Browsing by Author "TRIVEDI, J. C."
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ThesisItem Open Access CONSTRAINTS IN ADOPTION OF POULTRY FARMING IN VALSAD DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1983) PATEL, ASHOK KUMAR N.; TRIVEDI, J. C.Objective of the study 1 To study the socio-economic and psychological characteristics of the poultry farmers. 2 To determine the level of adoption of the selected improved poultry farming practices by the poultry farmers. 3 To study the constraints in adoption of poultry farming as perceived by the poultry farmers. 4 To ascertain the suggestions of the poultry farmers to overcome the constraints in poultry farming. 5 To determine the relationship between socio-economic and psychological characteristics of the poultry farmers and the overall adoption of selected improved poultry farming practices. Methodology The present study was carried put in Valsad district of Gujarat State, which.is located at the western side of the India. Valsad district is spread over eight talukas, out of eight, five talukas were selected for present Investigation. The total population of poultry farms were divided into three categories on the basis of flock size (number of birds per farm), Out of total population of poultry farms SO respondents were considered under present investigation, for selecting the respondents, the stratified random sampling with proportional allocation procedure was employed. All the selected poultry farmers were personally interviewed. The tool of the study was interview schedule which was administered to the respondents by the investigator himself. Socio-economic and psychological characteristics were studied and presented in terms of frequency and percentage, also constraints in adoption of poultry farming were studied and presented in terms of frequency and percentage. For testing the association, chi-square (x2) test and contingency coefficient value was applied. Major findings 1 Majority of the respondents belonged to the middle age, with secondary level of education, and intermediate caste. 2 Majority of the respondents had farming occupation with poultry farming. 3 Majority of the respondents had small size and nuclear type of family. 4 Majority of the poultry farmers were having membership in one organisation either in panchayat or co-operative society. 5 Majority of the poultry farmers were possessed small size of land holdings. 6 Majority of the poultry farmers were having medium socio-economic status. 7 Majority of the poultry farmers had medium level of economic motivation, risk preference and scientific orientation. 8 Among all the constraints in poultry farming, risk and uncertainty, higher price of feed, lack of finance, lack of man power to look after and difficult poultry farming system were the major constraints reported by the respondents, 9 Majority of the respondents had suggested quick and timely supply of feed with reasonable. price to the poultry keepers directly from the factory, marketing of eggs should be arranged through government agencies and long term credit facilities, with more number of installments should be provided to the poultry farmers. 10 Among various socio-economic and psychological characteristics, caste, a lend holding, education family type, socio-economic status, economic motivation and scientific orientation were found significant indicating that there was significant association with overall adoption of selected improved poultry farming practices.ThesisItem Open Access FACTORS AFFECTING THE ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED HYBRID CASTOR CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY IN PRANTIJ TALUKA OF SABARKANTHA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1989) PATEL, JAGDISHKUMAR M.; TRIVEDI, J. C.Castor is an important commercial cash crop of India. The castor oil has diversified use and has great value in foreign trade. Gujarat is the pioneer in evolving castor hybrids on commercial scale and occupied first position in production in the country. Castor cultivation is largly concentrated in Banaskantha, Mehsana, Sabarkantha and Ahmedabad district. Sabarkantha district ranks third position in production of castor seed in the state, Prantij taluka of Sabarkantha district is the predominant castor growing area. The average yield of castor in Sabarkantha district is 1477 Kg/ha, which is low as compared to yield gained from research station (2500 Kg/ha). This might be due to either partly or non adoption of recommended hybrid castor cultivation technology by the hybrid castor growers. The presenstudy, entitled -Factors Affecting the Adoption of Recommended Hybrid Castor Cultivation Technology in Prantij Taluka of Sabarkantha District of Gujarat State" was therefore, carried out. Oblectives of the study : (1) To study some personal, social/ economic and psychological characteristics of the hybrid castor growers. (2) To determine the sources of information utilized by the hybrid castor growers. (3) To ascertain the knowledge level of the hybrid castor growers about recommended hybrid castor cultivation technology. (4) To determine the extent of adoption of recommended hybrid castor cultivation technology by hybrid castor growers. (5) To test whether there is any relationship between personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of the hybrid castor growers and their extent of adoption of recommended hybrid castor cultivation technology. (6) To analyse and study the constraints in adoption of recommended hybrid castor cultivation technology experienced by the hybrid castor growers. Methodolooy : The present study was carried out in Prantij taluka of Sabarkantha district of Gujarat State. Two stage random sampling design was used to select a sample for the study. Thus, 100 respondents were randomly selected from 10 randomly selected villages of the said taluka which has area under hybrid castor cultivation. Keeping in view the objectives of study, the interview schedule was prepared and necessary modifications were made after pre-testing. The data were collected with the help of personal interview schedule. To know the socio-economic status of respondents, a scale developed by Pareek and Trivedi (1965) was used with some modification. The psychological variables, viz., scientific orientation and risk preference were measured with the help of scale developed by Supe (1969). Measurement of knowledge of respondents in respect of hybrid castor cultivation technology was done by using the scale developed by Jha and Singh (1970) . Measurement of adoption level was done by using the scale which was developed by Sengupta (1967) . A simple ranking technique was applied to measure the sources of information utilized and the constraints in adoption of hybrid castor cultivation technology. Chi-square (X2) test was applied to know the relationship between independent and dependent variable. Major findings : (1) Majority of the respondents belonged to the middle age with primary level of education.(2) Majority of the respondents belonged to intermediate caste with joint type and large size of family. (3) Majority of the respondents were members of more than one organisations and were from medium socio-economic status group. (4) Maximum number of hybrid castor growers possessed medivim size of land holding. (5) Majority of the respondents had high annual income and were dependent on farming only. (6) Majority of the hybrid castor growers had medium level of scientific orientation and risk preference. (7) Among different sources of information, village level workers, service co-operative society, neighbours', friends, radio and relatives were most accessible soxirces for hybrid castor growers. (8) Majority of the hybrid castor growers possessed medium level of knowledge. (9) Recommended hybrid castor cultivation technology was adopted by little more than half of the hybrid castor growers to a medium extent. (10) Among personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics, education, level of knowledge, caste, social participation, socio-economic status, size of land holding, annual inc cane, occupation and scientific orientation were found significant indicating that there was significant relationship of said variable with extent of adoption of recommended hybrid castor cultivation technology. (11) The main constraints in adoption of recommended hybrid castor cultivation technology were high cost of fertilizers, high cost of pesticides, do not get remunerative price of castor, irregular supply of electricity and high charges of electricity.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF COTTON COOPERATIVES ON MEMBER AND NON-MEMBER COTTON GROWERS IN RELATION TO KNOWLEDGE AND ADOPTION OF HYBRID-6 COTTON PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY IN VADODARA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1996) Bhat, Ghulam Mohi-ud-Din; TRIVEDI, J. C.Cotton is the only commercial crop which is cultivated in almost all the districts of Gujarat State. Vadodara district is one of the major H-6 cotton producing districts of the state, due to its irrigation facilities, favourable soil and climatic conditions. But, even with the advancement of the improved technology in H-6 cotton cultivation the average production of the crop is very low as compared to its potential production. Many studies were conducted to know the factors affecting the knowledge level and extent of adoption of H-6 cotton cultivation technology but role of cooperatives, which have been accepted as an important medium for regeneration of the country's socioeconomic life, has not been studied so far in cotton sector. The present study was therefore, undertaken to know the impact of cotton cooperatives on the member and non-member cotton growers in relation to knowledge and adoption of H-6 cotton production technology in Vadodara district of Gujarat State. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1. To study the selected personal, social, economic, situational, communication and psychological characteristics of member and non-member H-6 cotton growers. 2. To ascertain the knowledge level of the member and non-member H-6 cotton growers about recommended cotton production technology. 3. To find out the knowledge level of member and nonmember H-6 cotton growers about integrated pest management. 4. To determine the extent of adoption of recommended H-6 cotton production technology by the member and nonmember H-6 cotton growers. 5. To determine the yield level of the member and nonmember H-6 cotton growers. 6. To know the constraints faced by the member and nonmember H-6 cotton growers in production of the crop. 7. To study the relationship between various selected characteristics of member and non-member H-6 cotton growers and their knowledge level regarding recommended H-6 cotton production technology. 8. To study the relationship between various selected characteristics of the member and non-members H-6 cotton growers and their knowledge level regarding integrated pest management in H-6 cotton. 9. To study the relationship between selected characteristics of member and non-member H-6 cotton growers and their extent of adoption of recommended H-6 cotton production technology.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMMES CONDUCTED BY KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, DEVATAJ (SOJITRA) IN PETLAD TALUKA OF KHEDA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1989) Patel, Janakkumar Raojibhai; TRIVEDI, J. C.Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Devataj (Sojitra) has been working since November 1985. It has been imparting training to the participating fajcwers with a view to increase their crop production. Therefore, it has been envisaged that if science based training is reinforced with practice, it will crcsate better attraction and impact. Thus, it is important to study that whether this training has made any real impact on participating farmers' knowledge and adoption or not. The knowledge of this aspect would be helpful in determining the vocational training needs of fanners. This study will provide practical utility for those who are concerned with farmers' training directly or indirectly. Hence, the study entitled, "Impact of Institutional Training Programmes Conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Devataj (Sojitra) in Petlad Taluka of Kheda District of Gujarat State was carried out. Objectives of the study (1) To study the personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of the trained and untrained farmers. (2) To determine the sources of information utilized by the trained and untrained farmers for the adoption of recommoaded practices of paddy and wheat crops. (3) To determine the knowledge level of the trained and untrained farmers regarding the recommended practices of paddy and wheat crops. (4) To study the esctent of adoption of recommended practices of paddy and vftieat crops by the trained and untrained farmers. (5) To study the difference in production of important crops grown by the .trained and untrained farmers. (6) To study the relationship between personal, socials economic end psychological characteristics of the trained farmers and their esctent of adoption of recommended practices of paddy and lotoeat crops. (7) To study the reiationship between knowledge level of the trained farmers and their extent of adoption of recommended 2d practices of paddy and wheat crops. (8) To determine the constraints e^erienced by the trained and untrained farmers in adoption of recommended practices of paddy and wheat crops. (9) To study the cropping pattern and cropping intensity of the trained and untrained farmers.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONAL TRAINING PROGRAMMES CONDUCTED BY KRISHI VIGYAN KENDRA, RANDHEJA IN GANDHINAGAR DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1989) PATEL, HEMANTKUMAR CHANDRAKANT; TRIVEDI, J. C.Indian Agriculture is passing through a rapid transformation from being traditional one to modem scientific enterprise. It is high time to carry the technology developed at the research Institutions to the farmers' fields and to convert it into the production. It has been recognized that if the progress has to be achieved in agricultural production, the farmers are to be trained as per their needs in modern methods of cultivation. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Randheja has been working since January 1979, It has been imparting training to the participating farmers with a view to increase their crop production. Therefore, it is important to study that whether this training has made any real impact on participating farmers' knowledge and adoption or not. The knowledge of this aspect would be helpful in determining the vocational training needs of farmers. This study will provide practical utility for those Who are concerned with farmers'training directly or indirectly. Hence, the study entitled, "Impact of Institutional Training Programaies Conducted by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Rendheja In Gandhinagar District of Gujarat State" was carried out. Objectives of the study (1) To study the personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of the trained and untrained farmers. (2) To determine the sources of information utilized by the trained and untrained farmers for the adoption of recoiaracaided practices of castor and mustard crops. (3) To determine the knowledge level of the trained and untrained farmers regarding the recommended practices of castor and imistard crops. (4) To study the extent of adoption of recommended practices of castor and mustard crops by the trained and untrained fanners. (5) To study the difference in production of castor and mustard crops of the trained and untrainec. farmers. (6) To study the relationship between personal, social economic and psychological characteristics of the trained farmers and their extent of adoption of recomended practices of castor and tmistard crops. (7) To study the relationship betiieen knowledge level of trained farmers and their extent of adoption of recommended practices of castor and anistard crops (8) To determine the constraints experienced by the trained and untrained fanners In adoption of recoaimended practices of castor and mustard crops. (9) To study the cropping pattern and cropping intensity of tha trained and untrained farmers. Methodology The present study was carried out in the Gandhinagar district of Gujarat state. Gandhinagar district is a small district with only one taluka i.e. Gandhinagar only, which was selected for the present study. A list of farmers who participated in the Institutional training programmes conducted by KVK, Randheja during the year 1985-86 was obtained. All these trained farmers belonged to the four villages. On the basis of proportion of trained farmers in a village, a total of 80 trained farmers from four villages were selected randomly for the study. Half the number of untrained farmers were also selected from same villages to make a total of 40 untrained farmers from four villages. Thus, the total respondents from both the categories were 120. Keeping in view the objectives of the study, the interview schedule was prepared as a tool for collection of data. The respondents were interviewed personally with the help of schedule prepared for it. To know the socio-economic status of the respondents, a scale developed by Pareek and Trivedi (1963) was used with slight modifications. The psychological variables viz.. scientific orientation, economic motivation and risk preferexice wure measured with the help of scale developed by Supe (1969). Cosmopoliteness-localiteness value was measured with the help of scale developed by Singh (1964) with the due modifications. Knowledge level-of the respondents was measured by using a teacher made test based on the scale developed by Jha and Singh (1970). Measurement of extent of adoption was done by using the scale developoe by Sengupta (1967). A simple ranking technique was applied to measure the sources of information utilized by the respondents. Constraints in adoption of castor and mustard crops were measured in terms of percentages. Chi-square (x2 ) test and student 't' test were applied to determine the differences between the socio-economic characteristics, psychological characteristics, knowledge levels and extent of adoption by the trained and untrained farmers. Student 't' test was also applied to find out significant differences if any between the trained and untrained fajnners in respect of their yield of castor and mustard crops. Correlation coefficient was computed to know the relationship between independent and dependent variables. Major findings 1) Majority of the trained and untrained famers were from age group upto 30 years, belonged to lower caste,having nuclear family, members in one organization, having racdiura socio-economic status, v;ith smell eiae of land holding, annual Income upto Rs.6,000/- and only farming as their main occupation. (2) Majority of the trained farmers vrere having secondary level of education and had large size of family, while majority of the untrained farmers had primary level of education and had small sise of family. (3) Majority of the trained and untrained farmers had medium level of scientific orientation risk preference,economic motivation and cosmopoliteness-localiteneso. (4) Kriahi Vigyan Hendra, village level workers, neighbours and friends were the major accessible sources of information for the trained farmers. While, village level workers, service cooperative society, neighbours and friends were the major accessible sources of information for untrained farmers. (5) Majority of the trained and untrained farmers were having medium level of knowledge regarding the recommended practices of castor and mustard crops. (6) Majority of the trained and untrained farmers had medium extent of adoption of recommended practices of castor and mustard crops. (7) Majority of the trained and untrained farmers had adopted the following practices as per recommendations For castor crop: Use of variety, seed treatment, sowing time, spacing between two rows, manuring, top-dressing, interculturing, plant protection and harvesting.For mustard crop Preparatory tillage, use of variety, seed treatment, sowing time, top-dressing, weeding, interculturing and harvesting. (e) Trained farmers obtained higher yields of castor and mustard crops as compared to untrained farmers. Tliarefore, it is obvious that the training programme has played a vital role in increasing crop production. (9) Among personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of the trained farmers, socio-economic status, size of land holding, annual income and cosraopoliteness-localiteness were found to be significant indicating that there was significant relationship of these variables with extent of adoption of recommended practices of castor. (10) Among personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of the trained farmers, age, education, socio-economic status, size of land holding, annual income, scientific orientation and risk preference were found to be significant indicating that there was significant relationship of these variables with extent of adoption of recommended practices of mustard. (11) There was significant association between knowledge levels of trained farmers and their extent of adoption of recommended practices of castor and mustard crops (12) The main constraints in adoption of recommended practices of castor crop as experienced by the trained and untrained farmers were non-availability of certified seeds, lack of laiowledge regarding seed rate and seed treatment, high cost of fertilisers, lack of technical guidance about use of fertilizers, weeding and interculturing, lack of equipments for spraying chemicals and lack of timely guidance for plant protection. (13) The main constraints in adoption of recommended practices of mustard crop as experienced by the trained and untrained farmers were lack of knowledge regarding use of variety and seed treatment, lack of technical guidance about seed rate, weeding and interculturing, high cost of fertilisers, lack of timely guidance and lack of equipments for spraying chemicals for plant protection in mustard (14) Majority of the trained and untrained farmers had followed single cropping pattern. (15) Majority of the trained farmers had cropping intensity 126 to 150 and 151 to 175, while majority of the untrained farmers were having cropping intensity 151 to 175 end 126 to 150.ThesisItem Open Access IMPACT OF PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SOCIETY ON TECHNO-ECONOMIC CHANGE OF FARMERS OF ANAND DISTRICT IN GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 2002) Dabhi, Ranjitsinh Amarsinh; TRIVEDI, J. C.Irrigation as the main catalyst of agricultural development in India accounts for the largest share in total investment in the agricultural sector, Gujarat state has a relatively lower share in the overall availability of water in India. In Gujarat, only 23 per cent of the total cultivable land of the state is under irrigation. Even with the fullest exploitation of the Sardar Sarovar Project, about 52 per cent of the state agriculture will be