Browsing by Author "Sreenu, MAKKENA"
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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO – BIOCHEMICAL AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON COLIBACILLOSIS IN BUFFALO CALVES(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2012-06) PRAFUL CHAND, K; Syaama Sundar, N(MAJOR); Suresh, K; Sreenu, MAKKENA; Subramanyam, K.VABSTRACT: The prevalence of colibacillosis was 37.91 while it was 40.00, 44.27 and 27.60 per cent at Campus Hospital, Veterinary Dispensaries and organized dairy farms respectively. The prevalence percentage of colibacillosis out of total diarrhoeic calves screened was 21.57, 13.07, 2.61 and 1.88 in age groups of upto 3 days, 4-7 days, 8-14 days and 15-30 days respectively. A highly significant difference (P<0.01) was observed in the prevalence of colibacillosis between the different age groups. The prevalence was higher in calves which were deficient in floor space, deprived of colostrum and male calves. Out of the 153 diarrhoeic calves screened, E. coli alone was isolated from 28.10 % calves. E. coli as mixed bacterial infection (9.8%); endoparasites (21.57%); parasites in combination with bacteria (24.18%) and unknown etiology of diarrhoea (16.33%) were the other causes. The antibacterial drug sensitivity test by disc-diffusion method revealed that more number of isolates were sensitive to ceftriaxone (86.67%) followed by ofloxacin (73.33%), gentamicin (70.00%), enrofloxacin (63.33%) and chloramphenicol (56.67%). There was a significant increase (P<0.01) in temperature, pulse, respiration in colibacillosis calves. The mean hemoglobin (gm/dL) value in apparently healthy calves was recorded to be 11.21±0.19 while the same in diarrhoeic calves was 13.26±0.21, 13.47±0.10 and 13.38±0.16 gm/dL in Group I, II and III respectively. The mean PCV (%) in healthy calves was 33.00±0.66 and the same in colibacillosis calves of Group I, II and III was recorded as 41.40±0.70, 40.80±0.64 and 42.00±0.69% respectively. There was significantly high level of hemoglobin and PCV in all the groups and the values returned to normal levels in a period of 5 days after therapy. The mean serum glucose (mg/dL) in healthy calves was 73.13±1.81 while the same was 43.33±1.38, 42.40±1.18 and 40.06±1.32 mg/dL in Group I, Group II and Group III colibacillosis calves respectively. The mean total protein (gm/dL) value in normal healthy calves was 7.15±0.09 and the corresponding values in Group I, Group II and Group III colibacillosis calves were 9.03±0.16, 9.21±0.22 and 9.66±0.14 (gm/dL) respectively. A significantly higher pre treatment level of serum protein (gm/dL) was noted in all the buffalo calves and declined to normal levels close to healthy control in a period of 5 days following therapy. The colibacillosis calves were randomly divided into three groups and therapeutic trails were undertaken. On the whole in Group I out of 15 affected calves clinical recovery was noticed in 9 (60.00%) calves in a period of 4-5 days. Two calves of Group I (13.33%) died. In Group II, 12 (80.00%) calves showed clinical recovery with a mortality rate of 6.67% (1 calf) and the duration of time for recovery being 3-4 days. In Group III all the 15 calves recovered with 100% efficacy within 2-3 days and no mortality was recorded in this group. A significant (P<0.05) difference was noticed among 3 treatment groups with regard to recovery rate. Ceftriaxone treated (Group III) calves recovered in shortest period (2-3 days) while, ofloxacin treated (Group II) calves took 3-4 days for recovery and gentamicin treated (Group I) calves showed recovery after 4-5 days with 100, 80 and 60% recovery rates. On the basis of the present study it may be inferred that early initiation of therapy with the most sensitive antibiotic like ceftriaxone in combination with oral rehydration solution, activated charcoal and kaolin pectin suspension will result in quick and prompt recovery with reduction in morbidity and mortality in colibacillosis affected buffalo calves.ThesisItem Open Access CLINICO-DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON MALASSEZIA DERMATITIS IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI – 517 502. (A.P) INDIA, 2014-03) RAMANA, VALLE; Lakshmi Rani, N(MAJOR); Suresh, K; Sreenu, MAKKENAABSTRACT : On screening