Browsing by Author "Sharma, V. P."
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ThesisItem Open Access Adoption of Integrated Pest Management in Chickpea Production in Kota District of Rajasthan(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2006) Goyal, M. C.; Sharma, V. P.Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the important rabi pulse and alternative crop for diversification but the productivity of Chickpea is low due to various reasons particularly incidence of diseases and insect pests causing substantial yield reduction. Farmers follow mainly the chemical pesticidal approach under plant protection system to suppress these pests which is often uneconomical and leads to pesticide resistance problem as observed in Helicoverpa armigera (gram pod borer). Besides, it disturbs ecological balance and leads to environmental pollution resulting in to human health hazards. A holistic approach is needed to combat these pest and other problems effectively in a sustainable manner. Integrated Pest Management is one of such systematic approach which emphasizes not only the reduction in use of pesticides and keeping below the level of pest causing economic injury but also it facilitates the use of cultural, mechanical, botanical, biological and chemical methods of control in an integrated manner and restores ecological balance for sustainable agriculture. It, thus, imply that the farmers needs to learn the principles of IPM and acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to make self decision based on specific farm condition and discourages the indiscriminate use of pesticides. Despite this background and vast scope of IPM along with several efforts and advances done by government towards promoting IPM technology among farming community for Chickpea production in Kota district of Rajasthan, no systematic research from agricultural extension education point of view on this aspect of plant protection has been conducted in the past. Therefore, keeping all in this mind, the present investigation entitled “Adoption of Integrated Pest Management in Chickpea Production in Kota District of Rajasthan” was carried out to assess the present status of adoption and future prospects of IPM in Chickpea production with the following specific objectives: 1. To study information input and its processing behaviour of chickpea growers. 2. To find out the existing knowledge of farmers about recommended practices of Integrated Pest Management in Chickpea. 3. To find out extent of adoption of recommended practices of pest management by chickpea growers. 4. To study the constraints as perceived by the chickpea growers in adoption of Integrated Pest Management practices. 5. To assess the training needs of chickpea growers with regards to Integrated Pest Management. 6. To suggest suitable extension strategy for effective transfer of technology for Integrated Pest Management in chickpea. The present study was conducted in purposively selected Kota district of Rajasthan. The proposed district consisted of five panchayat samities, among from them, three panchayat samities were selected randomly. Five villages from each selected panchayat samiti were selected through random sampling technique, among from those villages, where farmers were benefited through various IPM promotional schemes in chickpea crop. Thus 15 villages were included in the study. For selection of respondents, 15 beneficiary farmers from each identified village were selected randomly. Thus total sample size comprised of 225 respondents for the present investigation. A research tool was specifically developed and standardized keeping in view the objectives of study. Data on that structured tool were collected personally from respondents through face to face technique of interview. To arrive at the specific inferences, various statistical measures viz., frequency, percentage, mean score, mean percent score, standard deviation, analysis of variance, critical difference, standard error of mean, coefficient of variation were used. Major findings of the study are as follow: 1. It was found that majority of the respondents were of middle age with good educational qualifications. Most of them belonged to other backward castes and had nuclear family. Majority of them had big size of land holdings. 2. Personal localite sources of information were the most consulted sources for availing information by sampled chickpea growers followed by impersonal cosmopolite and personal cosmopolite sources. 3. Overall intensity for information processing behaviour of the chickpea growers was 69.12 per cent. Judgment based on weigh keeping with relative advantages and informal discussion in group meeting were most widely used criteria for putting information to use. 4. Overall knowledge level of the respondent farmers was found 67.38 per cent regarding recommended practices of IPM in chickpea. They possessed maximum knowledge with respect to chemical pesticidal practices and minimum knowledge about botanical pesticidal practices. 