dependent on the mercy of monsoon, particularly erratic, inadequate and uncertain rainfall. Irrigation development in India is mainly from three sources viz., canals, wells and tanks. Area under irrigation by the canal systems was gradually found in reducing direction. The reason for poor performance of the canal projects are due to the fact that the emphasis on irrigation has been and continuous to be the construction of new projects rather than management of the operation and maintenance of the existing systems. On the basis successive, experience of Rotational Water Delivery System, the concept of participatory irrigation management was accepted for the country. Through the Participatory Irrigation Management Society (PIMS) it would be assumed that by adopting water management system of PIMS, there should be some change among members of PIMS regarding their techno-economic change and extent of adoption of recommended water management practices. There is hardly any detailed researches available in this regard for the Gujarat state. Moreover, within short coming future irrigation water through Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam Ltd. will also be supplied. Delivery and application efficiency for irrigation management is generally absence of water user's participation in water management. Whatever the past studies conducted, were limited up to some extent. With a view to analyse this situation the study on "IMPACT OF PARTICIPATORY IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SOCIETY ON TECHNO-ECONOMIC CHANGE OF FARMERS OF ANAND DISTRICT IN GUJARAT STATE" was planned and undertaken. The specific objectives of the study were : 1. To study the personal, social, agro-economic, psychological and communication characteristics of members of PIMS and non-members. 2. To measure the knowledge of participatory irrigation management system of members of PIMS and non-members. 3. To measure the knowledge of functions of PIMS as perceived by the members of PIMS and non-members. 4. To ascertain the knowledge of the members of PIMS and nonmembers regarding recommended water management practices followed in major crops viz., paddy, wheat and banana. 5. To construct and standardized the attitude scale and to measure the attitude of members of PIMS and non-members towards PIMS. 6. To measure the techno-economic change of members of PIMS and non-members. 7. To know the extent of adoption of recommended water management practices, followed by members of PIMS and non-members for major crops viz., paddy, wheat and banana. 8. To measure the impact of participatory Irrigation Management Society management on members of PIMS and non-members. 9. To ascertain the relationship, if any between the selected independent variables with techno-economic change and extent of adoption of recommended water management practices of the members of PIMS and non-members. 10. To predict the extent of variation in dependent variables, caused by selected independent variables. 11. To know the direct and indirect effect of the independent variables on dependent variables. 12. To analyse the problems faced by the members of PIMS, in efficient use of canal irrigation water in PIMS and collect the suggestions to overcome their problems. The Anand district of the Gujarat state was purposively selected for this study. Among the eight taluka of the district two taluka namely Anklav and Borsad were selected purposively as two PIMS viz., Sardar Patel Krushi Vikas Ane Piyat Sahkari Mandli SPKVPSM Bhetasi and Aksher Piyat Ane Krushi Vikas Sahakari Mandli (APKVSM), Bochasan were located in the taluka. All the ten villages of both the PIMS were selected purposively. Total 50 members from SPKVPSM and 50 members from APKVSM were selected proportionately and 50 non-members from each village of both the PIMS were also selected for the study. Thus, total 100 members of PIMS and 100 non-members were included for the study. An interview schedule was prepared in vernacular language and data were collected by personal interview method. The dependent variables undertaken in this study were, techno-economic change and extent of adoption of recommended water management practices. The independent variables chosen for the purpose of the study were personal, social, agro-economic, psychological and communication. In order to measure the attitude of the members of PIMS and non-members towards PIMS, the attitude scale was developed and used by the researcher. The collected data through interview schedule were then transferred to master table and analysed in order to make the findings meaningful. The statistical measures such as percentage, mean score, standard deviation, coefficients of correlation, stepwise multiple regression, standard partial regression coefficient and path coefficient analysis were used. The important findings of the study are summarized as under: 1. Nearly half of the members of PIMS and non-members belonged to middle age group and were having primary level of education. 2. Majority of members of PIMS and a great majority of the non-members belonged to backward caste and a great majority of the respondents had joint type of family and having small to medium size of family. 3. Majority of the members of PIMS and nearly half of the nonmembers had membership in more than one organization and a great majority of the respondents of both the groups had medium socio-economic status. 4. Majority of the respondents had farming and animal husbandry occupations as source of income and a large majority of the respondents were found to have medium level of material possession and housing facility and a large majority, were having medium herd size. 5. Majority of the members of PIMS and more than half of the non-members were marginal farmers, possessed below 1.0 ha of land holding and more than half of the respondents had in between 151 to 200 per cent cropping intensity. 6. Slightly more than one-third of the members of PIMS and half of the non-members had an annual income in between Rs.50,000 to 1,00,000/- and majority of the respondents were found to be under the category of medium credit orientation, risk preference and scientific orientation. 7. Majority of the members of PIMS and a vast majority of the non-members were found to have moderately favourable attitude toward PIMS. 8. Nearly a large majority of the members of PIMS and more than half of the non-members had medium level of knowledge regarding recommended water management practices, while a great majority of the members of PIMS and majority of the non-members were found to have medium level of knowledge regarding PIM system and majority of the members of PIMS and non-members were having medium level of knowledge about functions of PIMS. 9. Majority of the respondents had medium contact with extension agencies and utilization of information sources. 10. Almost (94 per cent) all the members of PIMS had medium to high and all the (100 per cent) non-members were found to have low to medium level of techno-economic change as a result of PIMS. 11. A vast majority (90 per cent) of the members of PIMS were found to have medium to high level of extent of adoption of recommended water management practices, whereas a vast majority (94 per cent) of the non-members were found to have low to medium level of extent of adoption of recommended water management practices. 12. Significant impact of PIMS was observed on many characteristics of the members of PIMS and non-members viz., social participation, socio-economic status, annual income, increase in land use, increase in cropping intensity, change in cropping pattern, increase in crop production, change in material possession and housing facility change in savings and investments, change in housing condition, overall techno-economic change, attitude towards PIMS, knowledge of recommended water management practices, knowledge of PIM system, knowledge of functions of PIMS, adoption of recommended water management practices and contact with extension agency. 13. In case of members of PIMS, out of 23 variables, 16 variables namely education, caste, size of family, social participation, socio-economic status, occupation, material possession and housing facility, size of land holding, annual income, economic motivation, attitude towards PIMS, knowledge of recommended water management practices, knowledge of PIM system, knowledge of functions of PIMS, contact with extension agency and utilization of information sources were positively and significantly correlated with techno-economic change whereas in case of non-members, only one variable i.e. knowledge of PIM system was observed positively and significantly correlated while only one variable i.e. social participation was negatively and significantly correlated with techno-economic change. 14. In case of members of PIMS, 15 variables namely, education, caste, social participation, socio-economic status, occupation, material possession and housing facility, size of land holding, annual income, risk preference, scientific orientation, knowledge of recommended water management practices, knowledge of PIM system, knowledge of functions of PIMS, contact with extension agency and utilization of information sources were observed positively and significantly correlated with extent of adoption of recommended water management practices while only one variable i.e. age was negatively and significantly correlated while, in case of non-members 10 variables namely education, socio-economic status, material possession and housing facility, cropping intensity attitude towards PIMS, knowledge of recommended water management practices, knowledge of PIM system, knowledge of functions of PIMS, contact with extension agency and utilization of information sources were observed positively and significantly correlated with extent of adoption of recommended water management practices, whereas only one variable i.e. type of family was negatively and significantly correlated. 15. Three independent variables viz., knowledge of functions of PIMS, utilization of information sources, socio-economic status, size of land holding, cropping intensity and occupation combinely contributed to 41.14 per cent of the total variance in techno-economic change of members of PIMS, while in case of non-members, three independent variables viz., knowledge of PIM system, scientific orientation and social participation combinely contributed to 19.32 per cent of the total variation in techno-economic change. 16. Only one independent variables i.e. knowledge of recommended water management practices contributed to 64.07 per cent of the total variation in the extent of adoption of recommended water management practices of members of PIMS, while in case of non-members three variables viz. herd size, social participation and knowledge of recommended water management practices combinely contributed to 78.08 per cent of the total variation in the extent of adoption of recommended water management practices. 17. Variables viz., socio-economic status, size of land holding, utilization of information sources, knowledge of recommended water management practices, knowledge of functions of PIMS, caste, contact with extension agency, annual income and size of family exhibited positive direct effect while material possession and housing facility had maximum total indirect effect on techno-economic change of members of PIMS whereas, in case of non-members only one variable i.e. knowledge of PIM system exhibited positive direct effect on techno-economic change. 