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ThesisItem Open Access Performance evalustion of vnmkv, uae developed bullock drawn turmeric planter(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2023-02-13) Kambale, Gangadhar Vikram; Munde, P.A.Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) are the oldest rhizome crops widely cultivated in India. Turmeric is an important spice crop cultivated in Maharashtra. At present, it is observed that the farmers in the state had faced problems in turmeric planting due to lack of labour shortage. Turmeric rhizomes are planted by manually in the furrows by dibbling at a spacing of 30 x 30cm, and 15 x 15 cm. After dibbling the rhizomes are covered with the loose soil by the hand. Manual planting of turmeric is both labours intensive and costly, resulting in various problems for farmers. During manual planting, the labor have to dig the soil to sow turmeric. This method is time consuming, labour intensive, associated with human drudgery and a high demand for human energy. The traditional system has the limitations of uneven depth of rhizomes placement, slow ground coverage and high labor requirement. Therefore, a mechanical rhizome planter is required for planting of turmeric. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to performance and evaluation of VNMKV,UAE developed bullock drawn turmeric planter. The rhizome planter was designed to suit various soil types and conditions to perform several functions simultaneously by opening the furrows, planting of rhizomes and covering of rhizomes by soil and forming ridges in single pass. These crops provide excellent opportunities in raising the income of farmers. At present, it is observed that the farmers in the state had faced problems in turmeric rhizome planting due to lack of labor shortage. Manual planting consumes more time and labor. A bullock drawn horizontal cell type metering mechanism planter was evaluate performance evaluation and field tested. The field evaluation of turmeric rhizome planter was tested for different forward speeds and transmission ratios. Performance indices such as missing index (Imiss), rhizome multiple index (MI) and rhizome spacingwere used to evaluate performance of rhizome planter. The mean spacing for turmeric was ranged from 15 to 30 cm, respectively. The optimum performance for planting turmeric were at a forward speed of 1.2 km/h. and transmission ratio of 1:1.25. The average field efficiency of the planters was found to be 82.14 per cent. The average draft requirement was found to be 62.43 kg. for turmeric rhizomes.The average seed spacing of the planter measured was 21.33 cm.The average effective working width of the planter measured was 120 cm. There were two furrow openers of the planter at the row spacing of 60 cm.The average depth of placement was observed to be 4.7 cm. The average seed rate of the turmeric rhizomes 1843.605 kg/ha was obtained.The developed implement is to improve the timeliness and efficiency of operation as well as reduce drudgery and cost of turmeric production. The availability of easy-to-use bullock drawn turmeric planter for farmers can alleviate these problems substantially, and can also help to maintain timely planting and reduce the farmers’ drudgery. The average field capacity and efficiency was 0.23 ha/h. and 82.76 percent. The savings in cost and seed rate for mechanical planting was about 64.5 percent and 13 percent compared to manual dibbling planting. Based on the performance evaluation results, it is concluded that the developed turmeric rhizome planter is economical and efficient for rhizome planting. Mechanizing planting operation results in uniform plant spacing, depth and aids further mechanization of intercultural operations that was reduce the total production cost and increase yield and productivity. Cost of planting using rhizome planter was Rs. 2014.19 Rs/ha compared to traditional methods Rs. 13000 per hectare by manual method. The per cent of cost and seed rate saved by mechanical planting compare to manual planting was about 64.5 percent and 13 percent respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative evaluation of hybrid agro-processing unit operated by bullock and solar power(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2023-02-03) Gethe, Rohit Arun; Solanki, S.N.In the present energy crises, it is necessary to harness