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ThesisItem Open Access Hydrologic studies and impact evaluation of soil and water conservation measures in kadwanchi watershed(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-12-30) More, Madhukar Raosaheb; Khodke, U.M.Although rainfed agriculture contributes to more than 60 per cent food production, these regions are facing various problems such as drought, water scarcity, land degradation, poor infrastructure and economic conditions of the farmers. The most appropriate approach would be the watershed based water management to meet the water demand for the livelihood of the people on sustainable basis. Each watershed development project is expected to achieve its objectives such as increase in water availability, cropping intensity, agricultural productivity and income of people in the project area. Hence an assessment of watershed development and management approaches is essential to address biophysical, socio-economic, and institutional and policy issues. However, many such studies in the past could not draw concrete conclusions due to non-availability of advanced tools and techniques for effective monitoring of project outcomes and its impacts. Therefore, there is a need to monitor and scientifically evaluate the impact of various measures including soil and water conservation structures in developed watersheds. Remote Sensing and GIS have emerged as an efficient tool in delineation of drainage pattern, ground water potential and its planning which can be employed for the determination of morphological features and analysing watershed properties. The present investigation was carried out in well monitored Kadwanchi watershed with an aim to understand the morphological characteristics of watershed, runoff estimation, and to evaluate the performance of soil and water conservation measures undertaken in this watershed based on various performance indicators. The assessment of impact of soil and water conservation measures on groundwater table, irrigation potential, cropping pattern, crop productivity and economic status of farmers have also been done. The Kadwanchi watershed in Jalna district of Maharashtra, India was developed under Indo-German Watershed Development Programme during the priod 1995-96-2000-01. The watershed consists of 1446.20 ha area having Upper river Purna as the major drainage system. The watershed receives average annual rainfall of 685 mm. Daily rainfall data of Kadwanchi watershed for the period of 1994-2019 was analysed using Weathercock software to study agricultural drought, meteorological drought, heavy rainfall events at watershed. GIS and image processing techniques were employed for the identification of morphological features and analysing properties of the watershed. Survey of India (SOI) toposheets were used for delineation of watershed boundary and to prepare the topographic map. The LU/LC map was generated with the help of satellite data using unsupervised classification from Bhuvan’s website. Standard methods were employed for calculating the morphometric characteristics of watershed. The runoff was estimated using the most accurate curve number method (SCS-CN) using soil and land use characteristics. Curve numbers were assigned for different land cover and soil types. Various thematic maps; soil map, elevation map, contour map and land use land cover maps were created using ArcGIS 10.8.The impact evaluation of various soil and water conservation measures CCTs, farm bunds, CNB, earthen nala bund and loose boulder structures was conducted. The assessment of groundwater and irrigation potential was done using the fortnightly data of randomly selected open wells in upper, middle and lower reach of watershed during 2018-2020. Structural changes, silt deposition, water storage of all SWC structures were periodically measured and estimated. Impact of SWC structures on cropping intensity, crop productivity and economic conditions was also evaluated based on the personal interview of farmers through standard questionnaire. To evaluate the overall impact of pre and post development of project various performance indicators were used. Results indicated that Kadwanchi is 4th order drainage basin with drainage density of 3.64 km/km2. Total number of streams were 120, in which first, second, third and fourth order streams were 94, 20, 5 and 1, respectively. The estimated annual runoff for the year 2018 and 2019 was 134.83 and 306.22 mm, respectively. In Kadwanchi watershed, the agricultural draught was observed in 15 years out of total 26 years of study indicating its severity whereas the watershed area has experienced severe and moderate meteorological drought for 1 and 9 years, respectively out of 26 years. The soil and water conservation measures created in the watershed area viz. farm bunds, continuous contour trenches, loose boulder structures, cement nala bunds and earthen nala bunds have arrested silt on their upstream side and helped in reducing the soil erosion. Water impounded due to soil and water conservation measures showed overall increase of 1.97 m in ground water level as compared to pre development stage of watershed. Results also revealed that due to increase in water availability and better land use pattern there is increase in net sown area, cropping intensity and crop productivity. The farmers have shifted