Browsing by Author "Singh, T.P."
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ThesisItem Open Access Bioassay of some exotic mulberry cultivars with silkworm, Bombyx mori L.(SKUAST Kashmir, 2005) Matu, Fayroz Ahmad; Singh, T.P.In Kashmir valley sericulture is mostly dependent on exotic mulberry varieties introduced from Japan and Italy. The evaluation of these varieties in terms of their nutritive potential and palatability for silkworm is of great importance, as all the constituents required for optimum growth and conversion of food into different body matters depends upon the quality of leaf. Keeping in view the nutritional requirements of silkworm for production of quality cocoon crop, the present study was undertaken at Division of Sericulture, Mirgund, with a view to evaluate the nutritional superiority of ten exotic mulberry varieties viz., Enshutakasuke, Kairyoroso, Kokuso-27, Kokuso-21, Inchinose, KNG, Kanva-2, China white, Goshoerami and Lemoncina by feeding to silkworm hybrid NB4D2 x SH6. The analysis of the data recorded during present investigation revealed that silkworm hybrid fed with Goshoerami mulberry variety showed significantly higher performance in the parameters like consumption of leaf, growth rate, efficiency of conversion of digested food into body matter, defective cocoon (%), larval mortality (%) and raw silk (%). Further, the moisture loss was also recorded least in Goshoerami. Lemoncina showed significantly higher performance for the parameters like faeces voided, consumption index, approximate digestibility, and ingesta/g of cocoon and the variety was at par with Goshoerami in efficiency of conversion of ingested food into body matter (ECI) and followed by the same variety (Goshoerami) in terms of faeces voided and consumption index. KNG showed maximum cocoon yield by weight, ECI to cocoon and ECI to shell and was at par with Goshoerami in terms of these parameters. Minimum ingesta was recorded in Kairyoroso and was at par with Lemoncina and Goshoerami in terms of ingesta and efficiency of conversion of digested food into body matter (ECD), respectively. From foregoing results it can be concluded that Goshoerami and Lemoncina varieties excelled in many desired characters. Some other varieties like Ichinose, Kanva-2, China white were also good in one or the other character.ThesisItem Open Access Comparative performance of seed metering mechanisms for finger millet and barnyard millet(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Kadvekar, Supriya; Singh, T.P.Sowing is the pivotal operation in cultivation of any crop. Sowing of finger millet and barnyard millet is performed by broadcasting in the hills of Uttarakhand. The recommended seed rate requirement for finger millet and barnyard millet varies from 8- 10 kg/ha which contains about 4 million seeds. To obtain higher yields an optimum 4-5 lakh plant population is required. Therefore, after sowing thinning operation is followed to maintain a plant spacing of 7.5–10 cm. As finger millet and barnyard millet are small seeded crops, the seeds need to be placed precisely and thus it requires an appropriate seed metering mechanism in order to minimize the seed rate requirement. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the performance of the existing as well as designed seed metering mechanisms for metering the finger millet and barnyard millet seeds. Four types of seed metering mechanism namely inclined plate type (existing), inclined plate type (developed), cup feed type and sponge pad and disc type were selected and tested in the laboratory using sticky belt method in order to determine the uniformity in metering of finger millet and barnyard millet seeds. The performance of seed metering mechanisms was evaluated at five levels of forward speed i.e. 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 km/h. Based on seed to seed spacing and number of seeds dropped performance indicators such as mean seed spacing, multiple index, quality of feed index, miss index, precision, seed rate were calculated. Also, number of visibly damaged seeds were counted and percentage of seed damage was determined. Coefficient of uniformity based on seeds to seed spacing and based on number of seeds dropped was calculated. The results were statistically analysed using two factorial ANOVA with completely randomized design. From the results, inclined plate type (developed) seed metering mechanism was found most suitable for barnyard millet seeds and with higher quality of feed index than other seed metering mechanisms with value ranging from 80.4- 88.4 percent at different levels of forward speed. The seed damage was found to be within the permissible limit. Inclined plate type (developed) seed metering mechanism gave better performance at 3 km/h forward speed for finger millet and 4 km/h for barnyard millet. The cup feed type seed metering mechanism gave better performance for sowing of both the seeds. Quality of feed index was found to be in the range of 60.2-71.0 and 71.5-83.3 percent at different levels