5. Overall adoption level of the farmers was found 48.43 per cent towards the recommended practices of IPM. Maximum and minimum adoption was found towards cultural practices and botanical pesticidal practices respectively. 6. Overall intensity of severity of constraints in adopting IPM practices confronted by chickpea growers was 58.08 per cent. General constraints came to be the most severe constraints followed by the constraints related to identification of pests and their monitoring through ETL. Whereas, the least perceived constraints were related to cultural practices of IPM. 7. It was found that most needed areas of training related to IPM by chickpea growers were preparation and application of neem based botanical pesticides followed by ETL assessment, cost benefit ratio of IPM v/s non-IPM crop, conceptual frame work of IPM and pest surveillance. 8. To suggest suitable extension strategy for effective transfer of IPM technology in chickpea, it is recommended that there is a need of concerted efforts by different extension and developmental agencies involved in TOT to promote the IPM practices among the farming community and equip them with the latest knowledge of it through different extension methods with a view to motivate them for accelerating the adoption of IPM in chickpea. Besides, the suggested strategy includes promotion of the people’s participation, awareness generation through different media and extension methods, organization of training programmes, demonstration and field visits for farmers and extension functionaries, involvement of NGOs and pesticide industry, promotion of the women’s involvement of local organizations, exploration of indigenous practices and; use of information technology in IPM.ThesisItem Open Access Adoption of Integrated Pest Management in Chickpea Production in Kota District of Rajasthan(Department of Extension Education, Rajasthan College of Agriculture: Udaipur, 2006) Goyal, Mukesh Chand; Sharma, V. P.ThesisItem Open Access An Analysis of Self Employment Generation for Educated Unemployed Youth through Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana in Udaipur district of Rajasthan(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2004) Ramakrishnan, B.; Sharma, V. P.The Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana was launched on 2nd October, 1993 to provide employment to more than one million educated un-employed youth in the age group of 18-35 years by setting up seven lakh micro-enterprises in Industry, Service and Trade areas and providing loan upto Rs. one lakh. This programme has been operating in Rajasthan since last nine years. Hence, it is high time to assess its impact in operational areas. Keeping this fact in view the present study entitled "An Analysis of Self Employment Generation for Educated Unemployed Youth through Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana in Udaipur district of Rajasthan" was undertaken with the following specific objectives 1. To study the personal characteristics of respondents selected under study. 2. To measure the attitude of beneficiaries towards Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana. 3. To study the extent of employment generation among the beneficiaries of the selected activities of the PMRY. 4. To determine the socio-economic change of beneficiaries through Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana. 5. To identify the constraints as viewed by the beneficiaries in receiving the benefits from PMRY. 6. To undertake case sudies of selected successful enterprises established under Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana. The present study was conducted in purposively selected Udaipur district of Rajasthan. Out of different enterprises taken under PMRY, four enterprises viz., Kirana store, Readymade garment shop, Dairy and electric shop was selected purposively on account of maximum number of beneficiaries were benefited in these enterprises. Two * P.G. Scholar, Department of Extension Education, RCA, Udaipur ** Assistant Professor, Department of Extension Education, RCA, Udaipur different categories of respondents i.e., rural and urban beneficiaries from the four selected enterprises were selected. For this, 25 rural and 25 urban beneficiaries from each enterprise were selected randomly. Thus, in all 100 urban and 100 rural beneficiaries from four enterprises were included in the study sample. Hence, the total study sample was composed of 200 respondents. A well structured and pre-tested personal interview schedule was used to collect the data. Data were collected by the investigator through personal interview technique. Thereafter, data were analysed by using some appropriate statistical tools. The overall study, reports the following main findings. Findings indicated that 65.00 per cent of respondents belonged to the age group of 27 to 35 years and 60.00 per cent belonged to general caste. Majority of respondents were in graduate and above category with affiliation to one organisation, having nuclear family and possessing family members more than 5, having medium level of socio-economic status with main family's occupation as business. It was revealed that the 62.50 per cent of the total respondents had favourable