Browsing by Author "Shankar, Uma"
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ThesisItem Open Access Bionomics and Management of Tomato Leaf Miner Tuta Absoluta (Meyrick) in the Jammu Region(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-08-24) Sharief, Sehrose; Shankar, UmaThe thesis embodies the experimental studies on‘Bionomics and Management of Tomato Leaf Miner Tutaabsoluta (Meyrick) in the Jammu Region’.The research is divided into three key objectives, spanning two years of surveying (2022 and 2023) and bionomic and management studies in 2023. The survey was conducted during the tomato cropping season (March-June) across four districts in the Jammu region (Udhampur, Doda, Jammu, and Ramban). The survey results demonstrated the highest leaf (39-70%) and fruit infestations (52-71%) in Udhampur, followed by Doda. Jammu recorded T. absoluta infestation solely in 2023, while Ramban saw no infestation over two years. Seasonal incidence analysis revealed peak larval populations in the 19thStandard Week, while light and pheromone trap catches peaked in 18thand 20thStandard Weeks, respectively. Temperature demonstrated a positive correlation with T. absoluta larval population, whereas relative humidity and rainfall displayed negative correlations. Bionomic studies unveiled the life cycle of T. absoluta, with adult males surviving around 7.58±0.01 days and females 15.04±0.07 days. The complete life cycle duration was approximately 29.87±0.04 days for males and 37.33±0.01 days for females. Physical attributes were also described wherein adult males measured 3.03±0.05 mm in length and 2.14±0.01 mm in breadth, while females were 4.48±0.04mm long and 1.23±0.07mm wide. Various insecticidal methods were applied to manage T. absoluta under open-field conditions. Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC exhibited the highest efficacy, causing a mortality rate of 90.17 per cent which was at par with Emamectin benzoate 5SG (81.15 per cent) and Imidacloprid 17.8SL (72.38 per cent), respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Development of IPM Modules against Insect Pests of Bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L.(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology of Jammu, 2023-08-25) Wazir, Zahid Abass; Shankar, UmaStudy on development of IPM Modules against insect pests of Bell pepper, Capsicum annuum L. was carried out at Entomological farm, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology- Jammu, Chatha for two consecutive years 2021 and 2022. The studies revealed that more than twenty-one (21) insect pest species were associated with bell pepper crops in the Jammu region. The observations on population dynamics of adults and larval population of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera litura, broad mite and whitefly were recorded at weekly intervals starting from 10th standard week till 24th standard week for both years. The peak trap catches of adult borers were recorded during 18th SW and 20th SW for both adult borers during 2021 and 2022, respectively. While the peak activity of larval population of H. armigera and S. litura was recorded during 20th SW during both the years. The peak activity of broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus and whitefly, Bemesia tabaci were also recorded during the 19th to 21th SW during both the years of experimentation. The perusal of data on avoidable losses of both the years (pooled) showed that mean yield of 20.33 tons/ha was obtained in protected plots whereas, mean yield of 14.24 tons/ha in unprotected plots which indicated a net avoidable loss of 29.97 per cent. The results for the comparative evaluation of different methods of raising seedlings for healthy growth and development in bell pepper showed that plug tray was found superior amongst all the four methods evaluated in respect to germination percentage, seedling vigor index and least whitefly infestation during both the years. The results for the performance of different IPM modules during 2021 and 2022 revealed that, the module II (Integrated pest management) was best and superior in obtaining least percent damage of fruits on number basis (17.98% and 16.85%), on weight basis (12.80% and 11.88%), least Helicoverpa infestation (3.06 and 2.69 mean number of Helicoverpa larva per plant) and recorded highest yield (33.73 kg/plot and 35.22 kg/plot) for both years, respectively. Maximum occurrence of larval parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae was noticed in module V (Control) for both years (pooled), wherein, the highest parasitization was recorded (9.11±1.06 per cent). The perusal of the data during 2021 and 2022 showed that all modules were found to be cost effective. However, module II (Integrated pest management) was best and superior with highest yield (17.99 t/ha and 18.78 t/ha) and highest Cost Benefit ratio (1:3.11 and 1:3.80) for both years of experimentation, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Economic analysis of lentil cultivation in District Lakhimpur (kheri), Uttar Pradesh(ANDUAT, Kumarganj, Ayodhya, 2018) Shankar, Uma; Singh, G.P.AddThesisItem Open Access Effect Of Synthetic Progestogen Implant With And Without Pgf2 A-Pmsc And Cnrh For Inducing Ovarian Cyclicity Buffaloes(Indian Veterinary Research Institute;Bareilly, 2000) Nautiyal, Hemant; Shankar, UmaThesisItem Open Access Management of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2021-12) Suryanarayana, Nalli