of forward speed for finger millet and barnyard millet respectively. The performance of cup feed type seed metering was found to be better at 2 and 3 km/h forward speed for finger millet and barnyard millet respectively. Seed damage was not observed with cup feed type seed metering mechanism.ThesisItem Open Access Design modification of a four-row gladiolus planter and its performance evaluation under field conditions(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2016-08) Sangma, Zoltan N.; Singh, T.P.ThesisItem Open Access Design modification, development and performance evaluation of a PTO powered vertical disc plough with seeding attachment for sowing of wheat after rice(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-08) Santosh Kumar; Singh, T.P.Experiment was carried out under controlled condition in the soil bin containing slity clay loam soil to study the varying disc size, forward speed, disc angle, depth of cut and soil moisture, the effect of on the power, energy and torque requirement of powered disc. Three number of disc diameter of 500, 550 and 600 mm at 94 rpm test with the five levels of disc angle as 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°, three forwarded speed of 2, 3 and 4 km/h, three moisture levels of 8-10, 13-15 and 18-20% and three level of depth of operation of soil 100, 125 and 150 mm. The forward speed was fixed as desired. Total energy and power requirement was recorded with the help of energy meter, volt and ampere meter. The results revealed that disc angle, forwarded speed, soil moisture content, depth of cut had significant effect on power, energy and torque requirement. It was also observed that least specific energy, specific torque required at disc angle of 30° and forward speed at 4 km/h for all levels of depth of operation, disc diameter and soil moisture content. Also powered vertical disc ploughs with seeding attachment develop in the department, fined its performance and establishment of wheat crop to compare with roto till drill and conventional method of sowing under un-chopped and chopped residue field condition. The number of tillering at 60 DAS was highest in conventional method of sowing in un-chopped residue condition followed by powered vertical disc plough with seeding attachment and roto till drill. The similar trend was also observed in chopped residue field condition. The maximum grain yield was observed as 6046.66 kg/ha for powered vertical disc plough with seeding attachment T1, followed by 5780 kg/ha in roto till drill T3 and 2733.33 kg/ha in conventional T2, treatment in un-chopped residue condition. In chopped residue condition maximum yield was observed in T2 and T1 as 3110 kg/ha and 3010 kg/ha respectively. Finally, it can be concluded that powered disc plough with seeding attachment is advantageous in terms of better yield in wheat crop after rice compare with other method of sowing.ThesisItem Open Access Design, development and performance evaluation of a multi-toolbar no-till seed drill for surface managed loose straw conditions after combining(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-08) Sharma, Vineet Kumar; Singh, T.P.Combines are used for harvesting of Rice–wheat crops which leaves behind enormous amount of loose residue. Adoption of conservation tillage in part due to lack of reliable seeding equipment for sowing into the loose residue condition encountered in this region. The no-till drills mounted with inverted-T type opener work satisfactory under anchored stubbles but clog frequently under loose straw conditions. To overcome this problem, developed a multi-toolbar no-till drill with optional residue handling device were evaluated in actual un-chopped and chopped field condition both in wheat and rice crop. The developed drill was utilized for sowing of wheat and also compared with other systems of wheat establishment. Based on the result minimum residue accumulation (121 g/m) and maximum residue flow percentage (62.83 %) was found in the tyne arrangement pattern-B. The residue accumulation was not observed when the drill was operated in chopped residue condition with above mentioned tyne arrangement pattern. The residue flow percentage was obtained as 100 per cent. Minimum residue accumulation and maximum residue flow percentage was found as 14.46 g/m/tyne length and 97.21 % in wheat crop residue and 18.57 g/m/tyne length and 96.26 % in rice crop residue respectively for 65 cm tyne length, 30 cm furrow opener spacing and 70 cm toolbar spacing. Maximum straw conveying efficiency for residue handling device was observed as 86.9 and 83.2 % for the combination of 10.2 belt speed index, 60 cm finger spacing and finger position at stubble tip for wheat and rice crop condition respectively in un-chopped residue condition. In chopped residue condition, the maximum conveying efficiency of residue handling device was obtained as 46.8 % and 49.8 % in wheat crop residue and rice crop residue for the combination of 10.2 belt speed index, finger spacing 20 cm and finger tip position at