attitude towards Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana. It was also found that both the category of respondents strongly agreed with the statements like "Debarring from loan facility after interview brings distress to the applicant", "PMRY assistance prevents the unemployed youth from indulging into unlawful activities", "PMRY is highly beneficial programme for educated unemployed youth" etc. Whereas the statement entitled "The time gap between the application invited and loan sanctioned is considerably low" was considered as least favourable by both the categories of the respondents. It was found that ranks assigned by rural and urban respondents were in same order with respect to different statements of attitude towards PMRY. It was also found a non-significant difference between the respondents of four selected enterprises about attitude towards PMRY. It was evident from the study that in Kirana enterprise the urban beneficiary respondents possessed more positive attitude than rural beneficiary respondents towards PMRY. It was found that majority of respondents (59.00 %) devoted 10 to 12 hours in a day to the selected trade and above 80.00 per cent of respondents showed positive response towards the continuation of the present trade. It was also found that majority of respondents (61.50%) engaged one family member in the selected enterprise. Nearly three-fourth of respondents were satisfied with the profit earned and 47.00 per cent of respondent's annual income were between Rs. 25,001 to 50,000. The study revealed that majority of respondents possessed medium and above medium level of social change through PMRY. The change to a great extent were found in the social aspects namely experience and confidence increased due to interaction with fellow members, check on illegal activities, aptitude has increased towards work etc. It was also found that majority of respondents possessed medium and above medium level of economic change and change to a great extent in the economic aspect were found for the items like get off from worries of every day employment, overall family income has increased, loan repaying capacity has increased etc. It was observed that a non-significant difference was found between the respondents of four selected enterprises regarding social and economic change due to PMRY. Similarly, there was no significant difference between rural and urban entrepreneurs of selected trades regarding social and economic change. It was revealed that majority of respondents (67.00%) possessed medium level of constraints, while 13.50 per cent and 19.50 per cent of the total respondents possessed low and high level of constraints. The study further indicated that "demanding guarantee and collateral security by bank", "disbursal of assistance to beneficiaries is delayed", "problem of bribe among the officials", "discretion power of bank manager in sanctioning and disbursing the loan" etc. were perceived as high intense constraints by respondents in getting the benefits of PMRY. It was also found that the respondents of all the selected trades perceived constraints more or less at similar level. Among all the four selected enterprise, rural and urban respondents of electric enterprise had significant difference about perception of constraints in getting the benefits of PMRY. Whereas in case of remaining three enterprises there was no significant difference between rural and urban respondents. From the above results it may be recommended that the time gap between the application invited and loan sanctioned should be reduced to the extent as may be possible by executives of PMRY. It should also be kept in mind that debarring from loan facility after interviewing will bring distress among the applicant which will affect over all spirits of the programme.ThesisItem Open Access Analytical Study of Newspapers for Agricultural Information in Transfer of Technology(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2004) Paliwal, S. C.; Sharma, V. P.In developing world today, it is not lack of technology that worrier, but it is the rate of transfer of technology from the point of production to the point of its utilization. There is a strong research network in our country and the scientists are producing new technology. But there is vast gap between technology produced and technology adopted. To meet our future requirement of food grain the efforts has to be made to transfer the technology in shortest possible time in simple and understandable farm. One of the important sources of information is print media, which have an added advantage; ease and convenience in using and easy to preserve. The present study entitled "Analytical Study of Newspapers for Agriculture Information in Transfer of Technology" has been undertaken for the purpose of utilizing the newspapers for transfer of agricultural technology with the following objectives: 1. To study the agricultural information sources preferred by farmers of different categories in Udaipur district of South Rajasthan. 2. To analyze the Agricultural contents vis-a-vis other contents of selected newspapers and observe the relative position of Agriculture content. 