the alternate/renewablesourceofenergy.Indiaisblessedwithabundantamountofsolarenergywhichisfreelyavailable, in exhaustible pollution free and clean in nature. The agro-Processing unitbased on Animal power can be face the difficulties in areas here animal population isnot adequate, also it needs maintenance throughout the year with regard to health andhygiene of the animal, similarly it needs large space to construct rotary mode set up.Efforts are made to designs and developed 3.0 kW solar power generation systemworkingon Variable Frequency Drive to operateexistingelectricalpoweravailablewiththemachine.Performance evaluation of machine like papad making machine, grader cum cleaner,shevaimachine,flourmillwasstartedwithrespecttoitsoutputandworkingefficiency.Hence the agro processing unit base on the solar energy is undertaken to evaluate itsperformanceofdifferentprocessingmachineupto3kWpower.InNormalsunnydayswithaverageRadiation(410W/𝑚2)MotoroutputwasfountOptimum(1440RPM)For5 hr. in one dayHence motor can be very well operated for five hours in a day.The papad making machine, grain grader cum seed cleaner was run one by one using motor of 1.5 kW. Shevai machine, flour mill was run one by one using motor of 2.238 kW. The cost analysis Showed thatthe operating cost for Solar powered papad making machine, grader cum seed cleaner,shevaimachine,Flourmillwas93.41,67.53,66.49,65.46Rsperhr.Respectively.ThepapadmakingmachineandGradercumCleanerwith2Hp3Phaseelectricmotorrun on solar energy gives average output 8.2 kg/hr., 34.22 kg/hr. respectively in normalsunny days. The Shevai making machine and Flour mill with 3-Hp 3-Phase electricmotor run on solar energy gives average output 7.32 kg/hr., 8.71 kg/hr. respectively innormalsunny days.ThesisItem Open Access Design and development of solar powered multicrop automatic precision planter(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-02-10) Dhande, Pragati Shamlal; Ramteke, R.T.In India farm mechanization plays important role in achieving modernization in agriculture. But farmers suppose that mechanization means only use of self-propelled, robotics and tractor operated machinery while mechanization is the use of machinery that will let off the wedge labour and drudgery of farmers. Used machinery may be manual, animal drawn or self-propelled. Main power source available in India for small marginal farmers is of bullock power. About 82% of farmers belongs to small marginal land holding. Though there are very less bullock drawn machinery available and developed specially for sowing operation. Sowing is heart of whole agricultural practices hence needs precision while sowing, so that plant spacing is maintained. In case of Automatic precision planter power source is the bullock power and solar power so that small marginal farmers can afford, as no labour requirement and easy to operate. In order to maintain accuracy while planting mechanical transmission system replace by automatic transmission consist of Rotary encoder, PLC and Stepper motor and it also causes reduction in weight of machine (45 kg). Average draft requirement is of 52 kg. The theoretical field capacity actual field capacity and field efficiency of planter was 0.19 ha/hr, 0.165 ha/hr and 86.84% respectively. Average speed of operation was 2 km/hr. Average seed and fertilizer rate obtained is 69-78 kg/ha and 85-102 kg/ha respectively. Only one labour is sufficient to operate the planter.ThesisItem Open Access Design and development of android based mobile application for farm mechanization(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-02-16) Kakde, Ashutosh Chandrakant; Solanki, S.N.Agriculture is one of the significant contributors of Indian economy and play lead role in it. Whereas advancement in agriculture will return larger benefits to the economy. Widespread availability of smartphone and Internet, there is a huge potential for supplying essential information by the means of smartphone and Internet. Android holds share of 82.18% in smartphone industry of India. Sharma Sunidhi et. al., (2008). Android offer several features like having easy UI, affordable and readily available. The “FARM MECHANIZATION” app can be installed with the apk or share on network. It is developed and tested using emulators which validate its function and reliability. The user interface was developed using JAVA language. The App “FARM MECHANIZATION” was