ground level (close to surface). The field experiment for wheat sowing effect on crop response was conducted in randomized block design and evaluated with treatments T1: Un-chopped residue + multi-toolbar no till drill, T2: Chopped residue+ multi-toolbar no-till drill, T3: Un-chopped residue + residue handling device + multi-toolbar no-till drill, T4: Chopped residue + residue handling device + multi-toolbar no-till drill, T5:Un-chopped residue+ Powered coulter double disc type drill, T6: Chopped residue + Powered coulter double disc type drill and T7: Conventional method of sowing (Control). The maximum effective field capacity of 0.45 ha/h was found in Pantnagar no-till drill (M4) followed by multi-toolbar no-till drill (M1) as 0.39-0.42 ha/h, multi-toolbar no-till drill with residue handling device (M2) as 0.38 ha/h and -powered coulter double disc type drill (M3) as 0.34-0.33 ha/h. The maximum field efficiency of 73.5 % was found in machine (M4) followed by 68.75 to 70.83 % for machine (M3), 63.5 to 63.8 % for machine (M1) and 60.2 to 61.4 % for machine (M2). The maximum plant emergence of 161plants/m2 was observed in case of treatment T7. The highest plant height was observed as 24.9 cm in treatment-T4 and 96.0 cm treatment T7 for 30 DAS and at time of harvesting respectively. Highest yield of 5.8 t/ha, number of grains/spike 60.7 and test weight 47.0 g was observed in treatment T3. Almost similar yield was observed for the treatment T1, T3 and T7 (control) as the same did not differ significantly at 5 percent level of significance.ThesisItem Open Access Development and performance evaluation of a pedal operated winnowing fan for hill region(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-01) Sharma, Ekta; Singh, T.P.ThesisItem Open Access Development and performance evaluation of a pedal operated winnowing fan for hill region(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2017-01) Sharma, Ekta; Singh, T.P.ThesisItem Open Access Development and performance evaluation of a single row gladiolus planter(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2013-07) Singh, Padam; Singh, T.P.Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus L.) a member of Iridaceae family also known as “queen of the flowers” is one of the popular bulbous ornamental plants. The total area under bulbous ornamental crop in the world is 50,000 ha, out of this the maximum area is under gladiolus (15000 ha) followed by Narcissus (7000 ha), Lilium (5000 ha), Iris (2000 ha) and Tulip (16000). In India about 3500 ha area is under bulbous ornamental with maximum area being under gladiolus followed by Tuberose (800 ha) (Deshraj, 2006).Uttarakhand is also one of the important pockets of commercial flower cultivation in India. Foreseeing the potentiality, APEDA has defined Uttarakhand as one of the export zone for floriculture products in the country. Among the cultivated flowers gladiolus ranks first in the state in area (89.99 ha), production (121.89 MT) and productivity (1.34 MTha-1) as compared to other important flowers crop like rose, lilium etc. The normal planting time of gladiolus in plains is between September and October, whereas in the hills it is in the month of March and April. The current and future demands are for horticulture and floriculture machinery as more and more farmers are moving towards it to achieve profit in farming. Sowing / planting of gladiolus is considered as one of the most important operation which involve factor like correct seed rate, appropriate depth of placement and require spacing and orientation which determines the crop production. The time and method adopted for sowing decisively affect the germination and hence production. In order to facilitate the mechanization of this critical operation of Gladiolus planter was developed and evaluated for efficient and timely planting operation of this potential economic bulbous crop. During the design physical properties of gladiolus bulb such as, size, shape, bulk density, germination percentage, moisture content, angle of repose, coefficient of friction, porosity were also studied to make good use of them in designing the planter. The designed planter was also evaluated for its performance in actual field condition. The average angle of repose observed for gladiolus bulb was found as 31º with a minimum of 27º and maximum of 35º .The germination percentage of the gladiolus bulb was found 93 percent The average bulk density of bulb was found as 0.58 g/cc with a minimum and maximum value of 0.565 and 0.615 g/cc. Under field condition average value of bulb to bulb spacing delivered by planter for 15 cm setting at 1, 1.5 and 2 km/h speed was found 17.08, 17.84, and 17.32 cm respectively whereas for 20 cm spacing the average value of bulb to bulb spacing at 1, 1.5, 2 km/h was found as 23.01, 22.45 and 22.19 respectively. And for 25 cm spacing the average bulb to bulb spacing was found 29.08, 28.41 and 28.52 respectively. The coefficient of uniformity for 15 cm spacing at 1, 1.5 and 2 km/h was observed to be 92.06, 92.42 and 