Browsing by Author "Varsha Kumari"
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ThesisItem Open Access CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT ON AGRICULTURE AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES OF FARMERS(Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, 2016) Varsha Kumari; Prof. O. P. MishraThe study was conducted in 14 and 12 villages of Angara and Ormanjhi blocks respectively of Ranchi district, Jharkhand where CCKN-IA programme is under operation. Four respondents from all 25 villages and 5 respondents from one of the village were selected purposely, thus making a total sample of 105 respondents. The required information was collected through a well-structured interview schedule. Collected data was tabulated and analyzed by using statistical techniques like frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. The findings of the present study hold great potential to help farming community in protecting themselves as well as securing continuity of food supply in the market. The following propositions have been derived keeping in view the result of the present study: Since, majority of farmers feel that they have medium compatibility with modern technologies, so training should be organised for them as well as useful tools should be provided to them at subsidised rate. Proper strategies should be adopted at local level to deal with the frequent occurring climatic contingencies like pests and diseases attack, drought, heat and cold waves and frost as these were frequent contingencies faced by farmers. None of the population thought that mitigation strategies will be helpful in coping up with climate change effect; this may be due to thinking of majority of them that climate change will affect their farm in long term. So, an awareness programme regarding the affect of climate change on agriculture in long term should be conducted and with adaptation strategies mitigation strategies should also be promoted, as without proper mitigation strategy the problem in long term could not be reduced. As most farmers believe that they had low capacity to adapt according to the impact of climate change indicates poor resources availability among them to adapt. So, subsidise on the resources regarding adaptation to climate change should be given as well as less used adaptation strategies should be enhanced by giving special focus over them. Adaptation strategies like ‘use of renewable sources of energy, food processing, use of wind break and shelter belt, afforestation and use of crop sheds and greenhouses should be promoted as these were least adopted adaptation strategies among farmers. Farmers are seeking information most commonly through agricultural university and KVK. So, involvement of these institutions should be enhanced as well as commonly used institutions like mass media, Kisan Call Center, non government agencies, mobile messaging, village level workers, internet, interactions with farmers and group discussions should be boosted. Farmers have indicated CCKN-IA programme is working effectively in the study area. So, the area under this programme should be broadened.ThesisItem Open Access Development and evaluation of malted sorghum based weaning foods(CCSHAU, 2016) Varsha Kumari; Sindhu, Sangeeta ChahalIn the present study, malted sorghum based composite flours were developed using blanched mungbean/soybean flours and blanched banana flour. Composite flours were developed by using malted sorghum at three levels, namely, 60, 50 and 40 per cent. It was supplemented with either blanched mungbean (20,30 and 40 % respectively) or blanched and dehulled soybean flour (20,30 and 30 % respectively).Blanched banana flour was used at 20 per cent level in all three sorghum-mungbean composite flours; while it was used at 20,20 and 30 per cent in three respective sorghum-soybean composite flours. Bulk density of developed composite flours varied from 0.95 to 0.97g/ml. Water absorption capacity varied from 2.01 to 2.40g/g. In sorghum-mungbean-banana composite flours, the moisture content varied from 4.58-5.20 per cent; crude protein varied from 11.64-15.18 per cent; crude fat varied from 1.38-2.44 per cent; crude fibre varied from 2.13-3.82 per cent; ash varied from 2.00-2.29 per cent; total carbohydrate varied from 80.33-81.79 per cent and energy content varied from 389.78-396.66 Kcal.Total soluble sugars varied from 2.12-6.30 per cent; reducing sugars varied from 1.02-1.40 per cent; non reducing sugars varied from 1.11-4.90 per cent and starch varied from 30.75-31.94 per cent. The in vitro protein digestibility varied from 39.30-43.30 per cent, while the starch digestibility varied from 33.91-43.47 mg maltose released/g. The per cent extractability varied from 79.65-82.33 per cent for phosphorus; 76.61-76.92 per cent for calcium; 65.81-66.34 per cent for iron and 83.70-86.31 per cent for zinc. Total lysine content varied from 5.50-6.88 g/16g N. In sorghum-soybean-banana composite flours, the moisture content varied from 3.70-4.38 per cent; crude protein varied from 15.52-18.50 per cent; crude fat varied from 3.45-5.31 per cent; crude fibre varied from 2.08-4.04 per cent; ash varied from 2.39-2.52 per cent; total carbohydrate varied from 70.78-76.56 per cent and energy content varied from 399.37-403.29 Kcal. Total soluble sugars varied from 1.51-4.15 per cent; reducing sugars varied from 0.86-1.10 per cent; non reducing sugars varied from 0.68-3.05 per cent and starch varied from 23.86-28.04 per cent. The in vitro protein digestibility varied from 34.53-36.03 per cent, while the starch digestibility varied from 26.61-38.56 mg maltose released/g. The per cent extractability varied from 70.29-79.33 per cent for phosphorus; 77.97-83.38 per cent for calcium; 75.02-81.83 per cent for iron and 73.70-77.31 per cent for zinc. Total lysine ranged from 6.45-9.32 g/16g N.The developed composite flours were found to be acceptable to judges during the storage period of 60 days with total microbial count ranging from 5.2×10 3 to 9.9×10 3 cfu/g .To study the effect of sorghum malt, composite