3. To find out the relative position of newspapers among different sources of Agricultural information with special reference to mass media. 4. To study the mode of preserving published information for further reference. 5. To know the views of publisher/editors/correspondents about page of agricultural information in daily newspapers. 6. To offer suitable suggestions to daily newspapers to cater the need of rural mass. The study was conducted in 5 panchayat samities out of 11 in the Udaipur district of Rajasthan. From each panchayat samiti 5 villages were randomly selected and from each village 9 farmers, 3 each from big, small and marginal farmers group. The total farmers sample size was 225. These farmers were interviewed and data were collected through specially developed and pre tested instrument. In another instrument data were collected from newspersons working in different newspapers/news agencies in a capacity of publisher/editor/correspondent. For the content of newspapers two highest circulated newspapers of the state were selected. The back issues of five years i.e. from 1997 to 2001 were considered and 28 issues from one year and 140 from each paper selected and actual space was measured in sq cms covering different news items. The overall study reports the following main findings. Among the different mass media sources of Agricultural information the farmers using newspapers maximum followed by T.V. and Radio. The exhibition, films were the minimum preferred sources. The VLW was found most preferred source of information among personal and institutional sources. Under this category Friends, Relatives and Agriculture Officers were also preferred but KVK, Research Station, Correspondence and NGOs were among less preferred sources. The reliability of T.V. among mass media sources was found maximum followed by Radio and Newspaper. The other sources were considered less reliable by the farmers. The VLW was found most reliable source of information among personal and institutional sources. The Agriculture Officers, relatives and friends were also found reliable but KVK, correspondence, research stations and NGOs were less reliable sources. The involvement of farmers in Extension activities like demonstration, field days, kisan mela and trainings was found very less and about 80 percent farmers were untouched from these activities. All the sample farmers were found reading newspapers but only 15.11 percent were purchasing newspapers and rests were reading at some shop or at friends place. The local news, incidental news and political news were the maximum read news items. The minimum readability was in article and feature, editorial, story/cartoon and advertisements. Regarding opinion of farmers about coverage of agricultural news in newspapers 86.67 percent farmers were not satisfied with present position and 92.0 percent farmers were found reading agricultural articles published in newspapers. About 45 percent farmers were found preserving Agricultural articles published in newspapers but not in proper way like filming them or making notes. They were also found sharing the information read from newspapers with other farmers. The maximum farmers (38.22%) were of the opinion of weekly publication of Agricultural articles in newspapers and 28.0 percent preferred fortnightly publication. The hundred percent of sample newspersons were of the opinion that these should be separate page of Agriculture in newspapers. The maximum percentage (55.0%) of newspapers were in favour of weekly publication of Agricultural page. The content suggested by newspapers was technical articles, farmers problem and solution, success stories, weather and market based information. The space covered under agricultural news was found 0.9 to 1.63 percent in newspapers, Dainik Bhaskar and Rajasthan Patrika. Among the agricultural information 50-60 percent space was covered under market rates and rest was covered by technical matter and general agricultural information. The 28 to 35 percent space was covered under advertisements by newspapers. The other news items of more coverage were political and general news items. It was also found a big difference in the coverage of news items by both the newspapers.ThesisItem Open Access An Analytical Study on Conservation of Natural Resources by Tribal And Non-Tribal Women in Udaipur District of Rajasthan(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2006) Khandealwal, Neeta; Sharma, V. P.Environment is nature’s gift to be enjoyed and shared by all. Understanding of the environment becomes imperative to realise that natural resources are the very part and parcel of the system. India has abundant natural resources and its economy depends on proper exploitation of these resources. Industrialization, urbanization, burgeoning population etc are the some causes, responsible for environment degradation since past decades. Therefore, conservation and management of these natural resources is imperative, so that these are protected, preserved and used so wisely. The scenario of availability of natural resources in Udaipur