mn were enhanced (P>0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 by citric acid and phytase addition compared to Tl group on SBR. Mg and Mn availability were significantly influenced by dietary treatments with highest availability of Mg and Mn noticed in T3 (P<0.05) followed by T4, T2 and Tl. The excretion of P was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 on citric acid and for phytase supplementation. Weight of dried tibia was significantly high (P<0.05) in T4 followed by T2, T3 and Tl at sixth week. Per cent tibial ash at sixth and eighth week were also high (P>0.05) in T2, T3 and T4 compared to Tl on SBR which could indicate that citric acid and/or phytase favour P utilization and bone development. No significant difference \ could be noticed in tibial and serum Ca, P, Mg, Zn and Mn except for a significantly high . tibial Mg (P<0.05) in T4 and serum Zn (P<0.05) in T3 at sixth week. Serum alkaline phosphatase was significantly reduced (P . ., by T3, T2 and Tl. Birds of citric acid, phytase and combination group though maintained on low P diet registered no significant difference in per cent dressed yield, ready-to-cook yield, gib let yield, abdominal fat yield and livability, when compared to Tl fed on SBR. Regarding the cost of production as feed cost/kg gain, phytase group (T3) recorded the lowest due to high cost citric acid. Overall evaluation of the results of the present study revealed that inclusion of either 3.0 per cent citric acid or phytase (700U/kg feed) or its combination (1.5 per cent .citric acid + 350 U phytase/kg feed) in low available P diet (0.3 per cent) resulted in better nutrient utilization and growth performance in chicks than chicks maintained on SBR with 0,5 per cent available P; tending to suggest that available P level in the feed could be reduced by 40 per cent without affecting the performance and health of broiler chicks by dietary inclusion of citric acid and/or phytase.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Influence of rendered fat in the diet of large white yorkshire sows on litter performance
    (Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2003) Thiruveni, S; KAU; Viswanathan, T V
    A study was conducted to assess the influence of rendered fat in the diet of Large White Yorkshire sows on their litter performance. Thirty-two Large White Yorkshire gestating sows at late gestation (100 days of gestation) formed the experimental animals. Four groups with eight replicates each were maintained under four experimental diets, viz., Tl (standard ration - containing 18% crude protein and 3300 kcal DE/kg), T2 (standard ration + 5 per cent rendered animal fat), T3 (standard ration + lO per cent rendered animal fat) and T4 (standard ration + 15 per cent rendered animal fat) from late gestation (100 days of gestation) to weaning (56 days of lactation). There were no significant differences (P>0.05) observed between the four dietary treatments for the parameters observed such as litter size and piglet weight at birth and at weaning, average daily gain of piglets, body weight loss of sows during lacta~ion and piglet mortality. But there was a trend for reduction in lactational body weight loss of sows fed T2, T3 and T 4 experimental diets. The digestibility coefficients of nutrients such as ether extract (Pcrude fibre was found to be decreased (Pcrude protein were not affected (P>0.05) with the increasing energy density of the experimental diets. ii The cost benefit ratios showed an increasing trend in the economics of gain from the sows fed rendered animal fat added gestation and lactation diets than that of the control sows. The above results indicate that the rendered animal fat, as an energy source for Large White Yorkshire sows, can be added extra at 15 per cent level of the standard ration (containing 3300 kcal DE/kg and 18% crude protein) during late gestation and lactation, to improve the performance of sows and the litter and to have a better economics of gain.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Effect of dietry iron and supplementation of phytase on growth and mineral availability in broiler chicken
    (Department of Animal Nutrition, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2004) Anup Kollanoor, J; KAU; Syam Mohan, K M
    An investigation over a period of eight weeks was carried out to study the effect of dietary iron and supplementation of phytase on growth and mineral availability in broiler chicken. One hundred and ninety two day-old broiler chicks (Ven cob) were divided into four identical groups having four replicates in each group with 12 birds in each replicate and allotted randomly into four dietary treatments viz., T1, T2, T3 and T4. The treatments consisted of a standard broiler ration (T1) containing mineral mixture as per BIS (1992), ration containing mineral mixture without iron (T2), ration containing mineral mixture with iron and supplemental phytase at 750 U/kg diet (T3) and ration containing mineral mixture without iron and supplemental phytase at 750 U/kg diet (T4). Performance parameters such as body weight, weight gain, dry matter consumption, feed efficiency, protein efficiency, tibial weight and tibial ash did not differ significantly between the groups. Significant increase (P<0.05) in the availability of phosphorus with marginal increase in the availability of Fe, Cu and Ca were observed for the groups fed T2 and T3 diets, when compared to other groups. Increased retention of iron in liver of birds fed T2, T3 and T4 diets were observed showing significant difference (P<0.05) with birds fed control diet T1. But the iron retention in spleen did not differ between treatments at sixth and eighth weeks of age. Overall evaluation of the results of the present study reveals that supplementation of inorganic iron through mineral mixtures over and above ingredient iron leads to interaction between Fe and other minerals especially P and Cu. Inclusion of phytase, even though did marginally improve iron retention in storage organs, it did not create significant improvement when added to diets without supplementation of inorganic iron. So it is concluded that levels of 620 to 660 ppm Fe from the ingredients satisfies the requirement for growth, mineral availability and retention in broilers.