Seema; Shankar, UmaThe thesis embodies the results of experimentation made on Management of Helicoverpaarmigera (Hubner) on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) carried out during cropping seasons of 2020-21 at Chatha Farm, SKUAST- Jammu. Studies revealed that Helicoverpaarmigera was found as major pests, causing significant damage in different crop growth stages of chickpea. The incidence of Helicoverpaarmigerawas observed during the 5th¬ Standard week i.e., 03rd February, 2021 at the flowering stage of the crop with an initial population of 0.8 larvae per square meter. The correlation studies reveled that a significant positive correlation existed between weekly mean temperature (0.527*), highly significant negative correlation with relative humidity (-0.643**). The overall impact of weather factors on larval population H. armigera on chickpea was 57 per cent, respectively. The trap catches of H. armigera during 16th standard week which was recorded as highest with 42.21 (helilure) 52.42 (spodolure). A highly significant negative correlation with relative humidity (-0.678**) was observed in helilure. A significant positive correlation with mean temperature (0.576*), highly significant negative correlation with relative humidity (-0.733**) was observed in spodolure. The overall impact of weather factors on pheromone trap catches (helilure, spodolure) of adult H. armigeraon chickpea was 73 per cent and 69 per cent, respectively. Among the different modules tested against H. armigera, Module Ⅲ was found to be superior in reducing the larval population of H. armigera. In case of yield attributes against H. armigera, all the modules showed significantly different results i.e. Module Ⅲ (2366.6kg/ha) accounted maximum chickpea yield than other modules Ⅱ (1944.4kg/kg), Ⅰ (1511.1kg/ha), Ⅳ (911.1kg/ha) and Ⅴ (466.6kg/ha) after harvest.ThesisItem Open Access Management of major insect pests of citrus with emphasis on safety of beneficial insects(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2021-12) Sharma, Shubham; Shankar, UmaExperimental trial on ‘Management of Major Insect Pests of Citrus with Emphasis on Safety of Beneficial Insects’ was conducted at Chatha Farm, SKUAST- Jammu during 2021. The studies revealed that sucking and lepidopteran insect pests were found as major pest in causing significant damage to the crop. The population of whiteflies was observed to be increasing and attained the peak populations (25.20 weekly mean) in 16th SW and 22nd SW with 36.50, respectively. Similarly, the two peaks were also observed in case of citrus psylla in 13th SW with 25.00 and in 22nd SW with 35.0 weekly mean population, respectively. The population of leaf miner and citrus caterpillar also revealed two peaks i.e., in 16th and 22nd SW and 12th and 22nd SW, respectively wherein, overall impact of weather factors on population buildup of leaf miner and caterpillar on citrus were 80.08 and 82.10 per cent, respectively. Besides predatory insects, many promising parasitosis were also recovered from citrus orchards like Pyllids parasitoid Tamarixia radiata; whitefly parasitoids, Enacarsia formosa and Eretmocerus sp.; leaf miner parasitoid, Cirrospilus sp., Citrostichus sp. and pupal parasitoids viz., Pteromalus puparum of citrus butterfly larvae were recorded in field condition in citrus orchard. Evaluation of bio-efficacy of some novel insecticides revealed that Thiamethoxam 25 % WG @ 0.2 ml/lit against citrus psylla, Imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 0.3 ml/lit against whiteflies and leaf miner and Spinosad 45 SC @ 0.3 g/lit against citrus caterpillar was proved to the superior treatment in controlling the specific insect pests. Therefore, the above three novel pesticides along with promising bio-agents may be recommended against four major insect pests of citrus growers of Jammu regionArticleItem Open Access Monitoring of Embryonic and Fetal Development Using Real Time ‘B’ Mode Ultrasound in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)(TANUVAS, Chennai, 2021-05) Sarath, T.; Singh, S.K.; Arunmozhi, N.; Saxena, A.; Shankar, Uma; Agarwal, S.K.; TANUVASThe present study was conducted in buffaloes which were maintained at experimental animal sheds of Animal Reproduction Division, IVRI, Izatnagar. All the experimental buffaloes (n=6) were observed for onset of estrus using a teaser bull and visual signs of estrus followed by rectal examination twice daily. Animals detected in estrus were inseminated using frozen semen of Murrah buffalo. The inseminated buffaloes were allowed for real time B-mode ultrasonographic examination at 10 days interval starting from day 20 to 120 of pregnancy. Monitoring of embryonic development was carried out by viewing embryonic vesicle diameter (EVD), Crown Rump length (CRL), embryonic heartbeat, skull and placentome through ultrasonography. The mean diameter of EV was 0.52±0.12, 1.56±0.16, 2.94±0.07, 3.80±0.14 and 6.37±0.15 cm on day 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 of pregnancy, respectively. EVD increased with advancement of pregnancy and reached around 6.37±0.15 cm on day 60 of pregnancy.ThesisItem Open Access Seasonal Abundance and Management of Major Insect Pests of Linseed ( Linum Usitattisimum L. )(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology Jammu, J&K, 2021-03) Hussain, Shailla; Shankar, UmaThe thesis embodies the results of experimentation made on Seasonal Abundance and Management of Major Insect Pests