18. Variables viz., knowledge of recommended water management practices, utilization of information sources, knowledge of PIM system, caste, socio-economic status, annual income, risk-preference, knowledge of functions of PIMS and scientific orientation exhibited positive direct effect, while education had maximum total indirect effect on extent of recommended water management practices whereas, in case of non-members, variables viz., socio-economic status, knowledge of recommended water management practices, knowledge of functions of PIMS, knowledge of PIM system, utilization of information sources, size of land holding and attitude towards PIMS exhibited positive direct effect, while material possession and housing facility had maximum total indirect effect on extent of adoption of recommended water management practices. 19. The most important economic problems faced by the members of PIMS were lack of financial provision at the time of payment of irrigation charge and PIMS does not help for obtaining credit from the any financial organization. 20. The major administrative problems faced by the members of PIMS were at night time trace-passer damage canal / field channel / water course, inadequate canal water supply to the tail-enders, irregular supply of canal water, problem of water course from outlet to field, less coverage of irrigation area compared to irrigation efficiency of PIMS, problem of cleanliness of channel and water course, inability to provide irrigation water by the PIMS at critical stage or dry spell of rain, problem of some dominant farmers in distribution of irrigation water. 21. The important technical problems being faced by the respondents were : deterioration of soil condition due to continuous and over irrigation and high intensity of weed, literature pertaining to modern agricultural technology and water management practices is not provided by PIMS, training programmes pertaining to agricultural technology and water management practices are not arranged by PIMS and educational tour field trips are not arranged by PIMS. 22. The major suggestions given by the members of PIMS were : new field channels water couriers should be constructed, masonry work, maintenance and repairing, cleanliness work etc should be completed in off/slack season, training in new production technology and water management, distribution of relevant literatures, educational tours and field trips should be organized for the PIMS personnel and members, PIMS should help for obtaining credit facility, adequate and regular supply of canal irrigation water should be managed by PIMS, time schedule for irrigation should be prepared and informed timely and should be strictly followed.ThesisItem Open Access SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SOCIAL FORESTRY PROGRAMME ON BENEFICIARIES IN KHEDA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1993) Prajapati, M. R.; TRIVEDI, J. C.The overall objective of this investigation was to study the socio-economic impact of social forestry programme on beneficiaries of Kheda district, Gujarat State. The specific objectives of the study were as follows : 1. To study the personal-social economic, psychological and communication characteristics of the beneficiaries. 2. To study the extent of adoption of social forestry practices in respect of plantation of various types of plants by the beneficiaries. 3. To study the innovation-decision process of selected component of social forestry programme in the area i.e. farm forestry. 4. To assess the socio-economic impact of social forestry programme on the beneficiaries. 5. To find out the relationship between selected independent and dependent variables. 6. To know the extent of contribution of independent variables on dependent variables. 7. To analyse the problems and seek suggestions from the beneficiaries for effective acceptance of the programme. The study was conducted in Kheda District of Gujarat State. Out of twelve forest ranges, fifty percent ranges were selected randomly viz. Nadiad, Anand, Mahemadabad, Kapadvanj (South), Borsad and Matar. Out of 58 villages of these ranges where the plantation was raised in the year 1985-86 i.e. this year was kept as base year, 20 villages were selected randomly. Ten beneficiary farmers from each village were selected at random which constituted total sample of 200 respondents. To assess the impact of village woodlot at community level, one member of each selected village panchayat, was considered as a respondent which consisted a sample of 20 village panchayat sarpanchs/secretaries. On the basis of review of pertiment literature having direct or indirect bearing on the problem, a theoretical orientation and conceptual model was developed. the hypotheses were formulated on the basis of theoretical orientation and literature reviewed. The interview schedule was developed in accordance with the objectives of the study for the data collection, the data were analysed in terms of the specific objective. Major findings : The Important findings of the study are summarised as under : 1. The innovation decision process was found to be an important intervening variable between antecedents and extent oi adoption. 2. Majority of the beneficiary farmers were found in medium to high level of overall adoption of social forestry practices. 3. Majority (68.50 percent) of the beneficiary farmers were found in medium level of socio-economic impact 4. The programme had generated income and employment opportunities. Very few farmers had diverted their cropped area to plantation crops, majority of the farmers expressed that there is an increas in their savings and investment, standard of living, social status, social relationship and self sufficiency due to adoption of social forestry programme. 5. There was positive and significant relationship between beneficiaries's education, social participation, participation in social forestry, size of land holding, annual income, credit orientation, economic motivation, innovativeness, attitude towards social forestry programme, knowledge about social forestry programme, image of the programme, extension contact and utilisation of source of information with their extent of adoption of social forestry. 6. Beneficiary farmers education, participation in social forestry, market orientation, economic motivation, risk orientation, aspiration level, attitude towards social forestry programme, knowledge about social forestry programme, overall modernity, image of the programme, extension contact and utilisation of sources of information had positive and significant relationship with their innovation-decision process. 7. There was positive and significant relationship between beneficiaries's education, social participation, size of land holding, herd size, annual income, credit orientation, innovativeness, risk orientation, aspiration level, attitude towards social forestry programme, knowledge about social forestry programme, overall modernity, image of the programme, extension contact and utilization of sources of information and their socioeconomic impact implicit through adoption of social forestry programme. 8. Three variables viz. annual income, knowledge about social forestry programme and extension contact with extension agencies combinely contributed to 81.49 percent of the total variation in the extent of adoption by beneficiaries. 9. Market orientation, knowledge about social forestry programme and image of the programme were accounted 81.79 percent for influencing innovation-decision process. 10. Five variables viz. social participation, annual income, aspiration level, overall modernity and extension contact together accounted to 61.88 percent of the total variation in the socio-economic impact implicit after adoption of social forestry on beneficiaries. 11. Majority (70.00 percent) of the village panchayats were found in medium level of impact of woodlot programme. 12. There was significant relationship between different aspects of physical structure of the village viz. area under waste land, area under village woodlot and number of seedlings survived and the impact of village woodlot programme. 13. There was non-significant relationship between different aspects of structural composition of the community and the impact of village woodlot programme. 14. Some of the most important constraints in adoption of social forestry by the beneficiaries were (1) long gestation period (2) fear of damage caused by stray animals (3) non-availability of immediate returns (4) fear of adverse effect of soil (5) lack of market facility (6) lack of supporting price (7) no cash incentives (8) Tree shade mars crop production and (9) high protection cost. 15. Some of the most important suggestions offered by the beneficiaries to overcome the constraints in adoption of social forestry were (1) financial help should be provided to the farmers at initial stage of tree plantation (2) marketing infrastructure should be created in collaboration with the forest department and (3) technical support and guidance should be provided at spot level to decrease mortality rate.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY OF TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS IN KHARIF FENNEL CULTIVATION IN VIJAPUR TALUKA OF MEHSANA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1995) PRAJAPATI, RAJESHKUMAR RUGHANATHBHAI; TRIVEDI, J. C.Fennel is an important spice crop of Vijapur taluka of Mehsana district of Gujarat state. Vijapur taluka has been considered as productively potential region of fennel crop due to assured irrigation facilities and favourable soil and climatic conditions. However, there is still a wide gap between the production protential and the actual production realised by the fennel growers. This may be due to partial adoption of recommended package of practices by the fennel growers. Technological gap is a major problem in increasing fennel production in Vijapur taluka. So far, no systematic effort was made to study the technological gap existing in various components of fennel cultivation, the present study was undertaken to find out the technological gaps in adoption of recommended kharif fennel production technology. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1 To study the personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of the contact and non-contact fennel growers. 2 To find out the level of knowledge of the contact and non-contact fennel growers pertaining to recommended fennel production technology. 3 To know the extent of adoption of recommended fennel production technology by the contact and non-contact fennel growers. 4 To determine the technological gaps among the contact and non-contact fennel growers against selected recommended fennel production technology. 5 To ascertain the relationship between overall technological gap and selected personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of the contact and non-contact fennel growers. 6 To find out the influence of technological gaps over yield gap. 7 To study the constraints experienced by the contact and non-contact farmers in adopting the recommended fennel production technology. 