92.53 % respectively. For 20 cm setting of spacing the coefficient of uniformity at 1, 1.5 and 2 km/h was found to be 89.61, 90.88 and 93.5 percent respectively. Whereas for 25 cm spacing the value of coefficient of uniformity at 1, 1.5 and 2 km/h was determined 97.21, 97.37 and 97.65 percent respectively. Under the field test the highest mechanical damage to the bulb by metering unit was observed as 6.1 % and no visual damage was observed. The minimum and maximum missing percentage was measured as 3.3 and 4 %. The designed prototype was found has a draft requirement of 85 kgf, field capacity of 0.126 ha/h, field efficiency of 72.93 % and fuel consumption of the machine was found as 3.2 l/h. The designed protype is recommended for mechanical planting of Gladilous and other similar bulbous crop to save time and labour and increase production and productivity.ThesisItem Open Access An evaluation of the Saccharum spontaneum L. Germplasm for morphological and agronomic traits(DRPCAU, Pusa, 1979) Pandey, Ram Alakh; Singh, T.P.ThesisItem Open Access Heterosis and interrelations among factors governing yield and other quantitative traits in Pop corn(DRPCAU, Pusa, 1976) Verma, Rupak Kumar; Singh, T.P.ThesisItem Open Access Investigation on wear pattern of various makes of agricultural discs(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2020-09) Annu Rani; Singh, T.P.Mechanization of agriculture involves the use of different machineries in farming operation right from ploughing to marketing of produce. In underdeveloped countries like India, farmers require low cost machinery so they generally prefer locally available equipment. Tillage equipment such as disk harrow, which is used for both primary and secondary tillage, have become common in modern Indian agriculture as disc tillage implements are impressively applicable over a wide range of soil conditions. It has been seen that disc tillage implements imposes recurrent downtime and replacement cost on farmers as the farmers use locally available discs manufactured by small scale industries. The study has been undertaken to find the best suitable disc among the various commonly used makes available in Indian market and to estimate the life of each disc so the farmers can keep sufficient stock aforetime, thus reducing downtime and replacement cost. The agricultural discs have large surface area exposed to the abrasive medium i.e. soil and thus they are subjected to large abrasion due to the soil particles. An experiment was conducted to determine the wear of various makes (M1, M2, M3 and M4) of discs as weight reduction, radius reduction and thickness reduction in circular soil bin;and the effect of different soil (sand and silty-clay-loam), operating speed viz.2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 km/h and soil moisture content on wear was taken into consideration.The data obtained from the laboratory test was then compared to the field test conducted at soil moisture content of 12-14 % with 4.5 km/h forward speed and depth of operation as 10 cm. The test was conducted in rice harvested field with duration of work 100 hours. According to both field and laboratory conditions, mathematical correlations were developed relating wear to different operating conditions. The maximum wear was found at 6-8 percent moisture range in both sand and silty-clay-loam and the wear was found to increase with increase in moisture content for sand and decrease with increase in moisture content for silt clay loam. Along the radius, the maximum decrease in thickness was found at the edge of the discs and minimum at point H which is 12.5 cm away from the edge of the disc. The wear loss was found to increase with increase in speed of operation. The M4 (42.1 HRC) make of disc found better in circular soil bin due to minimum wear. It was observed that in field conditions the cumulative wear (in terms of weight loss) was 1.79, 1.75, 1.85 and 3.49 times more than the laboratory conditions for discs M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. In terms of radius reduction, the wear was 1.89, 1.72, 1.61 and 1.79 times more whereas in terms of thickness reduction, the wear was 2.26, 2.19, 2.24 and 2.27 times more at grid point A to 0.585, 0.535, 0.488 and 0.429 times more at grid point H in the field test than the laboratory test for discs M1, M2, M3 and M4, respectively. This increase in wear may be due to the wide range of abrasives available in the actual field condition and more compactness. The disk of make (42.1 HRC), speed 2.5 km/h and moisture content 0-2 percent were selected as optimum for sand with desirability of 0.99. The disk of make (42.1 HRC), speed 2.5 km/h and moisture content 12-14 percentwere selected as optimum for silty-clay-loam with desirability of 0.998. The make of disc M4 (42.1 HRC) was selected as optimum for field soil. The weight loss, radius reduction and thickness reduction obtained at optimal condition were in good agreement with the predicted value obtained the optimization model. The life of the discs in