developed on Android Studio and minimum requirement of API to run the app is 5.1 Lollipop version. Tools used to develop the ‘Farm Mechanization’ app are Android Studio IDE, SQLite, IntelliJ IDEA and Android Device Monitor. From this android app farmer can easily access information of machines for different mode of operations for the cultivation practices of eight major crops.ThesisItem Open Access Design and development of manually operated nursery vegetable planter(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-02-15) Lohakare, Krishna Vishnu; Munde, P.A.In the present research, attempts have been made to formulate the design and development of a manually operated nursery vegetable planter. The traditional method of seed sowing resulted in irregular seed to seed spacing and sowing depth. There is a chance of planting two or more seeds at a one place, which results in economic loss to the farmers. The need for agricultural mechanization in India must use manually operated farm tools, machinery and equipment. Vegetable planter developed for chili, brinjal and tomato by using horizontal plate seed metering mechanism. The planter is designed for raised bed nursery preparation with four rows, and is fabricated using standard materials. Engineering and physical properties of seeds of chilli, brinjal and tomato were used for designed the seed plate and hopper. M. S. angle work best as a furrow opener and soil covering device is attached backed side of furrow opener. Handle adjustment is provided according to all labour heights from 95-115 cm. Performance of vegetable planter conducted at laboratory and field for quality parameter and ergonomic evaluation at 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 km/h. At a speed of 1.25 km/h, the planter gives seed rates of 2.19 g/m2 for chilli, 2.28 g/m2 for brinjal, and g/m2 for tomato, with no seed damage for brinjal and chilli. Tomato has 0.27% visible seed damage at a speed of 1.25 km/h. The draft was observed between 143.86 to 202.70 N and the power was 0.06 to 0.11 hp, at a 1-1.5 km/h speed. The effective field capacity of a manually operated vegetable planter was observed to be 0.036, 0.045, and 0.053 ha/h for chilli, 0.035, 0.043, and 0.053 ha/h for brinjal seed, and 0.035, 0.043, 0.052 ha/h for tomato at 1.0, 1.25, and 1.5 km/h respectively. The field efficiency was found in between 90-92 percent for all crops. Seed to seed spacing was 2.13 cm to 2.47 cm, and depth of sowing was 2.0- 2.16 cm for all crop. Multiple index and miss index found to be 8.33 percent to 11.57 percent and 14.35 to 20.83 percent for chilli, brinjal and tomato. Seed germination percentage checked after 10, 15 and 20 DAS and it was found to be 82.99 percent for chilli, 86.11 percent for brinjal and 83.33 percent for tomato at 1.25 km/h speed. Maximum heart rate was found to be 104.67 beats/min for sub3 at 1.5 km/h speed. VO2 max values for all speed ranged from 0.35 to 0.51 l/min. The ODR scale value found to be in ranged between 1.9 to 3.03. The mean BPDR values ranged from 36.33 to 47.3 for all speed and subjects. Total cost of machine is 6650. Highest cost of operation was`1083.14 found at speed 1km/h for brinjal and tomato. The cost of operation for the traditional method was 3039.47, 3126.31 and 3299.99 Rs/ha for chilli, brinjal and tomato respectively. The planter saves 67.2 percent of the cost of sowing compared to the traditional method.ThesisItem Open Access Performance evaluation of spraying drone for different cropping system(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2022-02-10) Rathod, Pornima Digambar; Shinde, G.U.An agricultural spraying drone was developed for better spray deposition and efficiency of fertilizer application in field. A multi rotor quad copter spraying drone of 10 lit capacities tank was selected for performance evaluation in wheat, chickpea, brinjal, and turmeric crops field available at Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidhyapeeth, Parbhani campus. Computer-Aided Engineering analysis in ANSYS R1 2021 software domain of three flat fan nozzles (N1, N2, and N3) of different orifice sizes as 1050 mm, 1150 mm, and 1340 mm was done for selection of suitable nozzle for spraying operation is completed at National Agricultural Higher Education Project Centre of Advanced Agricultural Science and technology-DFSRDA, Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidhyapeeth