Browsing by Author "Yadav, Anish"
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ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PATTERN AND ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL OF BOVINE CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS IN JAMMU DISTRICT(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2010) Yadav, Anish; Katoch, RajeshThe epidemiology of bovine cryptosporidiosis and its zoonotic potential in children and HIV positive patients of Jammu have been assessed. The prevalence studies were based on identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faecal samples by conventional (modified Ziehl- Neelsen), immunological (ELISA) and molecular (PCR) methods. Examination of 684 (432- cattle and 252- buffalo) and 2880 (cattle n=1440, buffalo=1440) faecal samples of bovine calves of organized and unorganized farms respectively, revealed an overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in 26.52 % animals. It was higher in organized farms (48.39 %) as compared to unorganized farms (21.31 %). Higher prevalence was observed in cattle calves (55.55%; organized farms, 26.18 %; unorganized farms) than the buffalo calves (36.11%; organized farms, 16.45 %; unorganized farms). Calves of 0-1 months age group (59.64 %; organized and 29.89%; unorganized farms) showed highest prevalence. Winter recorded the highest infection rate (71.92 %) in organized farm animals, whereas, in unorganized farms it was during monsoon season (33.19%). In both type of farms, summer recorded the lowest rate. Higher prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in diarrhoeic faeces having mucus (76.07%; organized farm and 32.57% unorganized farm), than those showing presence of blood was recorded. The relationship between intensity of infection and various epidemiological factors showed that higher intensity was there in calves of 0-1 month age group, having diarrhoea, with mucus, in winter season of organized farms and monsoon season in unorganized farms. Out of 120 diarrhoeic faecal samples of children examined, 17 (14.17%) were found positive for Cryptosporidium. Highest prevalence (19.15%) was observed in 6-12 months group and lowest (6.45%) in < 6 months of age. As per residing status a very high but non significant difference was observed in infection rate of Cryptosporidium in rural (16.95%)) and semi urban (14.29%) from urban children (5.26%)). Higher infection was observed in children having persistent (20.83%) type of diarrhoea as compared to acute (11.76%o) and chronic (4.76%) cases. Seasonal prevalence revealed significantly (P < 0.05) higher infection during monsoon than other seasons. Examination of 52 HIV infected individuals revealed, 15 (28.84%) positive for Cryptosporidium spp. Higher prevalence was observed in diarrhoeic patients (39.28%)) having chronic type of diarrhoea (40.0%). Prevalence was high (63.64%) in individuals having CD4 count <200 cells /μ1. Genetic characterization using PCR- RFLP revealed higher prevalence of C. parvum in children (76.47%) and C. hominis in HIV infected individuals (60%). Biological characterization confirmed the results of genetic characterization. The study highlights prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and associated risk factors to vulnerable groups i.e. bovine calves, children and HIV infected individuals. Molecular and biological characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. also established zoonotic role of C. parvum in Jammu district. Keywords: Cryptosporidium, Epidemiology, Bovine, Children, HIV patients, ZoonoticThesisItem Open Access Molecular studies on the prevalence of Tick borne Haemoprotozoan and Rickettsial infections in Canine and vector ticks(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2023-03-31) Sharma, Sabhyata; Yadav, AnishThe present study was conducted from August, 2020 to October, 2022 to determine the prevalence of haemoprotozoan and rickettsial infections in clinically suspected canines and vector ticks of Jammu region.The overall prevalence of tick borne haemoprotozoan and rickettsial infections in canine population of Jammu region was recorded as 24.3% (n= 92/378). The overall prevalence of Babesia canis vogeli was 10.58% (40/378) followed by Ehrlichia canis (7.67%, 29/378), mixed infections (3.70%, 14/378), Babesia gibsoni (2.11%, 8/378) and Hepatozoon canis (0.26%, 1/378). Out of total prevalence, Babesia canis vogeli was recorded with higher prevalence in dogs followed by Ehrlichia canis, Babesia gibsoni and Hepatozoon canis. Categorically, among the age groups of dogs, the prevalence of haemoprotozoan and rickettsial infection was significantly (p˂0.05) high in 6-12 months (52.77%) of age group as compared to 1year and above (14.22%) age group of canine. Monsoon recorded significantly (p˂0.05) highest infection rate (27.40%) as compared to winter (6.90%). As per breed, German shepherd were shown non-significantly (p>0.05) higher prevalence of 39.7%. Males showed non-significantly higher infection (25.5%) as compared to females (20%). Haematological alterations in infected group of canines revealed significant drop in mean values of haemoglobin count, platelet count, packed cell volume count and Total erythrocyte count as compared to healthy control group of canines.A blood sample was considered as positivefor Ehrlichia canis when amplified with the size of 380bp product. Similarly, product size of 602bp, 671bp and 666 bp were yielded by Babesia canis vogeli, Babesia gibsoni and Hepatozoon canis, when amplified by targeting 18S rRNA genefor all three of the parasites. A total of four PCR products comprising Babesia canis vogeli and Ehrlichia canis, representing different isolates of Jammu region were sent for sequencing. The sequence information received was analysed using Basiclocal alignment search tool (BLAST, NCBI) and DNA Star, Laser gene software. The submitted sequences of Babesia canis vogeli and Ehrlichia canis belonging to Jammu region are under process with NCBI. Identification using standard keys and tick mounting procedures revealed that all the ticks collected from 257 tick infested dogs were identified as Rhipicephalus sanguineus. The prevalence of tick infestation was recorded significantly (p<0.05) higher among 6-12 months (82.29%) of age group in monsoon season (86.98%). German shepherd breeds (86.79%) were at higher risk of gaining infection while males (77.34%) were recorded with significantly higher tick infestation as compared to females (48.36%). Standardisation and optimization of PCR on ticks revealed the presence of DNA of Babesia canis vogeliand Ehrlichia canis, in vector ticks, collected from suspected canines of Jammu region.At the last phase of the study period, duplex PCR was also standardized for simultaneous detection of Babesia canis vogeli and Ehrlichia canis was performed using the similar primers which we used in molecular studies for blood and vector tick samples, respectively at the annealing temperature of 52ºC.