to horticulture and cash crops instead of cereals. Majority of the farmers of the watershed are adopting advanced irrigation methods of sprinkler and drip for irrigating crops which could help to increase water use efficiency and to bring more area under irrigation. The positive impact of watershed development programme in Kadwanchi watershed resulted to improve the economic status of the farmers and employment generation after watershed development during the year 2018-19 and 2019-20 as compared to its pre-development stage (1995-96). This could be because of crop diversification and expansion of grape cultivation at Kadwanchi. The performance indicators of watershed such as Crop Productivity Index, Crop Land Utilization Index, Crop Diversification Index were improved after watershed development programme. The Induced Watershed Eco-Index of 0.50 in Kadwanchi watershed indicates that an additional 50 per cent area has been rehabilitated through green vegetation. Soil and water conservation measures undertaken on arable and non-arable land and water harvesting structures on nalas, resulted in establishment and regeneration of vegetation and provided an additional vegetative bio-mass cover. The present study provides an insight for scientific impact evaluation of soil and water conservation measures under watershed development programme in the semi-arid regions.ThesisItem Open Access Ground water recharge modelling in watershed through simulation techniques(Vasantrao Naik Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2000-06-29) More, Madhukar Raosaheb; Gore, K.P.Water is most essential input for agricultural production. With a limited scope for development of irrigation potential , ground water is the major source to supplement the surface water for domestic, agricultural and industrial uses. Since ground water is limited and at all times difficult to locate , great care needs to be taken while assessment and exploitation of ground water. The indiscriminate and unplanned exploitation of ground water and excessive dependence on it has resulted, in depleting ground water resources and declining water table. The complex problem related to functioning of ground water systems can be solved with the aid of model that simulates the response of ground water system-the prototype. A study was therefore conducted in the year 1998-1999 and 1999-2000 to study water balance components and to develop well hydrographs for Watershed through new simulation techniques. For this study Wagarwadi Watershed ( 324 ha) in Aundha Taluka of Hingoli District was selected. The weekly water table measurements of ground water levels were made at 14 and 8 observation wells inside and outside Watershed area respectively for development of aquifer modflow. Daily rainfall and pan evaporation data were recorded at meteorological observatory located in the Watershed. The water balance components were analysed to find out the ground water recharge which was main input to aquifer modflow. Well characteristics like specific yield and transmissivity were determined by conducting pumping tests on large diameter well (well No. 1) located at the centre of study area. Ground water pumpage have been estimated based on crop water requirement and area of crop under cultivation under each well. The water level contour maps and well hydrographs were prepared. The water levels of May 1997 was considered as initial water level. The well characteristics like transmissivity and specific yield values were in the range of 50-60m2/day and 0.01 to0.03 per cent respectively. The unit draft worked out was 0,5ham. Volume of impounded water at water harvesting structures were calculated by multiplying average values of length and width of water spread area and depth of impounding water at these structures.The computed water levels and computed well hydrographs were derived by simulating the water harvesting structures as lake interaction model and thus aquifer modflow was developed. The average annual rainfall surface runoff and ground water recharge from water balance model were determined as 973.01mm, 287.24mm and 131.81mm respectively. The percentage of mean annual ground water recharge and surface runoff with respect to rainfall has been worked out as 13.55 per cent and 29.52 per cent respectively indicating that there is a good scope of runoff harvesting and its utilization for crop production. The impounded water at rain water harvesting structures is responsible for enhancing the ground water recharge in the influence area. The average evaporation, transpiration and interception worked out from water balance model of the watershed are 144.88mm, 385.88mm and 13.86mm respectively. The well hydrograph behavior indicated that water table starts rise from June to September and there has been steady decline in water level up to January and sudden drop in water table due to summer season. Due to development of ground water recharge model, in future one can predict the water table available in the similar watershed area for crop planning and protective irrigation scheduling without measuring water table in wells.ThesisItem Open Access Impact of training programme of Krishi Vigyan Kendras on knowledge and adoption of cotton production practices by beneficiaries(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 1997-06-10) More, Madhukar Raosaheb; Dakh, A.M.
