Browsing by Author "Urmila"
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of heavy metals on biomolecules and immune cells of earthworm, Eisenia fetida(CCSHAU, 2016) Urmila; Gupta, R.K.Earthworm influences microbial community, physical and chemical properties of soil. They breakdown large soil particles and leaf litter thereby increase the availability of organic matter for microbial degradation and transforms organic wastes into valuable vermicomposts. Earthworms are capable of transforming garbage into ‘gold’. Due to rapid industrialization and excessive use of agrochemicals the amount of heavy metals increases in ecosystem which directly influence the soil organisms especially earthworms. Due to this reason the present study was carried out to investigate the effect of heavy metals on the bio-molecules and immune cells of earthworm. The results showed acute toxicity of two heavy metals viz. Lead and Nickel individually as well as in combination of different concentrations on earthworms in terms of survival rate, growth (length and weight), reproductive efficacy, cocoon production and coelomocytes and it was observed that as the concentration of heavy metals increased, the survival rate, growth, cocoon production and coelomocytes decreased. Maximum reduction in length (4.783 cm) and weight (0.487 g) of earthworm was seen in case of soil treated with Pb-0.06ppm as compared to control where approximate length and weight was 8.660cm and 1.020g respectively. Similar decrease in the population of earthworms was 51.67% and cocoon production was 78.33% respectively in case of Pb-0.06ppm contaminated soil. The impact of heavy metals on carbohydrates, lipid and protein contents was quite significant and the maximum decrease in lipid content (48.98%) followed by carbohydrates (32.05%) and protein (10.39%) in Pb-0.06ppm as compared to control soil. When the cells of coelomic fluid were calculated there was significant decrease in the total number of coelomocytes i.e. 85.01% in earthworms treated with Pb-0.06ppm similarly significant reduction in eleocytes, amoebocytes-I, amoebocytes-II, granulocytes-I and granulocytes- II was seen. The decrease in eleocytes, granulocytes I, granulocytes II, amoebocytes I and amoebocytes II was 78.06, 88.67, 87.11, 86.64 and 85.89% in Pb (0.06ppm). It was concluded that among two heavy metals Lead (Pb) is more toxic individually as well as in combination than Nickel (Ni).ThesisItem Open Access Impact of heavy metals toxicity on agriculturally important earthworm species Pheretima posthuma and Eudrilus eugeniae(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2020-05) Urmila; Gupta, R.K.The present study was carried out to evaluate the toxicity of Mercury and Cadmium on Pheretima posthuma and Eudrilus eugeniae. Filter paper contact and substrate contact toxicity test were used to determine the toxicity of both the heavy metals in term of median lethal dose. LC50 of Mercury and Cadmium against P. posthuma was 0.10% and 0.27% and for E. eugeniae 0.22% and 0.37% whereas LD50 of Mercury and Cadmium against P. posthuma was 40.44mg/kg and 51.74mg/kg and for E. eugeniae 82.14mg/kg and 123.79mg/kg respectively. Lower median lethal doses of Mercury confirm its higher toxicity as compared with Cadmium. The effect of both the heavy metals on biochemical parameters, growth, reproductive potential, antioxidative enzymes response, MDA content and AChE activity were analyzed. Significant reduction in carbohydrate, protein and lipid content was observed in both P. posthuma and E. eugeniae but highest reduction 60.94, 46.58 and 62.80 per cent in carbohydrate, protein and lipid content was reported in P. posthuma as compared to E. eugeniae. Minimum growth in term of body weight (2.08 and 0.54gm) and body length (12.30 and 5.89cm) was observed in heavy metals exposure. Highest reduction in cocoon production and hatchings was reported in Mercury exposure in both the species. The altered level of antioxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD) and glutathione s-tranferase (GST) were used as potent biomarkers to determine the effect of heavy metals on different species of earthworms. Dose and time dependent increase in MDA content was reported in both the species. Significant inhibition in AChE activity (78.62 and 45.72 per cent) in P. posthuma and (73.11 and 49.71 per cent) in E. eugeniae was observed in higher dose of Mercury and Cadmium at the end of experiment.ThesisItem Open Access Knowledge and opinion of youth regarding legislative protection acts for women(I.C College Of Home Science Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 2000) Urmila; Yadav, LaliThesisItem Open Access Technological information source utilization pattern of women farmers in Haryana(Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University;Hisar, 2007) Urmila; Verma, S.;K.