Browsing by Author "Sharma, Divya"
Now showing 1 - 6 of 6
Results Per Page
Sort Options
ThesisItem Open Access Compatibility of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain PBAT PBAT-21 with pesticides(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2014-01) Sharma, Divya; Singh, R.P.Trichoderma harzianum is an important biocontrol agent which is being used for the management of many plant diseases. Under integrated management it is being used in combination or alternation with synthetic and non-synthetic chemicals. In present study an effort was made to check the compatibility of Trichoderma harzianum Rifai strain PBAT-21 with fungicides, insecticides and weedicides at the recommended and half of the recommended doses. On the basis of mycelial growth and spore germination zineb, mancozeb, sulphur, kresoximmethyl, azoxystrobin, metalaxyl, cymoxanil+mancozeb, mandipropamid, triademefon, myclobutanil, dimethomorph, mandipropamid+mancozeb, metalaxyl+mancozeb, cymoxanil+ mancozeb, carboxin+thiram, streptocyclin, chitosan at both recommended dose and half of the recommended dose and boric acid and, flutriafol myclobutanil at half of the recommended doses were found to be compatible whereas thiram, dinocap, pyraclostrobin, propiconazole, penflufen, azoxystrobin+flutriafol, pyraclostrobin+metiram and boric acid , flutriafol, myclobutanil at recommended doses were found to be incompatible. On the basis of sporulation azoxystrobin+flutriafol, mandipropamid+mancozeb, carboxin+thiram and streptocyclin at both recommended dose and half of the recommended dose and metalaxyl+mancozeb, chitosan, boric acid, mancozeb, thiram, zineb, kresoxim-methyl, mandipropamid, penflufen, cymoxanil+mancozeb at half of the recommended dose were found to be compatible whereas sulphur, dinocap, flutriafol, pyraclostrobin, azoxystrobin, metalaxyl, myclobutanil, dimethomorph, triademefon, propiconazole, azoxystrobin+flutriafol, pyraclostrobin+metiram at both recommended dose and half of the recommended dose and thiram, zineb, mandipropamid, penflufen, kresoxim-methyl, metalaxyl+mancozeb and cymoxanil+mancozeb at recommended dose were found to be incompatible with T. harzianum Rifai strain PBAT-21. On the basis of mycelial growth and spore germination insecticides like thiamethoxam, imidachlorprid, carbofuran, cartap hydrochloride, chlorantraniliprole was found to be compatible whereas fipronil and chlorpyrifos were found to be incompatible. On the basis of sporulation fipronil at both recommended dose and half of the recommended dose cartap , imidachlorprid and chlorpyrifos at half of the recommended dose and carbofuran, chlorpyrifos, thiamethoxam, cartap hydrochloride, chlorantraniliprole, imidachlorprid at recommended doses were found to be incompatible with T. harzianum Rifai strain PBAT-21. Weedicides like sulfosulfuron, chlorimuron+metsulfuron methyl and imazethapyr was found to be compatible whereas pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen, cladinofop, bisbyribac sodium at both recommended dose and half of the recommended dose were found to be incompatible. On the basis of spore germination sulfosulfuron, chlorimuron+metsulfuron, imazethapyr, ethoxysulfuron, pendimethalin and oxyfluorfen was found to be compatible whereas bisbyribac sodium was found to be incompatible. Sulfosulfuron, imazethapyr and bisbyribac sodium at lower dose were found to be compatible whereas chlorimuron+metsulfuron, ethoxysulfuron, pendimethalin, bisbyribac sodium at recommended dose and oxyfluorfen was found to be incompatible with T. harzianum Rifai strain PBAT-21. Survival was better in sterilized soil than unsterilized soil. The population of Trichoderma harzianum increased in both sterilized and unsterilized soil on treatment with weedicides like bisbyribac sodium, insecticide like thiamethoxam and fungicides like carbendazim, meatlaxyl+mancozeb and pyraclostrobin.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMICS OF FARMING SYSTEMS IN CHAMBA DISTRICT OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2019-01-07) Sharma, Divya; Virender KumarAn attempt has been made in the present study to study the economics of different farming systems in Chamba district of Himachal Pradesh.Chamba district is listed as one of the backward districts in the baseline ranking of transformation of aspirational districts by NITI Aayog. In Chamba district, about 95.70 per cent of cropped area is rainfed. Thus, farming system approach is seen as a potent means of raising and stabilizing productivity and profitability levels in the rainfed agriculture. Stratified two stage random sampling technique was employed for selecting the sample households. The study was based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data were