district of Rajasthan is quite impressive. The total geographical area of the district is 14,62,109 hectares, which comprises different types of soils, such as inceptsols, entisols, vertisols and alfisols. The net and gross irrigated area was 92680 and 95762 hectares in year 2002-03. The total forest area cover for the district has been estimated as 310279 Sq. Km. or about 37.42 per cent, which is highest percentage in the state. Similarly livestock population is 3087317,of which 1038263 crore are cattle and 530405 crore are buffaloes. Government and different other environmental agencies emphasize conservation of these natural resources. But little effort has been made to study the role of women in conservation of natural resources. Considering the importance of aforementioned facts, an investigation entitled “An Analytical Study on Conservation of Natural Resources By Tribal And Non-Tribal Women in Udaipur District of Rajasthan” has been undertaken with the following specific objectives: ______________________________________________________________________ *Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. of Extension Education, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur. ** Prof. & Head, Deptt. of Extension Education, Rajasthan College of Agriculture, Udaipur. 1. To study the extent of involvement of women in planning and execution stages of conservation of natural resources. 2. To study the knowledge and training needs of women regarding recommended conservation practices of natural resources. 3. To find out the attitude of women toward conservation of natural resources. 4. To explore the indigenous practices used by women with regard to conservation of natural resources and their scientific validation. 5. To find out the constraints faced by respondents with respect to conservation of natural resources and suggest appropriate module for their better conservation. The present study was conducted in purposively selected Udaipur district of southern Rajasthan as large number of non-government organisations and other environmental agencies are working for the conservation of natural resources. Udaipur district consists of eleven panchyat samities; of these, two-panchyat samities viz., Girwa (tribal) and Badgaon (non-tribal) were selected based on plenteous natural resources. Thus, in all, eight villages; four from one tribal and four villages from one non-tribal panchyat samiti were taken up for the study. After knowing the actual number of tribal and non-tribal women in each village, a proportionate random sample of 200 respondents was selected from these villages. That way, 100 tribal and 100 non-tribal women were the respondents. An interview schedule was specifically developed and standardized keeping in view the objectives of the study. Data on structured tool were collected personally from the respondents through face-to-face interview technique. To arrive at the findings and conclusions, various statistical measures viz., mean, MPS, rank, frequency, standard deviation, paired t-test percentage and Z test were used. The overall study reports the following main findings: 1. It was found that majority of the respondents belonged to the age group of 26 to 42 years. These were from scheduled tribe group and following agriculture as only occupation. Majority of the women were illiterate and had joint family of medium family size. More than half of the women had membership of one organization. 2. The study revealed that majority of the respondents had medium level of involvement. Maximum involvement was found in execution stage, while minimum involvement was observed in case of planning stage. A significant difference in involvement between tribal and non-tribal groups of respondents was observed regarding conservation of natural resources. 3. Majority of the women had medium level of knowledge regarding conservation of natural resources. They possessed maximum knowledge about soil conservation practices and minimum knowledge regarding water conservation practices. It was also found that there was a significant difference in knowledge between tribal and non-tribal women with respect to conservation of natural resources. 4. The study indicated that more than half of the respondents needed moderate training needs about conservation of natural resources group. It was also found that livestock conservation practices as very much needed area of training by women. However, respondents expressed forest conservation practices as least importance training need. No significant difference between tribal and non-tribal women was found with regard to training need for conservation of natural resources. 5. Majority of the respondents had moderately favourable attitude toward conservation of natural resources. Both tribal and non-tribal women had agreed with 11 statements out of 20 statements of attitude such as villagers’ participation in soil and water harvesting structures, use of improved grass seedings for increase agriculture production etc. While for remaining items i.e. importance of pits for afforestation, raising plants at the village common land etc. Tribal women comparatively expressed their negative and neutral attitude than non-tribal women. It was also found that there was no difference in attitude of tribal and non-tribal women toward conservation of natural resources. 