centre. Performance evaluation of spraying drone after the selection of suitable orifice size and operating parameters of nozzles were analyzed under structural and Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis at different forces (0.1 N, 0.2 N, and 0.3 N) and flow velocity (5 m/s). The field trials after Computer-Aided Engineering analysis were conducted for performance evaluation and the CAE-diagnostics validation for its optimization. From optimization of three nozzles: one nozzle N3 (1340 mm orifice size) were selected form structural analysis. CFD analysis continue for nozzle N3 at velocity 5 m/s. CFD analysis procedures has three parts pre-processing, solving and post-processing. For wheat, chickpea, brinjal and turmeric crops, the average field capacity of the drone mounted sprayer were found to be 1.5 ha/h, 1.57 ha/h, 1.53 ha/h and 1.52 ha/h respectively, at a forward speed of 5 m/s and height of 1 m distance spray.ThesisItem Open Access Design and development of pneumatic suction based cotton boll picking machine(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-07-26) Tekale, Dayanand Devidasrao; Shinde, G.U.The cotton harvesting is the major problems faced by the farmers by using female or male labours and near about 30 per cent cost of cultivation of the cotton crop is required for harvesting of cotton in India. Manual picking of cotton is labour-intensive, requiring 1565 man-hours per hectare. Also day by day availability of labors is going to decreasing and small hand operated cotton pickers are not suitable for harvesting cotton on large areas. Therefore the pneumatic suction based cotton boll picking machine, to suit one operator was developed for small and marginal farmers. And compare the performance of pneumatic suction cotton picking machine with manual picking method for suction pipe lengths 1.50 and 3.00 meter with plant spacing 120x30 and 150x30 cm of Bt. cotton variety PDKV-2BG II and Hybrid of Bt. Cotton NHH-44 . From field performance comparison results of cotton picking found that NHH - 44 Bt. Hybrid with 120x30 cm plant spacing and 3.0meter suction pipe length observed higher effective field capacity 0.0096ha/hr, field efficiency 91.43 per cent ,more seed cotton collected 2187.14 kg /ha and percentage of trash content 2.15 per cent , output capacity 19.85 kg /h and less cost of cotton boll picking Rs. 13953.03 per hectare, picking efficiency 87.20 per cent respectively in cotton boll picking machine as compared to manual cotton picking method which was observed less effective field capacity 0.00140ha/h, field efficiency 86.35 per cent, percentage of trash content 2.66 per cent , output capacity 2.84 kg /h. seed cotton collected 2028.57 kg /ha , more cost of cotton boll picking Rs. 2285.70 per hectare , picking efficiency 89.90 per cent respectively and in NHH - 44 Bt. Hybrid with 150x30 cm plant spacing and 3.0 meter suction pipe length observed higher effective field capacity 0.0085 ha/h, field efficiency 90.42 per cent, more seed cotton collected 2429.41 kg /ha and percentage of trash content 2.48 percent, output capacity 20.65 kg /h and less cost of cotton boll picking Rs. 16325.24 per hectare, picking efficiency 89.86 per cent respectively in cotton boll picking machine as compared to manual cotton picking method which was observed less effective field capacity 0.00148 ha/h, field efficiency 87.43 per cent, percentage of trash content 1.80 per cent, output capacity 3.43 kg /h . seed cotton collected 2317.56 kg /ha, more cost of cotton boll picking Rs. 23175.60 per hectare, picking efficiency 89.90 per cent respectively Heart rate were computed using polar heart rate monitor. it was observed that the working heart rate was higher (108.33 ± 1.630 beat/min) in cotton picker method as compared to the manual method (99.66 ± 2.301 beat/min).the physiological cost is lower (124.83 ± 5.528 beat/kg of cotton) in case of cotton picker method than the manual method (469.50 ± 25.367 beat/kg of cotton) of cotton picking. The mean output capacity i.e. quantity of cotton picked per thousand heart beats were 2.13 ± 0.115 kg under manual method and 8.02 ± 0.347 kg using cotton picker .The field capacity of cotton picker was determined as 126 kg/day as compared to 25.6 kg/day in case of manual method. The cost of the machine was Rs 125000 and the cost of the picking was Rs 6.72 per kg