collected from 160 sample households. Further, the data were analysed by employing appropriate statistical tools in commensuration with the objectives of the study. Linear programming was employed to develop the optimum farm plans for the study area. Income approach was used for the identification of farming systems. Four farming systems were identified in the study area; cereals based farming system (FS-I), vegetables based farming system (FS-II), livestock based farming system (FS-III) and fruits based farming system (FS-IV). The results indicated that with respect to the resource use pattern in different crop groups, the negative gap was observed in existing seed use pattern for various crops ranging from 19.63 to 236.65 per cent in FS-I, 8.17 to 170.90 per cent in FS-II, 0.05 to 312.50 per cent in FS-III and 2.67 to 108.66 per cent in FS-IV. This indicated that growers were using very high seed rate on their farms. In case of fertilisers application positive gap was observed ranging from 20 to 100 per cent in FS-I, 20.06 to 89.75 per cent in FS-II, 50.10 to 100 per cent in FS-III, 70.32 to 100 per cent in FS-IV. The gap indicated that farmers were using very less fertilisers as compared to recommend doses. Productivity related to different farm enterprises was found to be low as compared to optimum yield.In the optimum plan of FS-I, Returns to Fixed Farm Resources (RFFR) were increased by ₹ 98,637 with borrowing capital limit of ₹11, 583 and labour employment was found to be 571.31 man days. In FS-II, RFFR were increased by ₹ 89,711 with borrowing capital limit of ₹ 4,263 and labour employment was found to be 558.40 man days. In FS-III, RFFR were increased by ₹ 1,42,471 having borrowing limit of ₹ 51,281 and labour employment was found to be1140.08 man days. In the optimum production plan of fruits based farming system (FSIV), the RFFR were increased by ₹ 80394 having borrowing capital limit of ₹ 6561 and labour employment was found to be 523.50 man days. Further, fragmentation of land holdings, lack of cold storage facilities, monkeys, stray animals and wild animals menace were found as major problems in the study area. The area was suitable for diversification towards cash crops through the utilization of created irrigation potential. In the study area, the application of fertilisers was very less as compared to the recommended doses. So, there was a great scope for organic farming in the study area.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF CONSERVATION AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES ON SOIL CARBON AND NITROGEN LOSSES THROUGH EROSION(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Jammu, Jammu, 2019-09) Sharma, Divya; Sharma, Dr. VikasA study was carried to assess the impact of tillage and surface cover on temporal changes in the soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools and their losses through erosion under maize crop. Three tillage variations i.e. conventional tillage (CT), minimum tillage (MT) and zero tillage (ZT) were employed, and were combined with management practices such as intercropping (i), mulching (m) and residue retention (30%) (r). As a general trend among all the treatments, organic carbon (OC) slightly increased from before crop sowing to 30 DAS, then decreased at 60 DAS and then more or less levels of OC towards the harvesting stage. However, potassium permanganate oxidizable C (KOC) was highest at the beginning of the crop cycle and the values decreased towards 30 DAS and 60 DAS and then an increase in its content was observed as it progressed towards the harvesting. Labile fraction breaks down relatively quickly, and is an active source of nutrition. KOC, SMBC and OC ranged between 916-1082 mg kg-1, 25.8-34.5 mg kg-1 and 0.32-0.41 %, respectively. However, there was no significant difference between the treatments. The highest POC was observed in ZTr (329.7 g m-2) which was statistically at par with CTi, MT, MTm, MTi, MTr, ZT and ZTm whereas the least was observed in CT (204.7 g m-2) which was statistically at par with all the treatments except ZTr. Greater variability was observed in POC content than in SOC content due to tillage, indicating that this form of C was more sensitive to alterations in the soil than SOC and could serve as an early indicator of sustainability of adopted practices. Maximum nitrate content was observed at 30 DAS due to the higher decomposition rate. NH4-N was highest in the samples analyzed before the sowing of crop, decrease towards 30 DAS and then as it progress further, an increase in amount of NH4-N was observed in general. It was observed that the application of residue or mulches or intercropping with pulses effectively reduced the dissolved C losses. Overall OC losses through