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20163
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Subject: Agricultural Engineering × End date: 2016 × Start date: 2016 × Type: Thesis × Thesis Type: M.Tech ×
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Development of seedling uprooting unit for system of rice intensification
    (College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Kelappaji, 2016) Sreerag, P M; KAU; Shivaji, K P
    The present study was conducted to develop a seedling uprooting machine for System of Rice Intensification (SRI). System of Rice Intensification is a method developed in Madagascar in the early 1980’s, where, it has been shown that yields can be enhanced by suitably modifying certain management practices such as controlled supply of water, planting of younger seedlings and providing wider spacing. In this method 12 to 15 days old root washed seedlings are transplanted on the well puddled field. Only one younger seedling is transplanted per hill with row to row and hill to hill spacing of 25 cm. The preparation of seedlings for this method involves uprooting from nursery and washing the roots. This is done manually and no mechanical device for uprooting seedlings is available at present. In this circumstance, there is a need for the mechanization in the uprooting, washing and feeding the seedling to root washed transplanter. On this ground a seedling uprooting unit for system of rice intensification was developed and field tested. The seedling uprooting unit was consists of four major components namely bed cutting tool, conveyor unit, main frame and power unit. In order to cut the required thickness of soil bed, cutting tool was developed and fabricated with MS flat sheet of 2mm thickness. It consists of a rectangular base plate (25×30 cm) placed horizontally beneath the cutting blade. The cut seedling beds were conveyed through a slatted belt type conveyor having two adjacent roller chains inter linked with MS flat linkages giving overall belt width of 25 cm and 155 cm belt length. In order to drive the conveyor belt, a power unit from the existing vertical conveyor reaper was chosen. It consisted of 4 hp gasoline engine. According to the geometry of power unit a suitable frame was fabricated using MS angles (3×3 cm) to attach the cutting and conveying unit. The developed seedling uprooting unit was tested in the field to optimize the speed of operation and angle of cutting. Three levels of angle of blade viz., 20, 30 and 40 degrees and three levels of engine speed viz., 1000, 2000 and 3000 rpm were selected for the study. The thickness of bed, time of operation, wheel slip and plant damage were tested with respect to the above selected cutting angles and engine speeds. From the field observations it was found that cutting angle of 30° with engine speed of 2000 rpm was best for the effective seedling uprooting in terms of bed thickness, time of operation, wheel slip and plant damage. For this final prototype field performance characteristics like field capacity, field efficiency and fuel consumption were assessed. The theoretical field capacity was computed as 163.33 m2h-1 and field efficiency was found to be 81.2 per cent. The observed fuel consumption for the final prototype was in the range of 0.51 to 0.53 l.h-1. At the present wage rate of Rs 300 per day, the total cost for uprooting and washing of seedlings for cultivating an area of one hectare by manual method is about Rs 750. The total cost for uprooting and washing of seedlings for cultivating an area of one hectare by using machine is Rs 250. Hence a saving of Rs 500 can be expected by using the developed machine for preparing the seedlings required for cultivating one hectare.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Investigations on energy conversion of waste coconut water through an Up-flow Anaerobic Hybrid Bioreactor
    (College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Kelappaji, 2016) Dayanand Kumbar, Kumbar; KAU; Shaji James P, James P
    Many Agro-industries discharges considerable amount of wastewater to water bodies. Anaerobic digestion of organic effluents from agro-industries has a great importance in pollution abatement as well for renewable energy production. Waste coconut water (WCW) is a medium strength waste water for which high rate anaerobic treatment is an affordable technology. This technology offers simultaneous production of energy in the form of biogas along with pollution control. Conventional biogas plants are slow in operation with long Hydraulic Retention Times (HRTs) in the order of 35 to 55 days, necessitating very large digester volumes. Hence, anaerobic treatment of WCW is technically and economically feasible only through high rate bioreactors, where we can reduce the HRTs in the range of 6 to 8 days. Hence, an investigation was taken up to study the performance of a high rate bioreactor viz. Up-flow Anaerobic Hybrid Bioreactor (UAHBR) for biomethanation of WCW. It was revealed that the WCW had a low pH along with high Bio-chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Total Solids (TS). The semi-continuous digestion WCW was carried out in a lab scale floating gas holder digester. The digester was operated at different HRTs of 35, 30 and 25 day and performance evaluated. During all HRT there was a profound effect of pH over the working of the digester. The maximum daily biogas production and biogas productivity were 21.9 L and 3.5 L.L-1 during 30-day HRT. The TS reduction had the maximum value of 51.94 at 35-day HRT. The performance of the digester deteriorated at 25 day HRT and the minimum reduction was only 1.38 %. The system showed signs of failure. Existing full scale UAHBR was operated at different HRTs of 16.67 and 15 day and performance evaluated. The reactor was stable in operation throughout the period of operation and revealed high organic reduction with biogas production. The maximum specific biogas production and biogas productivity were 354.31 Lkg1TSadded and 13.50 L.L-1 during 15-day HRT. The TS reduction was in the range of 79.35 and 81.40 during the period of 15-day HRT.Experimental UAHBR was fabricated and performance evaluated at different HRTs of 15, 12, 10, 8 and 6 day. Reactor was stable in operation during 15, 12, 10, 8 and 6 day HRTs and exhibited high process efficiency characterised by good organic reduction and biogas production. The performance was slightly deteriorated with 8 and 6-day HRT. The maximum daily biogas production and volumetric biogas production were 114 L and 877 L.m-3 for 6-day HRT. The maximum specific biogas production and biogas productivity were 225.73 L.kg-1TSadded and 8.7 L.L-1 during 15-day HRT.
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    ThesisItemOpen Access
    Modelling the hydrology of watershed by using HEC-HMS
    (Kelappaji College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Tavanur, 2016) Makkena, Jyothi; KAU; Vishnu, B
    A hydrological model is a commonly used tool to estimate the hydrological response of a watershed to precipitation. Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) is a physically based semi-distributed hydrologic modelling software developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC) of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. It is designed to simulate the complete hydrologic processes of dendritic watershed systems under various widely varying geographic conditions. HEC-HMS is widely used and includes both traditional hydrologic analysis procedures such as event infiltration, unit hydrographs, and hydrologic routing as well as continuous simulation procedures including evapotranspiration, snowmelt, and soil moisture accounting. It can be used in conjunction with other software for studies of water availability, urban drainage, flow forecasting, future urbanization impact, reservoir spillway design, flood damage reduction, floodplain regulation, and systems operation. In the present study, Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS) is calibrated and validated for Thuthapuzha sub basin of Bharathapuzha river basin in Kerala. The input data required for the model like precipitation, meteorological parameters, river discharge, soil characteristics, land use characteristics and topographical characteristics of the study area were collected from various agencies like Central Water Commission (CWC), Kerala State Land Use Board (KSLUB), RARS Pattambi and the Bhuvan geo-data portal of National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC). The model performance of the calibrated HEC-HMS model for Thuthapuzha watershed was evaluated using the statistics -Nash Sutcliffe- model efficiency criterion, coefficient of determination and simulated time to peak. The analysis showed that CN, and lag time are the most sensitive parameters for the simulation of stream flow. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency (E) was (0.77-0.8) and (0.86-0.88) and the coefficient of determination was (0.82- 0.91) and (0.91-0.93) before and after the calibration respectively, indicating the good performance of the model.