of cotton. The saving in cost, time and energy compared to manual method of cotton was32.80 ,79.68 and 71.95 per cent respectively. The Break-even point and pay-back period for the pneumatic suction type cotton picking machine were 3379.88 kg /annum and 4.44 year respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Design and development of multipurpose mobile solar energy cart(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-07-26) Pawar, Ramesh Bhagwanrao; Ramteke, R.T.The conventional energy supply in agriculture is very limited and that too with low quality. The sustainable solution to energy crises in agriculture is use of renewable energy sources particularly solar energy for sustainable development of rural area. Renewable technologies are considered as clean energy sources and optimal use of these resources minimizes adverse effect on environment and produces minimum secondary wastes. The mobile solar energy cart was developed at Department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering, College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, VNMKV Parbhani to address various energy issues in agriculture to perform different farm operations. The developed mobile solar energy cart consists of high clearance platform, solar power unit, boom sprayer unit (200 L liquid chemical tank, 6 m spray boom and 0.5 hp DC pump), water lifting unit and lighting system (two 100 Ah batteries, inverter). The performance of the developed energy cart was evaluated in both laboratory and field for spraying, water lifting and lighting to establish the relationship between various parameters. The battery charging and discharging characteristics of solar power unit of developed energy cart were studied. The average time for complete discharge of two batteries from 28.8V to 21 V by applying DC pump load (0.5 hp) was found to be 8 hours with average pump discharge of 34.41 LPM. The battery charging time (with 520W SPV array) was 5h, 5.5 h and 5.5 h during summer, monsoon and winter respectively with corresponding solar insolation ranged between 390 W/m2 to 1014 W/m2 during summer, 357 W/m2 to 822 W/m2 during monsoon and 304 W/m2 to 840 W/m2 during winter. Uniformity of spray distribution for three types of nozzles were tested for three pressure levels 2.5 kg/cm2, 3 kg/cm2 and 3.50 kg/cm2 and three nozzle heights 45 cm, 50 cm and 55 cm on patternator. Amongst three nozzle types, ASPEE brass hollow cone nozzle gave best uniformity of spray distribution for 45 cm nozzle height and 3.5 kg/cm2 pressure combination with least CV value of 21.26 per cent. Therefore, ASPEE brass hollow cone nozzle was selected for boom sprayer run by mobile solar energy cart. The maximum difference in discharge rates among the nozzles on the boom was 9.32 per cent at 3.5 kg/cm2 operating pressure, which was within the acceptable limit of 10 per cent. The uniformity coefficient (UC) of spray droplets for all the twelve nozzles on the boom ranged from 1.97 to 2.20 at 3.50 kg/cm2 operating pressure and 45 cm nozzle height, whereas the droplet density varied from 27.58 drops/cm2 to 38.70 drops/cm2. The field tests were carried out to study the performance of solar sprayer on Soybean, Cotton, Pigeon pea and vegetable (Brinjal) crops at various research stations of VNMKV Parbhani. The field performance parameters like effective field capacity, theoretical field capacity and field efficiency were determined for different field crops as well as horticultural crops. The average speed of bullocks during the field operation was 0.73 m/s and the average power for pulling the mobile energy cart was 0.67 hp. The average pesticide application rate, field capacity and field efficiency were 439.05 L/ha,1.07 ha/h and 74.03 per cent respectively for spraying selected crops using mobile solar energy cart. The field capacity for gun spraying of orchards was ranged between 0.13 ha/h to 0.17 ha/h; whereas field efficiency ranged between 60.30 to 63.11 per cent. The solar pumping system attained the highest overall efficiency of 9.53 per cent during summer as compared to those of winter (9.23 per cent) and monsoon (9.22 per cent) for average solar insolation of 688.13 W/m2, 552.88 W/m2 and 517.25 W/m2 during summer, winter and monsoon respectively. The cost of operation for spraying with mobile solar energy cart was ranged between Rs/ha 276.17 to 302.72 for selected crops. The