sediments ranged from 10.25 kg ha-1 (ZTm) to 48.31 kg ha-1 (CT), with significant differences among conventional and zero tilled plots. Significantly higher concentration of NO3-N were observed in runoff from zero tillage plots. NO3-N losses in runoff occurring throughout the growing season was maximum in ZT. Total ammonical N loss in runoff was maximum in CT (0.547 kg ha-1) while the minimum NH4-N loss occurred in ZTr (0.362 kg ha-1). Maximum Kjeldahl N loss was observed in CT while the minimum amount of N loss in sediments occurred in ZT treatments. Unlike runoff water, which was not affected by tillage practices in general, there were significant differences in the amount of sediments eroded, which translated into higher amounts of Kjeldahl N being lost under conventional tillage systems. Zero tillage with soil cover, either though mulching, residue retention or intercropping could be more effective option in reducing carbon and nitrogen losses, than zero tillage alone.ThesisItem Open Access Genetic Diversity Analysis of Indian Mustard (Brassica junceaL.) with respect to its seed traits(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-11-17) Sharma, Divya; Chauhan, D.K.Present study entitled, “Genetic Diversity Analysis of Indian Mustard (Brassica junceaL.) with respect to its seed traits” was carried out in the field of PBG, of SKUAST-Jammuduring Rabi season 2022-23. The investigation was carried out with an aim to discriminate the mustard genotypes using seed and plant characters and to determine the genetic diversity among Brassica genotypes.The experiment was sown on plot size of 7.2m2 using Randomised Complete Block Design with 3 replications. Each treatment was sown in rows with length of 4m. The ANOVA for all the different characters showed significant differences at 5% level of significance for all the 12 traits. This suggests that genetic variability is present in all the genotypes.The results based on the seed colours revealed that out of 25 genotypes maximum frequency is gained by black colour having 12 genotypes. Estimates of genetic parametersshowed that highest GCV and PCV data was recorded for all the 12 traits. This further certified that significant amount of variability is present in the traits.Mahalanobis' D2statistics revealed the genetic divergence of 25 genotypes where all genotypes were grouped into 6 clusters, the maximum number ofgenotypes were found in cluster one and cluster second with 16 and 5 genotypes respectively, The maximum intra cluster distance was found between cluster 2(68.4) followed by cluster 1(46.55), while the cluster 3, 4 5, and 6 having one genotype with cluster distance zero. Hence, this proofs that direct selection would be effective and these genotypes can be further used for hybridization program to create strains with high yields.ThesisItem Open Access Genotyping-by-sequencing and functional genomics approaches for identification and validation of SNP markers/genes associated with grain calcium trait in finger millet(G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar - 263145 (Uttarakhand), 2018-07) Sharma, Divya; Anil KumarFinger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn), holds immense agricultural and economic importance due to its richness in calcium and its proteins being good source of essential amino acids. Hence, research towards such indigenous, mineral nutrient rich crop will surely help in accomplishing the challenges of mineral malnutrition. Markertrait studies in finger millet could be useful in the detection of markers associated with high grain calcium and, eventually, in selection of superior genotypes. With an aim to identify markers linked to grain yeild or its component traits and calcium content, initially phenotyping was done for fourteen agro-morphological traits and grain calcium content amongst finger millet global germplasm collection at two different environments viz. Almora and Pantnagar. Analysis of variance for both the environments resulted in highly significant differences among accessions for most of the traits, which showed the existence of sufficient variability. Also the wide range of variation in the agronomic performance of the accessions suggested that these traits could be considered as good candidates for marker-trait associations. The calcium content varied from 53mg/100g seed to 454mg/100g seed with an average of 277mg/ 100 g seed at E1 and from 42mg/100g seed to 466mg/100g seed with an average of 274mg/ 100 g seed at E2, which indicates presence of sufficient variability for grain calcium trait amongst the selected finger millet genotypes. Further, to study the genetic makeup of 202 diverse finger millet accessions Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) analysis was done, which