6. The study revealed that nearly half of the respondents had been using indigenous practices at medium level. Further, majority of the sampled women had been always using indigenous practice of pond sediment for increasing the silt and clay content in the soil and decrease the infiltration rate. Scientific validation of indigenous practices had also been done on the basis of experts’ opinion. Some practices were found to be scientific by all experts’ like vegetative barrier, diversion ditches and use of khadin, while, some of them were considered unscientific by few experts’ i.e. stone wall terraces, stone wall techniques. Whereas, few experts’ were uncertain for some of the practices viz; earthen field bunds, thorny barrier etc. that needed further research. 7. The study indicated that half of the respondents had perceived medium level of constraints. Constraints related to livestock conservation were the most severe bottlenecks faced by the women followed by soil and forest conservation constraints. However, the least expressed constraints were water conservation constraints. In order to overcome the constraints, appropriate modules were suggested by researcher for conservation of soil, water, forest and livestock. It was found that there was a significant difference between tribal and non-tribal women with respect to constraints encountered by them. On the basis of findings, it is recommended that emphasis should be given on organization of interactive multi media training module for illiterate women beneficiaries to overcome their knowledge gap regarding water conservation practices. In order to promote women’s involvement in conservation of natural resources, quota of women’s representative in user committee be made essential so that their large-scale participation could be ensured. Awareness and reward have to be further made to motivate women to change their negative attitude toward conservation of natural resources. Those indigenous practices, which were scientifically validated under the study area, should be disseminate to other areas for better conservation of natural resources. For effective functioning, skill oriented training programmes, demonstration and exposure visits related to livestock conservation aspect should be conducted by environment agencies and policy planners on the basis of training needs identified by the sampled women. Further, the training modules which are being suggested by investigator to overcome the constraints faced by respondents in study area are also required to be adopted by government and concerned agencies for their minimization.ThesisItem Open Access Analytical Study on Status and Prospects of Jatropha (Jatropha Curcas L.) Cultivation in Uaipur District of Rajasthan(Department of Extension Education, Rajasthan College of Agriculture: Udaipur, 2006) Meena, Hemraj; Sharma, V. P.ThesisItem Open Access Biochemical And Genetical Studies Of Ber Germplasm Against Powdery Mildew (Oidium Erysiphoides F.Sp. Ziziphi).(IARI, Division Of Fruits And Horticultural Technology ; New Delhi, 1998) Ramachandrudu, K.; Sharma, V. P.ThesisItem Open Access Communication behaviour of farmers on improved farm practices in Udaipur district of Rajasthan(MPUAT, Udaipur, 2005) Gunawardana, A.M.A.P.G.; Sharma, V. P.India is a country of diversities. The diversity is acute among agricultural communities. Transfer of improved agricultural practices from research stations to farmers is very important for developing rural farming communities, but carry out information to farmers throughout country is gigantic task. Farmers use many information sources and channels for seeking agricultural information on improved farm practices. They may come across large number of information sources and channels but persue only few of them. Credibility of information sources and channels also effects the adoption of farmers about improved agricultural practices. There are many constraints which can affect successful communication of improved farm practices. A successful communication should identify these constraints and also should make remedial measures to over come these constraints. Keeping this in mind the study was planned with following specific objectives: (i) To study the agricultural information sources and channels available to farmers for information seeking in the study area. (ii) To find out the credibility of different agricultural information sources and channels. (iii) To ascertain the association between personal characteristics and information seeking behaviour of the farmers. (iv) To find out constraints being perceived by farmers in information seeking on agricultural practices. The present study was carried out in purposively selected panchayat samities, Bhinder and Dhariyawad of Udaipur district in Rajasthan (each from non tribal and tribal). From selected two panchayat samities, three villages from each panchayat samiti were chosen on the basis of maximum area under cultivation of defined three crops i.e. wheat, maize and gram. The size of sample of total 120 respondents was drawn randomly with the help of random sampling procedure. The data were collected by personal contact method with the help of specially designed schedule. For the analysis of data, various statistical measures were used, viz., mean per cent score, rank, Z test and chi-square test etc. 1. It was found that friends and neighbours were the most utilized personal localite sources of agriculture information for the total respondents in the study area. Friends were most preferred by non tribal respondents while neighbours were most utilized by tribal respondents for information seeking on improved from practices. 