Browsing by Author "Tiwari, Deeksha"
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ThesisItem Open Access Optimal scheduling plan of rotational canal: a case study of Nandpur minor of Udham Singh Nagar district(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Tiwari, Deeksha; Vinod KumarCanal scheduling is the most important activity among the management practices and has a high impact on the performance of irrigation canal system in terms of equity, dependability, uniformity and efficiency. With increasing demand of water resources, it has become necessary to develop planning model for the irrigation and optimize scheduling of irrigation so that with limited water resources, maximum water requirements could be fulfilled efficiently. Keeping these factors in view the present study was undertaken for Nandpur minor canal located in Gadarpur Development Block of District Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand to work out the optimal canal operation schedules for maximum benefits from the culturable command area of the minor canal. The 47 years (1971-2017) rainfall data were analyzed for determining the rainfall pattern of the study area. By arranging the daily rainfall data to weekly, monthly and yearly basis the probability of wet, normal and dry rainfall spells was estimated. The analysis revealed that the week 23 to 39 received normal to above normal (wet) rainfall whereas the remaining weeks experienced below normal (dry) rainfall. The annual rainfall analysis showed that the probability of getting normal rainfall in the study area was 55.31%. In the decadal rainfall analysis, the continuous decrease and increase of monthly rainfall during the month of July and September, respectively, indicated a late onset and withdrawal of monsoon in the region during 1975-2004. The linear programming optimization model was developed and employed for the allocation of the land and water resources optimally. The gross irrigation water requirement for cultivated crops was estimated using CROPWAT ver.8.0 software. Three rotations of canal operation, namely 14 days (7 days “OFF” and 7 days “ON”), 21 days (7 days “OFF” and 14 days “ON” or 14 days “OFF” and 7 days “ON”) and 28 days schedule (7 days “OFF” and 14 days “ON” or 14 days “OFF” and 14 days “ON” or 7 days “OFF” and 21 days “ON) for full and 75% of design discharge capacity of minor canal under normal and dry rainfall conditions were tested to arrive at the optimal scheduling of the canal. The global optimal schedule for Nandpur minor was obtained as 28 days (21 days “ON”) at full canal capacity and normal rainfall conditions having net return from the command as Rs. 47.78 Million and having entire area of 577 ha under cropping activities (59.07%, 10.94% and 29.98% area under Wheat, Pea and Sugarcane, respectively). The 21 days (14 days “ON”) operation schedule at full canal apacity and normal rainfall conditions having net return of Rs. 46.67 Million with 64.95%, 5.06% and 29.98% area under Wheat, Pea and Sugarcane, respectively and no land left for allocation appeared at second rank.ThesisItem Open Access Physiological aspects of zinc application for its biofortification and yield in wheat(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Tiwari, Deeksha; Guru, S.K.Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient in biological metabolism required for normal growth and development of plants and humans. In plants, zinc plays a crucial role in enzymatically driven metabolism and it also contributes toward gene expression and stress tolerance. Similarly, in humans it affects multiple aspects of the immune system and is required for normal development and proper function of cell mediating immunity. Zinc deficiency is among the top five micronutrient deficiencies and severely affects one-third of the world’s population, especially rural communities. The main reason for this deficiency is the intake of food low in zinc content. Wheat is the major staple food for world population and is inherently low in zinc concentration. Biofortification of wheat grains with zinc can help to combat this micronutrient deficiency to a large extent. A research investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of zinc application on yield and nutritional quality of wheat grains. The investigation was carried out in N. E. B. Crop Research Centre, Pantnagar during Rabi season 2018-19. Wheat variety PBW 343 was used as the experimental material. Zinc was applied at four concentrations (0.25, 0.50. 0.75 and 1.0% ZnSO4) and at three stages i.e. S1 (one spray of ZnSO4 at 30 DAE), S2 (two sprays of ZnSO4 one each at 30 and 45 DAE) and S3 (three sprays of ZnSO4 one each at 30, 45 and 60 DAE). Zinc application had a promoting effect on LAI, TDM, panicles/m2, spikelet number/m2, biological yield, grain yield, straw yield and the maximum increase in biolo0gical and grain yield was recorded with three sprays of 0.75% ZnSO4. Harvest index and test weight were unaffected by zinc application. Biochemical analysis revealed that total chlorophyll content, activity of SOD and Carbonic anhydrase increased with zinc application. Zinc content of grains and straw also increased with application of zinc giving a maximum value with three sprays of 0.75% ZnSO4. Iron content of grains and straw also increased with zinc application at 1.0% ZnSO4. On the other hand a negative effect of zinc application was found on phytic acid and phosphorus content of grains and molar phytic acid: zinc ratio and the maximum decrease were found with 1.00% ZnSO4. Protein content also increased significantly with zinc application giving maximum protein content with 0.75% ZnSO4. The study revealed three sprays of 0.75% ZnSO4 one each at 30, 45 and 60 DAE was most effective for increasing the grain yield as well as the nutritional quality of wheat grains. However remobilization of zinc from leaves to grains is a mechanism which should be considered for further study to efficiently utilize the applied zinc.