of 362 dogs with dermatological ailments during the period from March 2012 to August 2012, the prevalence of Malassezia dermatitis accounted for 10.22 per cent. The Malassezia dermatitis was more prevalent in adult dogs (51.35%) and less in puppies and dogs aged above 7 years (10.81%) with higher prevalence in males (64.86%) than females (35.14%). The condition was recorded higher in Labrador Retriever (43.24%) breed with greater incidence during May (37.83%) and June (27.02%) months. However no statistically significant difference (P>0.05) was noticed among different parameters studied regarding prevalence. The principal clinical signs observed in affected dogs included pruritus, erythema, scaling, exudation, alopecia, offensive odour , hyperpigmentation and lichenification which were observed in 100%, 78.37%, 59.45%, 64.86%, 54.05%, 89.18, 48.64% and 43.24% of the affected dogs respectively. Ears (81.08%) were affected in majority of the dogs followed by other body parts. Cytology revealed presence of Malassezia alone in 32.44% dogs and mixed infection with bacteria in 67.56% dogs. Mycological cultural examination of 37 samples that were positive for cytology revealed regular round colonies after 48 hours of incubation in Sabouraud’s dextrose agar without the addition of oil denoted that Malassezia pachydermatis was lipid independent. Malassezia dermatitis was associated with concurrent conditions like pyoderma (13.51%), hypothyroidism and renal failure (2.70%), demodicosis (10.81%), tick infestation (8.10%) and scabies (2.70%) in 40.54% of dogs. In-vitro antifungal sensitivity test was done by using conventional antifungal agents and observed that 93.33% of the Malassezia pachydermatis isolates were sensitive to ketoconazole. Addition of Cassia alata leaf powder @ 10mg/ml to Sabouraud’s dextrose agar plates inhibited the growth of Malassezia pachydermatis. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) values in dogs affected with Malassezia dermatitis showed no significant difference (P>0.05) with the healthy dogs. Therapeutic trails were undertaken based on the extent of clinical lesions and the animals were divided into four groups. Sixteen dogs with generalised Malassezia dermatitis were randomly allocated to two groups i.e Group I and Group II. Group I was treated with Tab. ketoconazole @ 10 mg/kg. b. wt. per orally and shampoo containing ketoconazole and chlorhexidine (Ketochlor®). Group II was treated with Tab. ketoconazole @ 10 mg/kg. b. wt. per orally and topical application of Cassia alata soap and Cassia alata ointment. The efficacy of drugs used in Group I and Group II was assessed based upon clinical cure (pruritus score and clinical index score) and cytological examination. All the dogs in both the groups responded to the therapeutic regimen but with a difference in the onset of resolution of clinical signs and time taken for recovery. The time taken for recovery was 23.62±2.93 and 28.87±3.08 days respectively in Group I and Group II without any significant difference (P>0.05 between the two groups.). In both the groups adverse effects and significant (P<0.05) elevation of ALT levels was noticed after therapy. Sixteen dogs with localised Malassezia dermatitis were randomly allocated to form two groups i.e. Group III and Group IV. Dogs in Group III were treated with topical application of ketoconazole cream and shampoo containing ketoconazole and chlorhexidine (Ketochlor®) while Group IV dogs were treated with topical application of Cassia alata soap and Cassia alata ointment. The per cent cure was 100% in both the groups with the average time taken for recovery as 17.50±2.29 and 22.75±2.29 days in Group III and Group IV respectively with no significant difference (P>0.05) between the two groups. It is concluded that Cassia alata ointment and soap could treat Malassezia dermatitis with similar efficacy as that of antifungal agents and suggests that Cassia alata could be used as an alternative to synthetic antifungal agents as it is locally available and treatment is cost effective with no adverse effects even after prolonged application. Hence, Cassia alata could be incorporated into soap and ointment and made commercially available for the treatment of canine Malassezia dermatitis as the plant has antifungal and anti-inflammatory properties.