number of working hourswas calculated by the developed modelkeepingminimum allowable radius up to 228.6 mm and the working life of discs M1 (36.3 HRC), M2 (38.1 HRC), M3 (41.5 HRC) and M4 (42.1 HRC) were calculated as 423.86, 585.51, 950.64 and 1329.4 hours respectively. Based on the study, the make M4 showing minimum wear and maximum working life was selected as the best suitable for farmers followed by M3, M2 and M1.ThesisItem Open Access Optimization of design parameters of a pedal operated winnowing fan(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-08) Joshi, Swati; Singh, T.P.A pedal operated winnowing fan was developed and fabricated in the research workshop of the department of Farm Machinery and Power Engineering of G. B. Pant University especiallyfor use in hilly regions. Farmers in hilly region use conventional methods of the winnowing utilizing natural wind velocity. Available manually hand operated winnowers are heavyand the operator has to work with his one hand resulting into more effort on the arm. The present study was under taken to solve these problems. The developed winnowing fan is pedal operated where aperson can exerts more physical power for longer durations. The fan blade for this winnower is one of its vital components and was selected based on laboratory studies. During laboratory trial five sizes of fan blades having lengths of 40, 48, 60, 72, 80 cm and blade angles 10, 12, 16, 20, 22 degree, were tested at 150, 200, 230, 275, 320 and 350 rpm. The generated air velocity at the mentioned speeds was measured at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 m positions in horizontal plane and vertical plane at 0.6 m below, 0.3 m below, at fan rotational axis, 0.3 m above and 0.6 m above with reference to position of fan centre. The results were optimized using Design Expert RSM CCD technique. Based on the optimized result obtained from the software, blade with length 48 cm, blade angle 20 degree and fan speed of 320 rpm was found most suitable for winnowing operation. In the developed prototype, physical effort using foot was transmitted to fan blades, through a pedal and connecting rod to aspur gear with 80 teeth. The spur gear further transmitted the power to smaller size of spur gear having 20 number of teeth, increasing the speed at smaller gear with 4 times. With this arrangement of speed of the winnowing fan could be achieved in the range of 320 to 360 rpm. The developed winnowing fan with three blades was tested for cleaning of wheat grain at three feed rates. The cleaning efficiency was found in the range of 68.9% to 81% while winnowing in front of the winnowing fan at a distance of 1 m.ThesisItem Open Access Physico-mechanical properties of agro waste and waste tyre rubber hybrid composite and development of fluted roller for millets(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2019-09) Joshi, Ajeet Kumar; Singh, T.P.Every year about 511.04 MMt of agro waste is generated in India which are either burnt or gets naturally converted into organic fertilizer if are under favourable conditions. It holds huge potential to be utilized effectively. Use of natural fibre along with polymeric matrix has been vigorously pursued in the last decade because of their advantages of being environment friendly, biodegradable and economical. However, limited work has been done in development of agricultural and machine components using agro-waste. Sowing is the pivotal operation in cultivation of any crop. Sowing of finger millets in India is still performed by broadcasting because of lack of suitable mechanization for finger millets sowing. In the present work agro waste namely rice husk, wheat straw, pine needle and waste tyre rubber has been used along with epoxy resin to develop a composite material. The physical and mechanical properties of composites at 2, 4 and 6 wt. % were determined. The properties of waste tyre rubber reinforced with agro waste in epoxy matrix at 2 wt. % each was also determined. The results revealed that tensile strength, compression strength and hardness, density of the composite decreases with incorporation of filler material to the matrix. The incorporation of waste tyre rubber with agro waste had improve the machinability, decrease water absorption and increase ductility of composite material. The composite material were found suitable for developing fluted roller and fluted roller were fabricated using Unreinforced and Hybrid composite. Waste tyre rubber reinforced with pine needle hybrid composite and Waste tyre rubber reinforced with rice husk hybrid composite at 2 wt. % each filler material were recommended for fabricating fluted roller. The statistical analysis of laboratory testing results for fluted roller revealed that seed rate increased significantly with the increase in exposure length while the variation of seed rate with forward speed was found insignificant.ThesisItem Open Access Study of heterosis in relation to genetic divergence in Maize (Zea mays L.)(DRPCAU, Pusa, 1984) Prasad, Shiva Kumar; Singh, T.P.