8 To seek suggestions from the contact and non-contact farmers to overcome the constraints. METHODOLOGY Present study was undertaken in Vijapur taluka of Mehsana district of Gujarat state. There were 30 villages in Vijapur taluka where fennel crop was grown by about more than 10 farmers in each village. Ten villages were randomly selected for the present study. From each of the selected villages, 5 contact and 5 non-contact fennel growers were randomly selected, making a total random sample of 100 fennel growers (50 contact and 50 non-contact).The selected personal, social and economic characteristics were measured with the help of the scale developed by Pareek and Trivedi (1963) or schedule developed wherever necessary. Psychological characteristics were measured with the help of the scale developed by Supe (1969). Knowledge level of respondents about fennel production technology was evaluated by using the teacher made test based on the scale developed by Jha and Singh (1970). Extent of adoption was measured by using the scale developed by Sengupta (1967). Technological gap was measured with the help of the formula developed by Dubey et. al. (1981). The yield gap was measured by deducting the actual yield of farmer from the potential yield of demonstration plot. A simple ranking technique was applied to measure the constraints and suggestions to overcome constraints in adoption of fennel production technology. The data were collected with the help of structured interview schedule. The statistical tools used to analyse the data were percentage, mean score, standard deviation, 't' test and co-efficient of correlation. MAJOR FINDINGS 1 Majority of the contact and non-contact fennel growers were having middle age, upto secondary level of education, joint families, large family size, membership in one organization, 'farming only' as their main occupation and tube-well irrigation facility. 2 Majority of the contact fennel growers were small to medium farmers, belonged to medium to high income group and having medium to high risk preference, whereas majority of the non-contact fennel growers were marginal to small farmers, belonged to low to medium income group and having medium risk preference. 3 Majority of the contact and non-contact fennel growers had medium scientific orientation and had medium to high economic motivation. 4 Majority of the contact and non-contact fennel growers had medium level of knowledge regarding the recommended fennel production technology. 5 Majority of the contact and more than half of the noncontact fennel growers were found to have medium extent of adoption. However, the contact fennel growers had significantly higher adoption of fennel production technology than the non-contact fennel growers. 6 In case of contact farmers, the maximum technological gap was observed in nursery raising, recommended variety, farm yard manure, plant protection measures and chemical fertilizers. The overall technological gap was found 44.00 per cent. In respect of non-contact farmers, the maximum technological gap was found in nursery raising, recommended variety, plant protection measures, farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers. The overall technological gap was found 49.16 per cent. The overall technological gap in adoption of fennel production technology in the noncontact fennel growers was found significantly higher than the contact fennel growers. 7 Among different personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of the contact farmers, education, social participation, size of land holding, annual income, scientific orientation, risk preference and economic motivation were found negatively and significantly related with technological gap in adoption of fennel production technology. But, in case of non-contact farmers except economic motivation all the above characteristics were found to be negatively and significantly related with technological gap. 8 The yield gap of contact farmers was 7.1 q/ha and of noncontact was 8.2 q/ha. The yield gap in the non-contact fennel growers was found significantly higher than that in the contact fennel growers. 9 The technological gaps in recommended variety, chemical fertilizers and plant protection measures were found positively and significantly related to yield gap in both contact and non-contact farmers. 10 Major constraints perceived by the contact and non-contact fennel growers were high cost of fertilizers, high cost of plant protection chemicals, non-getting remunerative price of the produce, high charge and irregular supply of electricity, lack of technical guidance and unavailability of certified seeds. 11 The important suggestions reported by the contact and non-contact fennel growers were reducing the price of inputs, providing remunerative price to fennel, imparting training on new production technology and regular supply of electricity for irrigation purpose.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY OF TECHNOLOGICAL GAPS IN KHARIF FENNEL CULTIVATION IN VIJAPUR TALUKA OF MEHSANA DISTRiCT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1995) PRAJAPATI, RAJESHKUMAR RUGHANATHBHAI; TRIVEDI, J. C.Fennel is an important spice crop of Vijapur taluka of Mehsana district of Gujarat state. Vijapur taluka has been considered as productively potential region of fennel crop due to assured irrigation facilities and favourable soil and climatic conditions. However, there is still a wide gap between the production protential and the actual production realised by the fennel growers. This may be due to partial adoption of recommended package of practices by the fennel growers. Technological gap is a major problem in increasing fennel production in Vijapur taluka. So far, no systematic effort was made to study the technological gap existing in various components of fennel cultivation, the present study was undertaken to find out the technological gaps in adoption of recommended kharif fennel production technology. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 1 To study the personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of the contact and non-contact fennel growers. 2 To find out the level of knowledge of the contact and non-contact fennel growers pertaining to recommended fennel production technology. 3 To know the extent of adoption of recommended fennel production technology by the contact and non-contact fennel growers. 4 To determine the technological gaps among the contact and non-contact fennel growers against selected recommended fennel production technology. 5 To ascertain the relationship between overall technological gap and selected personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of the contact and non-contact fennel growers. 6 To find out the influence of technological gaps over yield gap. 7 To study the constraints experienced by the contact and non-contact farmers in adopting the recommended fennel production technology. 8 To seek suggestions from the contact and non-contact farmers to overcome the constraints. METHODOLOGY Present study was undertaken in Vijapur taluka of Mehsana district of Gujarat state. There were 30 villages in Vijapur taluka where fennel crop was grown by about more than 10 farmers in each village. Ten villages were randomly selected for the present study. From each of the selected villages, 5 contact and 5 non-contact fennel growers were randomly selected, making a total random sample of 100 fennel growers (50 contact and 50 non-contact). Ill The selected personal, social and economic characteristics were measured with the help of the scale developed by Pareek and Trivedi (1963) or schedule developed wherever necessary. Psychological characteristics were measured with the help of the scale developed by Supe (1969). Knowledge level of respondents about fennel production technology was evaluated by using the teacher made test based on the scale developed by Jha and Singh (1970). Extent of adoption was measured by using the scale developed by Sengupta (1967). Technological gap was measured with the help of the formula developed by Dubey et al. (1981). The yield gap was measured by deducting the actual yield of farmer from the potential yield of demonstration plot. A simple ranking technique was applied to measure the constraints and suggestions to overcome constraints in adoption of fennel production technology. The data were collected with the help of structured interview schedule. The statistical tools used to analyse the data were percentage, mean score, standard deviation, 't' test and co-efficient of correlation. MAJOR FINDINGS 1 Majority of the contact and non-contact fennel growers were having middle age, upto secondary level of education, joint families, large family size, membership in one organization, 'farming only' as their main occupation and tube-well irrigation facility. 2 Majority of the contact fennel growers were small to medium farmers, belonged to medium to high income group and having medium to high risk preference, whereas majority of the non-contact fennel growers were marginal to iv small farmers, belonged to low to medium income group and having medium risk preference. 3 Majority of the contact and non-contact fennel growers had medium scientific orientation and had medium to high economic motivation. 4 Majority of the contact and non-contact fennel growers had medium level of knowledge regarding the recommended fennel production technology. 5 Majority of the contact and more than half of the non-contact fennel growers were found to have medium extent of adoption. However, the contact fennel growers had significantly higher adoption of fennel production technology than the non-contact fennel growers. 6 In case of contact farmers, the maximum technological gap was observed in nursery raising, recommended variety, farm yard manure, plant protection measures and chemical fertilizers. The overall technological gap was found 44.00 per cent. In respect of non-contact farmers, the maximum technological gap was found in nursery raising, recommended variety, plant protection measures, farm yard manure and chemical fertilizers. The overall technological gap was found 49.16 per cent. The overall technological gap in adoption of fennel production technology in the non-contact fennel growers was found significantly higher than the contact fennel growers. 7 Among different personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of the contact farmers, education, social participation, size of land holding, annual income, V scientific orientation, risk preference and economic motivation were found negatively and significantly related with technological gap in adoption of fennel production technology. But, in case of non-contact farmers except economic motivation all the above characteristics were found to be negatively and significantly related with technological gap. 8 The yield gap of contact farmers was 7.1 q/ha and of non-contact was 8.2 q/ha. The yield gap in the non-contact fennel growers was found significantly higher than that in the contact fennel growers. 9 The technological gaps in recommended variety, chemical fertilizers and plant protection measures were found positively and significantly related to yield gap in both contact and non-contact farmers. 10 Major constraints perceived by the contact and non-contact fennel growers were high cost of fertilizers, high cost of plant protection chemicals, non-getting remunerative price of the produce, high charge and irregular supply of electricity, lack of technical guidance and unavailability of certified seeds. 11 The important suggestions reported by the contact and non-contact fennel growers were reducing the price of inputs, providing remunerative price to fennel, imparting training on new production technology and regular supply of electricity for irrigation purpose.