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Subject: Agronomy × Author: KAU × Author: Rani, S × End date: 2011 × Start date: 2010 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: Ph.D ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Response of medicinal rice (Oryza Sativa L.) cv njavara to SRI and other management systems
    (College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2010) Rani, S; KAU; Sukumari, P
    Field experiments were conducted at Cropping Systems Research Center, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, during the summer seasons of 2007 and 2008 (January to April) to study the response of medicinal rice (Oryza sativa L.) cv Njavara to nutrient sources under different management systems like SRI, ICM, PoP of KAU and Farmers’ practice. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. The treatments consisted of four management systems viz., SRI (M1), ICM (M2), PoP (M3) of KAU and Farmers’ practice (M4) in main plots. Nutrient sources viz., organic sources (S1), integrated sources (S2) and inorganic sources (S3) were the sub plot treatments. Growth components viz., plant height, number of leaves hill-1, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), culm strength, number of tillers m-2, root dry matter production hill-1 and flag leaf area were recorded. The data on yield attributes like number of productive tillers m-2, panicle length, number of grains panicle-1, number of filled grains panicle-1, 1000 grain weight, harvest index, sterility percentage, dry matter partitioning, paddy grain ratio, grain husk ratio were also worked out. Yield and uptake of nutrients (N, P, K,S Fe, Mn and Zn by grain, straw and crop (grain + straw) were also recorded. Biochemical components such as total free amino acids, phenols, starch, amylose, amylopectin and crude protein content of grain were estimated. Data on weed dry matter production and weed flora and crop duration in the treatments were also recorded. Soil enzymes (urease, phosphatase and dehydrogenase) and soil fertility status were assessed after the harvest of the crop. D. Effect of management systems Growth parameters like height of plants, number of leaves hill-1, leaf area index (LAI), culm strength, root biomass and number of tillers m-2 were significantly influenced by management systems. Leaf area duration and flag leaf area showed significant variation only in 2008. Plant height and leaf area index (at physiological maturity) were in the order Farmer’s practice > PoP > SRI > ICM and they differed significantly from one another. Number of leaves hill-1, leaf area index at panicle initiation, flag leaf area and number of tillers m-2 (from 4 WAS/WAT till physiological maturity) were in the order Farmer’s practice > PoP > ICM >SRI . Number of tillers m-2 in the four management systems differed significantly from one another. Culm strength (physiological maturity) and root biomass production all the management systems differed significantly from one another. Culm strength and root biomass production (7 WAS/WAT to physiological maturity) were in the order SRI > ICM > PoP > Farmer’s practice. All the yield attributes except 1000 grain weight were significantly influenced by management systems resulting in significant variation in the crop yield (grain and straw). Number of productive tillers m-2, sterility percentage and dry matter accumulation in panicle were in the order Farmer’s practice > PoP > ICM > SRI and they all differed significantly from one another. Grain and straw yield in the management systems differed significantly from one another and their order was Farmer’s practice > PoP > SRI > ICM. Number of grains panicle-1, number of filled grains panicle-1 and dry matter partitioning in root and straw were in the order SRI > ICM > PoP > Farmer’s practice. All the characters except dry matter partitioning in straw differed significantly from one another. Among the biochemical properties of grain total free amino acid content and amylopectin content (2007) were significantly influenced by management systems. Free amino acid content of grain was in the order SRI > ICM > PoP > Farmer’s practice. Amylopectin (2007) was in the order ICM > Farmer’s practice > PoP > SRI . Weed biomass at 15 and 35 DAS/DAT in the management systems differed significantly from one another. Weed biomass recorded at 15 DAS/DAT were in the order Farmer’s practice > PoP > SRI > ICM and that at 35 DAS/DAT Farmer’s practice > ICM > PoP > SRI. Management systems showed significant influence on nutrient uptake by grain (N, P, K, Fe and Mn), by straw (N, K, Fe, Mn and Zn) and total uptake by the crop (N, P, K, Fe, Mn and Zn). Uptake of all the nutrients in Farmer’s practice was significantly higher than that in the other three management systems. Management systems did not show significant influence on the available nutrient status of soil after the experiments. Among the soil enzymes phosphatase activity was influenced significantly by the management systems and it was in the order SRI > ICM > PoP > Farmer’s practice. Crop raised under PoP had the longest duration (108 days) followed by ICM with 98 days, SRI with 94/95 days (2007/2008) and Farmer’s practice with 87 days. Farmer’s practice which realized highest crop yield was significantly