resulted in a genome wide set of several thousand SNPs identified within every accession. Genetic diversity and population structure analysis was conducted on a natural collection of 202 finger millet genotypes. Neighbour joining cluster analysis grouped the population into 3 clusters ‘A’, ‘B’ and ‘C’ based on their geographical location. The major cluster A consisted of broadly all the Indian genotypes whereas cluster B and C comprised of exotic genotypes. A majority of accessions of Asian origin showed their tendency to cluster together with accessions of African lowland countries, which fits the hypothesis that finger millet was first domesticated in African highlands and from there it was introduced to India, thereby proving the origin of finger millet. There was good congruence between the phylogenetic tree and the population structure identified using STRUCTURE software. SNPs through GBS were used for association mapping to identify reliable marker(s) linked to grain yield or its component traits and calcium content. Five SNP markers showed homology to candidate genes of Oryza sativa (Rice) and Setaria italica, which play an important role in flowering, maturity and grain yield. Two potential SNP markers were found to be significantly associated to grain calcium content. The orthologous regions of the two identified SNP markers were found in cereal crops like Setaria italica encoding genes for Calmodulin Binding Protein (CBP) and CBL-Interacting Protein Kinase 7(CIPK7), which might play important role in grain calcium accumulation process. Promoter analysis of these genes revealed that they contain many stress responsive elements. Since, finger millet is a drought tolerant crop and also accumulate high amounts of calcium, the promoter region of these genes contain stress responsive elements, thus imparting stress tolerance to finger millet along with high grain calcium content as calcium ions play a central role in stress signaling. Differential expression analysis by qPCR showed that the two genes (EcCBP and EcCIPK7) were highly expressed in high calcium genotypes as compared to medium and low calcium genotypes. EcCIPK7 gene identified in the present study might be involved in regulating the activity of CaX exchanger and consequently increases the calcium storage in vacuoles, thus forming the basis of high grain calcium accumulation in finger millet. Since calmodulin (CaM) expresses abundantly in developing spikes and thus regulates the Ca2+ ATpase transporter located in vacuolar membrane, therefore, higher expression of EcCBP gene in later stages of spike development might be responsible for its interaction with CaM and might be responsible for higher accumulation of calcium in finger millet grains. Therefore, these genes could be considered as strong candidates for higher grain yield, Ca accumulation and its further use for Ca bio-fortification. However, exploration of its spatial distribution within seed, over expression and knockout studies will help in understanding the exact role of these genes in high seed calcium accumulation. Since, there is very limited information on genetic analysis of calcium content in finger millet grains, results from the present study would provide a fundamental basis for future research on genetic improvement of calcium content in finger millet and other crops.ThesisItem Open Access Study on the effect of management and genetic factors on parasitic burden in goats of Jammu district.(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology-Jammu (J&K, 2022-09-19) Sharma, Divya; Brahma, BiswajitThe present study was carried out to analyze the effect of management practices in beetal and bakarwali goat breeds of Jammu district. A survey of 250 farmer households was conducted to gather the information on the rearing system, feedingsystems, health management systems using a questionnaire. Faecal samples were collected from animals to analyze the egg count and blood samples were collected from animals having severe infection load. Tissue samples were also collected from animals having infestation of adult parasites. Gene expression for proinflammatory cytokines was also analyzed. A significant association of parasitic burden on hematological parameters like hemoglobin concentration, MCH, MCV, MCHC, TLC, monocytes and lymphocytes (p<.05) was observed and production systems was observed. The management parameters like rearing system, deworming schedule, farm disinfection, seasonal incidence show a significant effect(p<.05) on egg per gram and oocyst per gram of faeces.The study concluded that management parameters like housing deworming rearing system feeding systems seasonal management can significantly affect prevalence of parasitic diseases in these goats.