breakeven point and payback period of mobile solar energy cart for spraying was 117.97 h/year and 2.73 years respectively. The saving in spraying cost by mobile solar energy sprayer over knapsack power sprayer was found between 39.46 per cent to 44.77 per cent for experimental crops.ThesisItem Open Access Design and development of tractor drawn inter-cultivator cum sprayer for soybean and cotton(Vasantrao Naik Marathwada Krishi Vidyapeeth, Parbhani, 2021-02-26) Kolhe, Anuj Murhari; Solanki, S.N.Agriculture plays a major role in Indian economy as India is a developing and an agrarian country with about 65 % of its population still dependant on agriculture for livelihood. Such a large sector of economy requires sustainable development which is possible only by farm mechanization. Farm mechanization can help boost the agricultural production by carrying out farm operations on time, with greater speed, reduced losses and reduced cost of operations. Moreover, it also reduces drudgery associated with the traditional practices and adds to the improved safety and comfort of the farmers. After plant germination, crop protection techniques viz. providing them with sufficient amount of water, additional required nutrients and protecting them from weeds, pests and insect infestation are important in order to protect them until the harvest stage. The loss of food grains due to weeds alone is very high in India ranging about 40 million tons per year in addition to the losses incurred due to pests/insect infestation. Every year about four thousand two hundred million rupees are spent to eradicate weeds to support production of crops, in our country. This traces out the importance of weeding and spraying operation in agriculture in order to control the weeds, pests and insects infestation. India ranks first in area under cotton cultivation and fourth in area under soybean cultivation with 12.235 million hectare and 7.9 million hectare area respectively. However, the productivity of cotton and soybean in India of 519 kg ha-1 and 839.62 kg ha-1 is far less than the world average productivity of 806 kg ha-1 and 2771.92 kg ha-1 respectively. Similar trend is observed within the country with Maharashtra state having the largest area under cotton cultivation of 43.51 lakh hectare but least productivity of 325.66 kg ha-1 as against the Punjab state with 2.91 lakh hectare area under cultivation and productivity of 687.01 kg ha-1. In case of soybean, Maharashtra is the second largest producer state with 4.351 million hectare area under cultivation and productivity of 944 kg ha-1 as against Madhya Pradesh having a productivity of 1075 kg ha-1. There was also observed under-utilization of tractors as manual weeding and spraying was preferred by farmers in spite owning tractors due to the comparatively larger tread width of tractor tyres and lack of suitable machinery. Considering the above mentioned scenario, a tractor drawn inter-cultivator cum sprayer was developed that could carry out simultaneously weeding and spraying operation in the fields of soybean and cotton. The effective field capacity, field efficiency, weeding efficiency, plant damage, spray application rate and fuel consumption of 0.720 ha h-1, 82.27 %, 80.84 %, 3.03 %, 320 l ha-1 and 4.42 l ha-1 respectively at forward speed of 3.90 km h-1 and weeding interval of 20 DAS; 0.631 ha h-1, 85.32 %, 86.12 %, 5 %, 297.76 l ha-1 and 4.32 l ha-1 respectively at forward speed of 3.30 km h-1 and weeding interval of 40 DAS and 0.488 ha h-1, 87.86 %, 89.56 %, 6.12 %, 312.92 l ha-1 and 4.51 l ha-1 respectively at forward speed of 2.50 km h-1 and weeding interval of 60 DAS was observed for soybean and of 0.887 ha h-1, 77.34 %, 78.48 %, 2.02 %, 274.52 l ha-1 and 4.64 l ha-1 respectively at forward speed of 3.20 km h-1 and weeding interval of 20 DAS; 0.733 ha h-1, 81.56 %, 84.87 %, 3.06 %, 334.50 l ha-1 and 4.51 l ha-1 respectively at forward speed of 2.50 km h-1 and weeding interval of 40 DAS and 0.556 ha h-1, 86.47 %, 86.98 %, 5 %, 450.86 l ha-1 and 4.64 l ha-1 respectively at forward speed of 1.80 km h-1 and weeding interval of 60 DAS was observed for cotton. The cost of operation for soybean was 1266.85 Rs ha-1 with 69.57 % saving in cost and 97.75 % saving in time and for cotton, the cost of operation was 1095.75 Rs ha-1 with 70.48 % saving in cost and 99.25 % saving in time compared to the traditional methods.