2. The study indicated that Agriculture Supervisor and input dealers were the most preferred personal cosmopolite sources of agriculture information for both non tribal and tribal respondents for seeking information on improved farm practices. It was reported that kisan mandal meeting, farmers fair and visit to local kisan seva Kendra were the preferential personal cosmopolite channels of agriculture information among the total respondents in the study area. Non tribal farmers mostly used farmers fair for seeking information on improved farm practices whereas tribal farmers mostly utilized kisan mandal meeting for information seeking. 4. It was found that radio, news paper and television where the most utilized impersonal cosmopolite channels for seeking agricultural information on improved farm practices. However, email/internet and traditional media have contributed to least extent for providing agricultural information to the respondents. 5. The study indicated that friend and V.E.W./Agriculture Supervisor were the most credible personal localize and personal cosmopolite sources of agriculture information as perceived by the total respondents in the area, respectively. 6. The study indicated that kissan mandal meeting, farmers fair and training were the credible personal cosmopolite channels among the respondents in the study area. 7. It was noticed that radio was perceived as the most competent impersonal cosmopolite channel by both non tribal and tribal respondents. 8. The study revealed that there was association between some of the selected personal characteristics viz., education size of land holding, extension contacts and innovation practises and information seeking behaviour of the respondent on improved farm practices. 9. It was found that there was no association between some of the selected personal characteristics viz., age, family type, family size and farming experience and information seeking behaviour of the respondents. 10. The study indicated that inappropriate time allocation in TV/radio for agricultural programmes and difficulty of access to TV/radio programmes due to irregular electricity supply were the most severe technical constraints being perceived by the total respondents. 11. It was reported that "less suitability of improved farm practices" and incompatibility of improved farm practices with farmers economic condition were the most severe operational constraints related to information seeking on improved farm practices. 12. The study revealed that "poor literacy/education level of the respondents" was perceived as most severe miscellaneous constraint by the tribal respondents whereas non tribal respondents reported "lack of time to expose agriculture information sources and channels was their major miscellaneous constraints. 13. It was found that the technology demand of different category of farmers vary greatly. So, it is suggested that while transferring the technology, farmers resources and socio economic conditions must be considered. 14. Based on research findings, it is suggested that authorities should be concerned on filling the existing vacant posts of Agriculture Supervisors for the well being of farmers living in the area. It is also proposed to establish a well equipped agriculture information centre in the premises of local Kisan Seva Kendra.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of different levels of cotton seedfeeding on production performance of Murrah buffaloes(College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1993) Grewal, Surinder Singh; Sharma, V. P.ThesisItem Open Access ROLE OF EXTRACELLULAR LIGNOLYTIC ENZYMES IN SUBSTRATE DEGRADATION AND FRUITING INITIATION BY DIFFERENT STRAINS OF Lentinula edodes(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2019) Soni, Rajneesh Kumar; Shukla, C. S.; Sharma, V. P.; Kotasthane, A. S.; Khokhar, D.; Chandrakar, G.Shiitake Lentinula edodes (Berk.) Pegler is the most cultivating mushroom in the world contributing 22% of overall global mushroom production. Derived its name due to association with Japanese “Shii tree” (Castnopsis cuspidate Schotty) has been highly rated delicacy in South East Asia because of its exotic taste, flavor, enciting aroma, and mineral availability. Besides its culinary important was used for medicinal properties like anticancer, antidiabetic, immunomodulting, antithrombotic, antibacterial and antifungal. Traditional