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON ADOPTION OF FLORICULTURE IN ANAND DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 2000) TRIVEDI, MEENABAHEN KESHUBHAI; TRIVEDI, J. C.Flowers are symbol of beauty and love. They are an integral part of our daily life. Flowers and gardens have long been important in India, mainly for aesthetic, religious, economic and social aspects. Since, many years farmers are growing them as commercial crop. The present study was carried out to know the characteristics of flower growers to assess the relationship between selected personal, social, economical and psychological characters of the flower growers and their relationship with adoption of flower production technologies particularly Rose and Lily flowers and also to know the constraints faced by them in production, management and marketing of the flowers. To improve the adoption level and to take advantage from this lucrative business, it is very essential to know the constraints and suggestion to overcome the same. Keeping this in view the present study "A STUDY ON ADOPTION OF FLORICULTURE IN ANAND DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE" was under taken in Anand and Umreth talukas of Anand district of Gujarat state. OBJECTIVES 1. To study the personal, social, economic and psychological characteristics of the flower growers of Anand district. 2. To study the knowledge level of the flower growers in respect to Rose and Lily flowers. 3. To study the extent of adoption of floriculture by the flower growers in respect of Rose and Lily flowers. 4. To study the association between selected characteristics of the flower growers and their level of knowledge and adoption of floriculture. 5. To study the constraints faced by the flower growers in adoption of floriculture in Anand district of Gujarat state. 6. To seek suggestions to overcome the constraints faced by the flower growers in adoption of floriculture. The present study was conducted in purposively selected 10 villages of Anand and Umreth talukas of Anand district. A random sample of 100 farmers from 10 villages were selected for the study. The data was collected with the help of interview schedule by conducting personal interview. For the measurement of independent and dependent variables, appropriate scales developed and adopted by other research workers were used with due modifications. The statistical tools used for the analysis of the data were percentage, mean, standard deviation and correlation coefficient. The important findings of the study are summarized as under : 1. Majority of the flower growers were from middle age, upto secondary level of education, joint families with farming only as their main occupation. 2. Majority of the flower growers had medium size of land holdings, medium social participation and medium extension contacts and medium annual income. 3. Majority of the flower growers were found with medium scientific orientation, medium economic motivation, medium risk preference and medium cosmopoliteness. 4. Majority of the Rose and Lily flower growers had medium knowledge about Rose and Lily cultivation. 5. Majority of the flower growers were found with medium adoption of Rose and Lily cultivation. 6. The variables Kke economic motivation was highly significantly correlated with knowledge level of Rose growers, whereas age and type of family were negatively significantly associated with knowledge level of Rose growers. While economic motivation, risk preference and scientific orientation were positively significantly and age and type of family were negatively significantly correlated with knowledge level of Lilly growers. 7. The variables like economic motivation and scientific orientation were positively and significantly correlated with adoption level of Rose growers, while occupation and type of family were negatively significantly correlated with adoption level of Rose growers. Whereas, economic motivation, risk preference and scientific orientation were positively and significantly and type of family was negatively significantly correlated with adoption level of Lily growers. 8. Knowledge about Rose and Lily cultivation both were positively and highly significantly correlated with adoption level of both the crops. 9. Major constraints faced by the flower growers in adoption of flower cultivation were lack of improved varieties of flower crops, improper supply of loan, unavailability of sufficient credit, irregular visit of extension personal and fluctuations in the prices. 10. Effective and efficient marketing, timely information by extension personal and disbursement of timely and sufficient credit at reasonable rate of interest were important suggestions given by the flower growers.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON TECHNO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES IN ADOPTION OF DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM BY MANGO ORCHARD GROWERS OF JUNAGADH DISTRICT IN GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1997) DESAI, C. P.; TRIVEDI, J. C.Land and water are the two basic inputs for progress in agriculture and economic development of any country. Gujarat State has a relatively lower share in the overall availability of water in India. In Gujarat, only 23 per cent of the total cultivable land of the state is under irrigation. Even with the fullest exploitation of the Sardar Sarovar Project, about 52 per cent of the state agriculture would be dependent on the mercy of monsoon, particularly erratic, inadequate and uncertain rainfall. Hence, it is necessary to economize the use of water for agriculture to bring more area under irrigation. This could be achieved by introducing the advanced and sophisticated method of drip irrigation. Saurashtra region is considered as a dry farming area, where the availability of water for irrigation in wells is extremely scarce and irregular. Therefore, the farmers of this region have been attracted towards the modern method of irrigation and they have introduced drip irrigation system with the hope of making the judicious and scientific use of irrigation water at hand on farm lands and thereby overcoming the various problems such as labour, money and water management. Any techhology that is adopted, needs to be assessed periodically to suggest the effective changes for subsequent functioning and this truly holds good with drip irrigation system as quite a few years have already been passed and probably this is the high time to examine the consequences of this system. Therefore, "A Study on Techno-Economic Consequences in Adoption of Drip Irrigation System by Mango Orchard Growers of Junagadh District in Gujarat State" was undertaken with the following specific objectives : 1. To study the personal-social, agro-economic, psychological and communication characteristics of the mango orchard growers. 2. To study the innovation-decision process in relation to drip irrigation system adopted by the mango orchard growers. 3. To study the techno-economic developments (changes) consequent upon adoption of drip irrigation system by the mango orchard growers. 4. To construct and standardize test to measure the level of knowledge of mango orchard growers about drip irrigation system. 5. To ascertain the extent of economic gain accrued by the mango orchard growers as a result of adoption of drip irrigation system. 6. To find out the relationship between dependent and independent variables of the respondents. 7. To know the extent of contribution of independent variables on dependent variables. 8. To analyse the constraints faced by mango orchard growers in adoption of drip irrigation system and seek suggestions to overcome them. The, study was conducted in six talukas of Junagadh district namely Talala, Malia (Hatina), Una, Mendarada, Vanthali and Visavadar. These talukas were the first six talukas in the district having maximum number of drip sets installed in mango orchards. Four villages having maximum number of drip sets installed in mango orchards were selected from each of the selected talukas. The mango orchard growers, those who had installed and used drip irrigation system in their mango orchards for successively more than three years, were chosen at random from each identified village in such a manner that there would be proportional to total size of mango orchard growers in respective village fell under each of the six talukas. Thus, the sample consisted of 175 respondents for the study which constituted 24 per cent of the total size of drip sets under mango orchards in the district. Before and after approach was followed to know the consequences implicit through the adoption of drip irrigation system by the mango orchard growers. The data for agriculture year 1995-96 were collected from the same respondents by arranging personal interview with 175 mango orchard growers of the twenty-four selected villages with the help of interview schedule. In order to measure the knowledge level of mango orchard growers, the test developed for the purpose was used. The other dependent and independent variables were measured by using suitable scales and procedures adopted by various researchers. The collected data were then transferred to master table and analysed in order to make the findings meaningful. For analysis of the data, the statistical measures such as percentage, coefficients of correlation, stepwise multiple regression and path coefficient analysis were used. MAJOR FINDINGS : The important findings of the study were as under : 1. Majority of the respondents belonged to middle age group and were having secondary and college level education. 2. Most of the respondents belonged to higher castes. 3. Little more than half of the respondents had nuclear type of family and having small to medium size of family in great majority cases. 4. Majority of the respondents had membership in one or more than one organization and had medium socio-economic status. 5. Majority of the respondents had farming and animal husbandry occupations as source of income. 6. Majority of the respondents were found to have minimum farm power i.e. upto two bullocks, medium level of material possession and were having medium size of herds. 7. Little more than two-fifth (41,14 per cent) of the respondents possessed big size of land holding. 8. Majority of the respondents (i.e. 64.00 per cent and 61.71 per cent) had covered 51 to 100 per cent of the area under drip irrigation and had covered 76 to 100 per cent of the area under mango orchard, respectively. 9. An overwhelming number of the respondents had irrigation potentiality ranged from 76 to 100 per cent. 10. Slight more than one-third (i.e. 35.43 per cent and 33.71 per cent) of the respondents had cropping intensity in between 151 to 200 per cent and an annual income upto Rs.50,000 respectively, 11. Majority of the respondents were found to be under the category of medium credit orientation. 12. Majority of the respondents had medium level of economic motivation,were highly innovative with medium riskpreference . 13. A large majority of the respondents were found to have medium scientific orientation, moderately favourable attitude towards drip irrigation system and medium level of knowledge regarding drip irrigation system. 14. A vast majority of the respondents had expressed moderate satisfaction derived as a result of drip irrigation system. 15. Majority of the respondents had medium contact with extension agencies and had medium utilization of information sources. 16. Majority (56.57 per cent) of the respondents had medium level of innovation-decision in relation to drip irrigation system. As regards the stages of innovation-decision process followed by the respondents, majority of them (82.