higher than PoP, SRI and ICM with respect to many growth characters (plant height, number of leaves hill-1, leaf area index, leaf area duration, flag leaf area and tiller production) and yield characters (number of productive tillers, percentage of dry matter accumulation in panicle). Duration of the crop was lowest in Farmer’s practice and it was significantly lower than that in all other management systems. Effect of nutrient sources Sources of nutrients did not influence growth characters in Njavara. Yield attributing characters like number of grains panicle-1, number of filled grains panicle-1 and harvest index as well as crop yield (grain and straw) were significantly influenced by nutrient sources. Highest number of grains panicle-1, filled grains panicle-1 and crop yield (grain and straw) were realized in integrated nutrient source and they were significantly higher than organic and inorganic sources. Effect of nutrient sources on yield attributing parameters and crop yield (individual years and pooled analysis) were in the order integrated nutrient source > organic source > inorganic source and the order was just the reverse with respect to harvest index (inorganic source > organic source > integrated nutrient source). Duration of the crop also showed significant variation due to variation in sources of nutrients and it was in the order inorganic source (98 days) > integrated nutrient source (97 days) > organic source (95 days). Among the biochemical properties starch (2008), crude protein and amylopectin were significantly influenced by nutrient sources whereas total free amino acids, phenols and amylose content of grain remained unaffected. Starch and amylopectin content of grain were in the order organic nutrient source > integrated nutrient source > inorganic nutrient source. Crude protein content of grain was in the order organic nutrient source > inorganic nutrient source > integrated nutrient source. Available N status and organic content of soil were in the order organic sources > integrated sources > inorganic sources. Available N status of soil supplied with different nutrient sources differed significantly from one another. Organic carbon content in soils receiving organic and integrated nutrient sources were on par and significantly higher than that in soil receiving only inorganic source of nutrients. Soil enzyme activity (urease, phosphatase and dehydrogenase) was influenced significantly by nutrient sources and it differed significantly from one another. Effect of nutrient sources on urease activity was in the order organic source > inorganic source > integrated source and on phosphatase and dehydrogenase activity were in the order organic source > integrated source > inorganic source. Highest total nutrient (P, K, Fe and Zn) uptake by crop (grain + straw) occurred in integrated nutrient source. Crop uptake of K and Zn in integrated source was significantly higher than that in other nutrient sources and organic and inorganic sources were on par. Interaction effect Effect of interactions did not influence growth characters in Njavara. Yield attributing characters like number of grains panicle-1, number of filled grains panicle-1, crop yield (grain + straw) and harvest index were significantly influenced by interaction effect. SRI with organic source and Farmer’s practice with inorganic source recorded highest and lowest value of number of grains panicle-1 and number of filled grains panicle-1. Farmer’s practice with integrated nutrient source recorded highest (1198.00/2251.57 kg ha-1 grain/straw yield) and ICM with inorganic source recorded lowest grain and straw yields (788.08/1167.52 kg ha-1 grain/straw yield). Interaction effect showed significant influence on nutrient uptake by grain (N and Mn), straw (K and Zn) and total uptake by the crop (K and Zn). Nutrient uptake by crop (K and Zn) was highest in Farmer’s practice with integrated nutrient source. Phenological study The developmental phenology of Njavara rice under different management systems was studied. Panicle initiation occurred at 32 DAS in Farmers’ practice, 40 DAT in PoP, 42 DAT in ICM and 45 DAT in SRI. Maximum tillering stage occurred at 36 DAS in Farmers’ practice, 45 DAT in PoP, 46 DAT in ICM and 49 DAT in SRI. Booting stage occurred at 46 DAS in Farmers’ practice, 51 DAT in PoP, 53 DAT in ICM and 57 DAT in SRI. Flowering stage occurred at 53 DAS in Farmers’ practice, 59 DAT in PoP, 60 DAT in ICM and 64 DAT in SRI. Maturity stage occurred at 86 DAS in Farmers’ practice, 88 DAT in PoP, 86 DAT in ICM and 88 DAT in SRI. Economics of crop production Cost of cultivation, gross income, net income and BCR among the management systems, nutrient sources and interactions differed significantly. Cost of cultivation was highest in SRI, organic nutrient source and SRI with organic nutrient source. Gross income, net income and BCR were highest in Farmer’s practice, integrated nutrient source and Farmer’s practice with integrated nutrient source. Farmer’s management practices coupled with integrated nutrient source can be considered as the ideal crop production package for Njavara rice in lowlands. This production package realised the highest crop yield (grain and straw), gross income ha-1(Rs 52,423), net income ha-1 (Rs 28,027) and BCR (2.15).