of Linseed (Linum usitattisimum L.) carried out during cropping seasons of 2019-20 at Chatha Farm, SKUAST- Jammu. Studies revealed that linseed bud fly, Dasineura lini and pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera were found as the major pests, causing significant damage in different crop growth stages of linseed. The data on damage percentage of bud fly was observed in 6th SW with an initial damage of 1.71(%) and 28.28 (%) in 19th SW and thus constituting the peak. A highly significant positive correlation existed between weekly mean maximum and minimum temperature (0.928** and 0.959**) and per cent damage by bud fly, highly significant negative correlation with relative humidity morning (–0.947**) and significant correlation with evening relative humidity (– 0.649*). The correlation study of abiotic factors on delta trap catches showed that highly significant positive correlation existed between weekly mean maximum and minimum temperature (0.931** and 0.940**) with bud fly catches and highly significant and negative correlation with relative humidity morning and evening (– 0.973** and –0.698**), respectively. The overall impact of weather factors on population buildup of bud fly on linseed was 95.40 and 97.20 per cent, respectively. The incidence of H. armigera was observed during the 6th SW at the bud initiation stage with an initial population of 0.2 larvae/ m row length. Some aberration in moths catches in traps was noticed during 9th SW and 11th SW with mean of 12.33 and 16.67 adult moths. The correlation studies revealed that the highly significant positive correlation existed between weekly mean maximum temperature (0.688**) and pod borer larval density, highly significant negative correlation with relative humidity morning (– 0.696**) and a significant correlation with evening relative humidity (– 0.539*). The overall impact of weather factors on larval population and pheromone trap catches of adults pod borer on linseed was 61.80 and 93.50 per cent, respectively. During the experimentation, beneficial fauna (especially predators and parasitoids insects) activities were observed Coccinellid beetles (Coccinella septempunctata and C. sexmaculata); Rove beetle; Damsel fly; Dragon fly, Tachinid fly, and lynx spider (Oxyopes sp.) a larval endo-parasitoid, Campoletis chlorideae Uchida and naturally infected H. armigera larvae with the virus (HaNPV). Among the different modules tested against linseed bud fly, Module-II was found to be superior in reducing the damage percentage of bud fly and grain yield of linseed was also recorded highest in module II with 9.85 q/ha. Similarly, module III was found to be the best and superior treatment in reducing the larval pest population of H. armigera. In case of yield attributes against H. armigera, all the modules showed significantly different results i.e. Module III (9.64 q/ha) accounted maximum linseed yield than other modules II (8.17 q/ha), I (6.53 q/ha), IV (4.97 q/ha) and V (4.32 q/ha), respectively after harvest.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Gall Inducing Insects with Special Reference to Management of Gall Inducing Thrips(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2022-10) Fatima, Gulshan; Shankar, UmaThe thesis embodies the resultsof experiment entitled“Studies on Gall Inducing Insects with Special Reference to Management of Gall Inducing Thrips” which was conducted in different areas of Jammu district and at SKUAST-J during 2022. The results of our studies revealedgall inducing insects as major pests of different medicinal plantsviz., Terminaliaarjuna, T.chebula,Alstoniascholaris, Syzygium cumini,Ficus racemose, Rauwolfia serpentina,Emblica officinalis, Toonaciliate,Ficusreligiosa, Pongamia pinnata,Ficus benjamina,Abelmoschusesculentus,Mangiferaindica, Plumeria spp. and Atrocarpus lacucha.The abundance of leaf gall and population of Dixothrips spp. on Terminalia chebula were observed to attain peakin 18th SW. Moreover, gall parameters like number of galls, depression pits, mature galls, perforated galls, gall chamber, gall diameter and exit hole revealed significant positive correlation with mean temperature and negative correlation with mean relative humidity. Whereas, young galls revealed non-significant positive correlation with mean temperature and relative humidity.The mean number of eggs reached to their peak (94.1 eggs) in 16thSW, the maximum population of nymphs (219.1 nymphs) was observed in 17th SW whereas adult females (210.3 thrips) and males (17.2 thrips)peaked in 18th SW. The correlation analysis indicated that number of nymphs and adults had significant positive correlation with average temperature and highly significant negative correlation existed between nymphs, adults and relative humidity.The eggs of Dixothrips spp. were white transparent and oval in shape, with an average lengthof 0.22 ±0.03 mm. The first nymphal instarwas active and light-yellow coloured, with an average length of 0.42±0.03mm whereassecond instar nymph measured 1.14±0.04 mm in length. The prepupa was 1.19±0.05 mm long whereas, pupa was light brown in colour with average length of 1.26±0.08 mm. The average size of adult male and femalewas 1.98±0.16 mm and2.4±0.24mm, respectively.Evaluation of efficacy of different insecticides againstgall inducing thrips of T. chebula revealed that Imidacloprid 17.8 SLhad highest efficacy in reducing the population of thrips followed by Thiamethoxam 25 WG and Acephate 75 SP, respectively.