^9 per cent) were having awareness-knowledge about drip irrigation system and were found to have reached the persuasion (89.14 per cent), confirmation (88.57 per cent), decision (53.71 per cent) and implementation (51.43 per cent) stages of innovation-decision process. In case of rejection points at different stages, there were in all 48.57 per cent rejecters and found nearly half (48.57 per cent) of the respondents at implementation stage and minimum at persuasion stage (10.86 per cent). So far as the skipping trend is concerned, there were in all 85 cases of skipping in innovation-decision process and skipping was found to follow only three trends. 17. Majority (73.14 per cent) of the respondents were found to have medium level of techno-economic consequences as a result of drip irrigation system. The adoption of drip irrigation system had resulted in many changes not only in the farming aspect alone, but also in the socio-economic aspects. The system had contributed for a significant increase in area under fruit crops. Cropping intensity and cropping pattern had been changed in the farmers' fields with the inclusion of several fruit and commercial crops. Farm machinery/farm implements and household possession had also been increased and many farmers had diverted their cropped area to orchards. The savings and investment, standard of living and self-sufficiency of majority of respondents had been increased as a result of adoption of drip irrigation system. 18. Majority (71.43 per cent) of the respondents had accrued medium level of overall economic gain of drip irrigation system. The mango orchard growers had reaped many advantages of drip irrigation system. Majority of the respondents had benefited by saving of water, weed control expenses and labour for irrigation and inter-culture operations. A little more than one-fourth of the respondents availed the benefit in respect of fertilizers economy. In addition to this, the respondents got the benefits of better yields, better fruit size, early maturity of fruits and higher market price of the produce under drip irrigation system. 19. There was positive and significant relationship between respondents' size of family, social participation, socioeconomic status, farm power, material possession, size of land holding, area under drip irrigation system, area 'under mango orchard, annual income, economic motivation. scientific orientation, attitude towards drip irrigation system, knowledge level about drip irrigation system, contact with ex'tension agencies and utilization of information sources and their techno-economic consequences in adoption of drip irrigation system. 20. Respondents' education, socio-economic status, area under drip irrigation system, area under mango orchard, credit orientation, economic motivation, innovativeness, riskpreference, scientific orientation, attitude towards drip irrigation system, knowledge level about drip irrigation system, satisfaction with drip irrigation system, contact with extension agencies and utilization of information sources had positive and significant relationship with their innovation-decision process in relation to drip irrigation system. 21. Respondents' education, farm power, credit orientation, economic motivation, innovativeness, risk-preference, scientific orientation, attitude towards drip irrigation system, knowledge level about drip irrigation system, satisfaction with drip irrigation system, contact with extension agencies and utilization of information sources had positive and significant relationship with their extent of economic gain reaped through adoption of drip irrigation system. 22. The innovation-decision process was found to be predicted by five independent variables such as area under drip irrigation system, innovativeness, scientific orientation. knowledge level about drip irrigation system and satisfaction with drip irrigation system, which had together contributed to 51.70 per cent of the total variation in the innovation-decision process. 23. A total of nine independent variables namely farm power, material possession, area under drip irrigation system, area under mango orchard, irrigation potentiality, cropping intensity, annual income, attitude towards drip irrigation system and utilization of information sources were accounting influence on the techno-economic consequences. All the nine independent variables together affected the change in dependent variable to the extent of 73 . 39. per cent. 24. The variables like education, social participation, farm power, annual income, attitude towards drip irrigation system, knowledge level about drip irrigation system, satisfaction with drip irrigation system and utilization of information sources had together contributed to 60.84 per cent of total variation in the extent of economic gain of drip irrigation system. 25. The variable material possession had exerted the maximum positive direct effect on techno-economic consequences, followed by area under mango orchard, area under drip irrigation system and attitude towards drip irrigation system in descending order. As regards the total indirect effect, socio-economic status exhibited the highest positive total indirect effect, followed by annual income, size of land holding, area under drip irrigation system, social participation, farm power possessed and area under mango orchard in descending order. So far as the substantial indirect effect is concerned, the variable socio-economic status exerted maximum positive substantial indirect effect on techno-economic consequences. It was followed by size of land holding, area under mango orchard, social participation, annual income and area under drip irrigation system in descending order. Most of the variables included in the study had substantial positive indirect effect through material possession as evident from the results presented. This naturally suggests that the positive changes in material possession would bring the substantial changes in technoeconomic consequences. 26. The most important economic constraints faced by the mango orchard growers in adoption of drip irrigation system were : high cost of spare parts, heavy initial expanses for installation of drip irrigation system and lack of capital for covering entire area under drip irrigation system. The major technological constraints faced by the adopters in drip irrigation were : frequent clogging of drippers and microtubes, requires time to time attention for minor repairs, damage caused to the system by rodents .and jackals, lack of technical know-how, lack oi awareness among the farmers regarding benefits of drip irrigation system and difficult to keep proper water pressure. The important administrative constraints being faced by the respondents were : inadequacy and uncertainty in power supply, lack of after sale services from the company dealers, non-availability of spare parts at proper time with reasonable rates, lack of proper training, nonavailability of repairing facilities in the village, nonavailability of quality material of drip irrigation system and non-availability of technical guidance in time. The major personal and socio-psychological constraints experienced by the drip irrigation system adopter farmers were : lack of spirit among the farmers regarding drip irrigation system, frustration due to failure of drip irrigation system in work, resistance from family members and lack of motivation. 27. The major suggestions offered by the mango orchard growers to overcome the constraints associated with adoption of drip irrigation system and thereby promoting the use of drip irrigation system in sequential order were : provisions should be made to purchase drip irrigation sets directly from open market, training should be imparted along with drip irrigation sets for betterment of knowledge and skills, at least five years guarantee be provided by company agents for drip irrigation system, drip sets be supervised by company agents regularly, subsidy be paid directly to the farmers, regular guidance and free services be sought from company agents, quality material be provided for drip sets and wide publicity of drip irrigation" system be made through mass media approaches. In addition to this, the respondents also felt that the amount of subsidy on drip irrigation system be increased, propaganda about drip irrigation system, be made through shibirs and film shows and multipurpose sub-mains should be designed so as to use in different crops.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON TECHNOLOGICAL GAP AND CONSTRAINTS IN ADOPTION OF SCIENTIFIC INLAND FISH FARMING PRACTICES BY THE FISH FARMERS OF VADODARA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1993) Nath, Bharat Chandra; TRIVEDI, J. C.Fish exploitation spectrum in inland water bodies ranges from artisanal fisheries to super intensive aquaculture and in between these two extremes are a number of fish production systems. With the introduction of improved fish farming technologies during seventies, the culture fishery in inland water bodies is gaining popularity. Because it gives five to six times more return than investment. The potential yield from fresh water inland fisheries at the current technological status is estimated to be nearly 50 lakh tonnes. But the actual inland fish production is only about 33 per cent of this potentiality, As the fish exploitation intensifies, not only more fishery inputs are to be met in time but also involves scientific management of inland aquatic resources for a better harvest. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to know the technological gap and constraints in adoption of scientific inland fish farming practices. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY To Study the personal, socio economic, psychological and situational attributes of inland fish farmers. 2. To study the attitude of inland fish farmers towards the fishery development activities of Fish Farmer's Development Agency (F.F.D.A.), Vadodara. 3. To study the sources of information utilized by the fish farmers about scientific inland fish farming. 4. To study the knowledge level of the fish farmers on scientific inland fish farming. 5. To study the extent of adoption of scientific inland fish farming by the fish farmers. 6. To study the productivity level of the inland fish farmers. 7. To study the extent of technological gap existing in various components of scientific inland fish farming. 8. To study the relationship between technological gap and selected independent variables. 9. To study the constraints associated with scientific inland fish farming. 10. To seek suggestions from inland fish farmers for successful fish farming.ThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE EXTENT OF ADOPTION OF RECOMMENDED WEEDICIDE PRACTICES IN TRANSPLANTED KHARIF RICE BY THE RICE GROWERS IN KHEDA DISTRICT OF GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1993) Padhi, Kshetra Mohan; TRIVEDI, J. C.Rice is one of the most important food crops of our country. Even with the advancement in the field of agriculture, our goal of self sufficiency in food grain production is yet not achieved. The low yield of rice under Indian condition can be attributed to a wide variety of factors. Among them weed infestation in rice crop is a serious factor. Till recently, weeds were largely controlled in the country through manual operations. Due to increasing cost of labour, the severity of weed competition adding to the limitations of an effective weed control in the conventional practices, the use of weedicides in all possibilities is very likely to become increasingly popular.Hence, the present study entitled A study on the extent of adoption of recommended weedicide practices in transplanted kharif rice by the rice growers in Kheda district of Gujarat State “was carried out.ThesisItem Open Access TRANSFER OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY AMONG TRIBAL FARMERS OF I T. D. P. CHHOTAUDEPUR, DIST. VADODARA(AAU, Anand, 1995) PATEL, AMBUBHAI J; TRIVEDI, J. C.As against the 7.54 per cent schedule tribes population in the country, schedule tribes in Gujarat state accounts for 14.92 per cent of the total population in the state. While in Vadodara district, tribal population constitute 25.35 per cent of the total population, of which 89.00 per cent tribes are agriculturist in Chhotaudepur, Naswadi and Pavi-Jetpur talukas of the district. This investigation was carried out in these talukas which are under developed, economically back-ward tribal talukas of Vadodara district. Chhotaudepur, Naswadi and Pavi-Jetpur talukas constitute sizable tribal population of 83.00 per cent; 80.00 per cent and 72.00 per cent respectively. I.T.D.P.