flours of similar composition incorporating unprocessed sorghum were simultaneously evaluated. Incorporation of malted sorghum flour resulted in reduced bulk density and water absorption capacity in all the composite flours. It brought significant reduction in moisture, protein and fat content of all the composite flours. A non significant increase was observed in crude fibre content. The ash content also depicted a non significant decrease (p≤0.05).A significant (p≤0.05) increase in total soluble sugars, reducing sugars and non-reducing sugars along with a significant (p≤0.05) decrease in starch content was observed. It significantly (p≤0.05) improved the in vitro protein as well as starch digestibility. Though no significant changes were observed in total mineral content for phosphorus, calcium, iron and zinc; the extractability improved significantly (p≤0.05).The developed composite flours were used as base to develop weaning foods. It was found that 80 g of either skim milk powder/whole milk powder and 48 g of sugar per hundred gram of each of composite flour when cooked in 800 ml of water resulted in weaning foods of acceptable consistency and taste. The weaning foods thus obtained were found to be acceptable to judges. On the basis of mean scores of sensory evaluation obtained, two weaning foods, one each incorporating mungbean and soybean were selected for further analysis and coded as SMBWF (sorghum-mungbean banana-weaning food) and SSBWF (sorghum-soybean banana-weaning food). Both SMBWF and SSBWF were found to be acceptable to lactating mothers with a good nutrient profile.ThesisItem Open Access Introgression of foliar disease resistance using synthetic amphidiploids and identification of associated qtls in groundnut (arachis hypogaea l.)(UASD) Varsha Kumari; M. V. C. GowdaIn an attempt to broaden the genetic base and variability for late leaf spot (LLS) and rust resistance in groundnut, three introgression line (IL) populations, ICGS 76 × ISATGR 278-18 (IL1), DH 86 × ISATGR 278-18 (IL2) and DH 86 × ISATGR 5 (IL3) were developed by crossing disease susceptible varieties with the resistant synthetic amphidiploids (ISATGR 278-18 and ISATGR 5) and backcrossing twice with the recurrent parents. In total 164, 51 and 32 BC2F4 ILs constituted IL1, IL2 and IL3, respectively. Field evaluation of the ILs during kharif 2011, summer 2012 and kharif 2012 showed considerable variability and heritability for disease resistance and most of the agronomic and productivity traits. ILs showed bimodal distribution for LLS, and a normal distribution for rust and agronomic and productivity traits. LLS and rust were negatively correlated, while most of the agronomic and productivity traits were positively correlated. Most of the agronomic and productivity traits exhibited negative correlation with LLS and rust. Linkage mapping with 136 SSR markers in IL1 resulted in map of 1103.2 cM with 19 linkage groups and 8.62 cM inter-marker distance. Single marker analysis showed significant association of a few markers with R2 ranging from 3.94% to 94.34% for LLS and 3.96% to 68.337% for rust. GM1954 was consistent across the populations for both the diseases. Composite interval QTL mapping identified 26 QTL for disease resistance, and 16 for agronomic and productivity traits. Major QTL consistent across seasons included GM1996- IPAHM103 (31.12%-67.45%), gi-4925-GM2144 (9.70%-14.99%) and TC6E01-GM1409 (9.84%-12.39%) for LLS, gi-4925-GM2144 (10.40%-16.52%), GM2009-GM2301 (7.88%- 16.03%) and GM900-GM2082 (5.74%-11.04%) for rust and GM900-GM2082 (13.15%- 24.89%) for test weight. The markers flanking the major QTL carried the favorable alleles contributed by ISATGR 278-18, indicating the utility of wild diploids. QTL and the markers identified here need to be validated before deployed for marker assisted selection.ThesisItem Open Access Introgression of foliar disease resistance using synthetic amphidiploids and identification of associated qtls in groundnut (arachis hypogaea l.)(UAS Dharwad, 2013) Varsha Kumari; M. V. C. GowdaIn an attempt to broaden the genetic base and variability for late leaf spot (LLS) and rust resistance in groundnut, three introgression line (IL) populations, ICGS 76 × ISATGR 278-18 (IL1), DH 86 × ISATGR 278-18 (IL2) and DH 86 × ISATGR 5 (IL3) were developed by crossing disease susceptible varieties with the resistant synthetic amphidiploids (ISATGR 278-18 and ISATGR 5) and backcrossing twice with the recurrent parents. In total 164, 51 and 32 BC2F4 ILs constituted IL1, IL2 and IL3, respectively. Field evaluation of the ILs during kharif 2011, summer 2012 and kharif 2012 showed considerable variability and heritability for disease resistance and most of the agronomic and productivity traits. ILs showed bimodal distribution for LLS, and a normal distribution for rust and agronomic and productivity traits. LLS and rust were negatively correlated, while most of the agronomic and productivity traits were positively correlated. Most of the agronomic and productivity traits exhibited negative correlation with LLS and rust. Linkage mapping with 136 SSR markers in IL1 resulted in map of 1103.2 cM with 19 linkage groups and 8.62 cM inter-marker distance. Single marker analysis showed significant association of a few markers with R2 ranging from 3.94% to 94.34% for LLS and 3.96% to 68.337% for rust. GM1954 was consistent across the populations for both the diseases. Composite interval QTL mapping identified 26 QTL for disease resistance, and 16 for agronomic and productivity traits. Major QTL consistent across seasons included GM1996- IPAHM103 (31.12%-67.45%), gi-4925-GM2144 (9.70%-14.99%) and TC6E01-GM1409 (9.84%-12.39%) for LLS, gi-4925-GM2144 (10.40%-16.52%), GM2009-GM2301 (7.88%- 16.03%) and GM900-GM2082 (5.74%-11.04%) for rust and GM900-GM2082 (13.15%- 24.89%) for test weight. The markers flanking the major QTL carried the favorable alleles contributed by ISATGR 278-18, indicating the utility of wild diploids. QTL and the markers identified here need to be validated before deployed for marker assisted selection.