cultivation was based on hardwood logs taken long time for production and lower yield cause sifted towards supplemented synthetic saw dust log bag cultivation. Rather significant performance on different substrate yield and quality, there was very little knowledge towards the active participation of lignolytic enzymes in deconstruction of substrate. Due to the producers of an array of hydrolytic and oxidative enzyme for bioconversion related mainly with growth on substrate. To understand the physiological mechanisms by regulating enzyme in bioconversion of substrate into mushroom morphogenesis, and substrate degradation to predict fruiting cycles. The present investigation was under taken for “Role of extracellular lignolytic enzymes in substrate degradation and fruiting initiation by different strains of Lentinula edodes”. In the view to explore the role of different ligninolytic enzymes secreted by 19 different strains of Lentinula edodes species were procured form culture bank of ICAR-DMR institute. To know the role of substrate degradation, and fruiting initiation, which secreted during growth and development on synthetic saw-dust bag of locally available Tunni (Toona ciliata) tree was used. The present study was conducted on ICAR-DMR institute with two separated work earlier one on shiitake cultivation practices done partially on laboratory up to spawn formation, and inoculation of synthetic bags thereafter on cultivation room, and the later one in culture laboratory at constant abiotic factors. The six main extracellular ligninolytic enzymes was studied are (Laccase. MnP, LiP, FPase, CMCase, Xylanase) on every seven days of interval after inoculation (7 DAI, 14 DAI, 21 DAI, 28 DAI, 35 DAI, and 42 DAI), in two separate days of group first three days for substrate degradation, and later three days for fruiting initiation. The release of laccase was significantly maximum in 7 DAI in strain DMRO-35 and found minimum with 42 DAI on DMRO-35 strains, shown the highest concentrations of released enzymes on earlier days than proceeding days of colonization, correlated highly positive with yield shows there was significant role in degradation of the substrate. MnP assay also revealed that the highest concentration released on prior days after inoculation and decrease thereafter, shown significantly maximum in strains DMRO-34, DMRO-329, DMRO-297, DMRO-329, DMRO-330, and DMRO-623 on 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 DAI respectively, correlated highly significant with yield on 14, and 21 DAI, and formation of bumps on different fruit body 14DAI. There was fluctuating in release of LiP enzyme concentrations on growth and development of mycelium shown maximum in DMRO-22, DMRO-35, DMRO-331, and DMRO-328 on 14, 21, 35, and 42 DAI, all the oxidative enzyme assayed in international unit IU/ml. For hydrolytic enzymes the initial concentration was limited and shown highest peak at the maturation of mycelium causing initiation of pin head initiation and growth of developing fruiting body. Enzyme FPase increased gradually from 7 DAI to 42 DAI with maximum for strain DMRO-20. CMCase enzyme highest for strain DMRO-412 at 21 DAI, correlated highly significant at 35 DAI with yield, and significant negative with number of days required for bumps formation on bags. Xylanase was also increased to its maximum on later days of mycelial maturation with maximum in DMRO-51. The number of days required form inoculation to fruiting was obtained significantly highest in DMRO-388(s) was of 79 days, with maximum Biological efficiency (202.7 gm). The lowest moisture weight and maximum dry weight was found maximum significantly for strain DMRO-328 with highest accumulation of polyphenols (ash weight). The characteristic of standard fruit body morphologically significant with maximum in pileus length for DMRO-331, pileus diameter for DMRO-20, stipe length and stipe diameter both for DMRO-331. The pH of the substrate was decrease gradually from neutral to acidic in colonizing fungi to bumps formation on bags with significantly for strains DMRO-388(s) (5.0-3.5 pH) from rapidly after inoculation.ThesisItem Open Access Rootstock Studies In Ber (Zizyphus Mauritiana Lamk.)(IARI, Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology : New Delhi, 1998) Verma, M. K.; Sharma, V. P.ThesisItem Open Access Studies On Bud Dormacy In Grape Cv. Pusa Seedless Under North Indian Conditions(Indian Agricultural Research Institute;New Delhi, 2000) Pramanick, Pijush Kanti; Sharma, V. P.ThesisItem Open Access Studies On Fruit Development And Quality In Ber (Zizyphus Mauritiana Lamk.)(IARI, Division of Fruits And Horticultural ; New Delhi, 1990) Kore, V. N.; Sharma, V. P.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the incompatibility system in ber ( Zizyphus mauritiana Lamk. )(Indian Agricultural Research Institute;New Delhi, 2002) Angamuthu, M.; Sharma, V. P.ThesisItem Open Access Studies On The Varietal Resistance In Ber (Zizyphus Mauritiana Lamk.) Agaist Ber Fruit Fly (Carpomyia Vesuviana Costa.)(IARI, Division of Fruits and Horticultural Technology : New Delhi, 1992) Rohidas, S. B.; Sharma, V. P.