- Chhotaudepur is working in these talukas since June 21st 1976. Inspite of the integrated planned efforts, the socio-economic situation of tribals. still remains backward and hence more well-integrated intensive result oriented planned efforts are necessary. Integrated Tribal sub-plan Development Project (I.T.D.P.) has to play leading and challenging role. Now it is clear that not only capital or finance is the barrier of the tribal farmers but their ignorance towards new agricultural technology and conservativeness are also the obstacles in their progress. The ignorance of tribal farmers never persuades them to adopt the modern technology. It is true that India's real development lies in the development of these people. The gap between the poor and rich is very wide in many ways. The physical and mental separation of the tribals is responsible for their economic and social backwardness. They remain aloof from the rest of the society for generation. There is hardly any detailed research available on cropping pattern followed by the tribals and extent of their adoption of recommended agricultural technologies of important crops and attitudes of tribal farmers towards recommended technology. Therefore, the present investigation constitutes one such effort to study Transfer of agricultural technology among tribal farmers of I.T.D.P. Chhotaudepur Dist. Vadodara. The present investigation was undertaken with the following objectives. 1. To study the personal and socio-psychological, situational and communication characteristics of the tribal farmers. 2. To study the cropping pattern followed by the tribal farmers. 3. To study the attitude of tribal farmers towards agricultural recommended technology (chemical fertilizers and high yielding varieties) for the major crops. 4. To identify and study the overall technological gap as against recommended technologies of major crops among the tribal farmers. 5. To study the level of yield of major crops on tribal farms. 6. To analyse and study the constraints associated with technological gap and ascertain the suggestions of tribal farmers to overcome the constraints associated with technological gap. The present study was conducted in tribal area of Vadodara district of Gujarat state. Out of twelve talukas of Vadodara district, three talukas namely (1) Chhotaudepur (2) Naswadi and (3) Pavi-Jetpur were purposively selected. These talukas possess more than fifty per cent of the tribal population and I.T.D.P.- Chhotaudepur is also operating in these talukas. The villages in each selected talukas were classified into three groups viz. (i) High (ii) Medium and (iii) Low communication facilities score developed by Murthy and Singh and two villages from each group were selected randomly. Thus six villages from each taluka were selected. In all 18 villages were selected from the above three talukas for the present study. From each village 15 tribal farmers were selected randomly. Thus the total sample constituted 270 tribal farmers. The tool used for the study was an interview schedule having eight major parts related to different aspects. The data were collected from 270 tribal respondents through personal interview in the year 1993-94. To ascertain the personal and socio-economic characteristics of the tribal respondents, socio-economic scale developed by Trivedi (1963) was used with the due modification. The psychological characteristics viz. economic motivation, scientific orientation, risk preference were measured with the help of scale developed by Supe and Singh (1974). Knowledge about recommended technology was measured with the help of teacher made test based on knowledge test developed by Jha and Singh (1970). Cosmopolitelocaliteness was measured with the help of cosmopolite-localiteness scale developed by Singh (1973). Attitude towards high yielding varieties and attitude towards chemical fertilizers were measured with the help of attitude scales developed by Nair (1969) and Singh (1968) respectively. Source credibility was measured with the help of credibility index worked out by Sandhu (1975). Technological gap was measured with the help of technological gap index developed by All India Co-ordinated Research Programmes in extension education I.A.R.I. New Delhi (1979). For analysis of the data of this study, percentage, coefficient of correlation, stepwise regression analysis and pith analysis were used. In all, one dependent variable i.e. overall technological gap and 27 independent variables were studied. FINDINGS The salient findings of the study were : 1. Majority of the tribal farmers were illiterate, belonged to medium socio-economic status, middle age group and having no membership in any social organisation. 2. Majority of the tribal farmers belonged to joint family with medium to large size of family and they possessed one kachha type house. 3. Majority of the tribal farmers were exclusively dependent on farming plus labour work with minimum farm power i.e. upto two bullocks and possessed local implements. 4. About 60.00 per cent migration was observed in sample tribal farmers. 5. Majority of the tribal farmers possessed upto 5.00 acres of land with 150.00 per cent cropping intensity. 6. Majority of the tribal farmers had annual income upto Rs. 10.000=00 with debt upto Rs. 5000=00. 7. Majority of the tribal farmers were found to have medium level cosmopolite - localiteness, economic motivation, scientific orientation and risk preference. 8. Majority of the tribal farmers had neutral attitude towards high yielding varieties, neutral attitude towards chemical fertilizers and medium level knowledge about recommended VI technology of maize, paddy, tur and black-gram crop. 9. Among different sources of information, majority of the tribal farmers used neighbour and relatives and the credibility of village level workers and contact farmers was found to be high. 10. Majority of the tribal respondents had followed single cropping pattern and predominantly foodgrains oriented and especially kharif cereals oriented. 11. The average yields on tribal farms for crops viz. maize, paddy, tur. black-gram, summer groundnut and cotton were lower than the district average yields. The decrease in yield varies from 13.00 per cent to 69.00 per cent. 12. The extent of technological gap in use of high yielding, hybrid and improved seeds of varieties, use of farm yard manure, use of chemical fertilizers and use of plant protection measures in major crops viz. maize, paddy, tur and black-gram was found to have medium to high gap level among tribal farmers. 13. Among various personal, socio-psychological, situational and communication characteristics of the tribal farmers age, land holding, annual income, cropping intensity and sources of information had positive and significant relationship with their overall technological gap while occupation, type of houses, number of houses, migration habit, economic motivation, scientific orientation and knowledge level about maize, paddy, tur and black-gram crops had negative but significant relationship with their overall technological gap. 14. About 57.42 per cent (R2 = 0.5742) contribution of the variation in dependent variable (overall technological gap) was accounted by below said seven variables from highest to lowest. (i) Knowledge level about tur crop (ii) Knowledge level about black-gram crop (iii) Knowledge level about maize crop (iv) Migration habit (v) Cropping intensity (vi) Number of houses (vii) Attitude towards high yielding varieties 15. The major variables contributing the maximum direct and negative effect on overall technological gap of the tribal farmers were occupation, type of houses, number of houses, migration habit, economic motivation, scientific orientation, knowledge level about maize crop, knowledge level about paddy crop, knowledge level about tur crop, knowledge level about black-gram crop, land holding and source of information, whereas the variable age, annual income and cropping intensity contributing maximum positive direct effect on overall technological gap. 16. The variables knowledge level about paddy crop, land holding, knowledge level about black-gram crop, source of information, type of houses, age and occupation contributed maximum to the overall technological gap indirectly in descending order, whereas the variables cropping intensity, knowledge level about tur crop, knowledge level about maize crop, scientific orientation, economic motivation, annual income, migration habit and number of houses had contributed minimum total indirect effect on overall technological gap. 17. In case of 1st order substantial indirect effect the variable source of information had maximum effect followed by land holding, age and annual income in descending order whereas in second order land holding had maximum substantial indirect effect followed by number of houses, age and migration habit in descending order. Knowledge level of major crops, migration habit. land holding, sources of information, age and annual income were the key variables providing a way for all the variables in exerting their indirect substantial effect on overall technological gap. 18. Among all the constraints related with overall technological gap as perceived by the tribal farmers, poor soil condition, lack of irrigation facility, inadequate crop protection, lack of technical guidance, lack of information about new agricultural technology, lack of finance needed and inadequate tillage and farming methods were reported by majority of the tribal farmers and ranked in descending order. 19. Majority of the tribal farmers had suggested that training for new agricultural technology should be arranged, provision for long term loan for creating irrigation facilities should be made. provision for sufficient finance for crop loan should be made and arrangement for easy availability of inputs should be made.ThesisItem Open Access TRANSFER OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY AMONG TRIBAL FARMERS OF PANCHMAHALS DISTRICT GUJARAT STATE(AAU, Anand, 1984) TRIVEDI, J. C.; PATEL, H. N.Objective of the study: The overall objective of the study was to study transfer of agricultural technology among tribal farmer of Panchmahale district, Gujarat State. The specific objectives of the study were as follows:- (1) To study the personal and socio-psychological, situational and communication characteristics of the tribal farmers. (2) To study the cropping pattern followed by the tribal farmers. (3) To identify and study the technological gaps as against recommended technologies of major crops among the tribal farmers. (4) To analyse and study the constraints associated with technological gaps among the tribal farmers. (5) To study the level of yield of major crops on tribal farms. (6) To ascertain suggestions of the tribal farmers to overcome the constraints associated with technological gaps.