Browsing by Author "Sahu, R.K."
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ThesisItem Open Access AGROMORPHIC CHARACTERIZATION AND ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN SOME RICE GERMPLASM ACCESSIONS COLLECGTED FROM MADHYA PRADESH AND CHHATTISGARH STATES(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2002) Saxena, Ritu Ravi; Motiramani, N.K.; Shrivastava, M.N.; Sahu, R.K.; Pophaly, D.J.; Ali, M.A.ThesisItem Open Access AGROMORPHIC CHARACTERIZATION AND ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC DIVERSITY IN SOME RICE GERMPLASM ACCESSIONS COLLECTED FROM MADHYA PRADESH AND CHHATTISGARH STATES(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya,Raipur, 2002) Saxena, Ritu Ravi; Motiramamani, N.K.; Shrivastava, M.N.; Sahu, R.K.; Pophaly, D.J.; Ali, M.A.ThesisItem Open Access ANTHER CULTURE STUDIES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HAPLOIDS AND DIHAPLOIDS IN INDICA RICE(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 1996) Ranjan, Shailesh; Sahu, R.K.; Ali, M.A.; Chandel, G.ThesisItem Open Access APPRAISAL AND PLANNING OF LAND AND WATER RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE CROPPING AT KVK FARM, JASHPUR(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2008) Roy, Abhineet; Sahu, R.K.; Awasthi, A.K.; Dixit, N.K.; Sinha, Jitendra; Jaiswal, AshokThe wastelands and fallow land constitute 6 and 8.6 per cent of the total cropped area in Chhattisgarh. Framing out optimal land and water use plan to bring such land under remunerative production activity seems to be potential approach to reclaim these lands. KVK Farm Jashpur (20.0 ha) constitutes such land. As per the guidelines received from Dy. Director General (Agril. Ext.), ICAR, detailed land use plan adopting water harvesting and recycling was prepared, to increase the production and productivity of crops. The main objective of the study was to work out the development plan, to design water harvesting and drainage system, to work out optimal crop plan and its economics for sustainable use and development of land and water resources. The KVK farm; was surveyed topographically, mapped land uses according to land use capability classification, estimated rainfall and runoff at 4 levels of probability of exceedance, designed drainage system and water harvesting system and formulated optimal crop plan for sustainable agricultural production. The prospective crops included in the optimal crop plan were selected by gathering field data in farmer‟s field regarding crop productivity and its economics under both rainfed conditions as well as in irrigated condition. Daily rainfall data for past 25 years (19832007) were collected and analyzed statistically to determine the expected amount of rainfall at different probabilities of exceedance. In absence of any gauged data, daily runoff was estimated by USDA-SCS curve number method and its analysis was carried out to determine the expected amount of runoff at various probabilities of exceedance. Using this and other hydrological data, alternative designs of water harvesting pond and drainage system was attempted at 4 levels of probabilities of exceedance. The design of surface drainage was attempted for 5-yr, 24-hr rainfall, to mitigate water logging, considering 16 hours as the excess water removal time for sensitive crops (vegetable, pulses, oilseeds etc.), leading the runoff to water harvesting ponds that served as outlet. The stored water was recycled for irrigation to crops and also used for fish rearing. Optimization models for crop area and pond water allocation were formulated by linear programming using the data gathered from farmer‟s field under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. The overall economics of the crop production was worked out, considering the annual cost of water harvesting pond, rental value of land, interest on investment, annual maintenance cost etc. besides cost of production etc. The results indicated that rainfall (annual, monsoon, SMW: 27-38) as well as runoff (monsoon, SMW: 27-35) could be best fitted by normal distribution. The exponential distribution was found good fit for the periods of high variability of rainfall (SMW: 22-26, SMW: 39 – 43) and runoff (SMW: 22-26, SMW: 36 – 43). The expected monsoon rainfall was worked out as 1388.6, 1295.5, 1195.9 and 1079.3 mm and the runoff amount was worked out as 444.0, 374.1, 299.3 and 211.7 mm at 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% probability of exceedance respectively. The runoff constitutes 31.9%, 28.9%, 25.0% and 19.6% of rainfall at respective probabilities of exceedance. The water harvesting potential of study area was worked out to be 4440.1-m3 ha-1. The optimal crop plan (rainfed, irrigated) at 50% probability of exceedance resulted in highest gross profit (Rs. 22.44 lakh, Rs. 52.50 lakh), net profit (Rs. 13.98 lakh, Rs. 35.92 lakh) with B/C ratio (1.65, 2.12). Crops included were: rice-5 ha, pigeon pea – 13.0 ha, tomato-16 ha, mustard - 2 ha under rainfed while: rice-5 ha, pigeon pea -11 ha, niger-0.54 ha, onion - 14.0 ha, mustard - 1.46 ha and fish rearing - 2 ha under irrigated condition. Fish and vegetable production substantially contributed to the overall economics. The study has implications to serve as model to demonstrate rainwater-harvesting technologies for its large-scale adoption by the farmer‟s of the region. The techno-economic feasibility indicated that the present rainfed uncultivated land could be brought to the level of irrigated agriculture by using water harvesting technology with practically no sign of resource degradation.ThesisItem Open Access APPRAISAL AND PLANNING OF LAND AND WATER RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE CROPPING AT KVK FARM, JASHPUR(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2008) Roy, Abhineet; Sahu, R.K.ThesisItem Open Access ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH TO RAINFALL - RUNOFF MODELLING FOR UPPER KHARUN CATCHMENT IN CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2011) Sinha, Jitendra; Sahu, R.K.Artificial intelligence such as artificial neural network (ANN) has been proved to be an excellent tool for rainfall runoff modelling with reasonable accuracy. The advantage is that, even if the 'exact' input-output relationship is not known, the network can be 'trained' to ‘learn' that relationship, not requiring a prior knowledge of the basin characteristics. Comparative studies have demonstrated that neural solutions can be more efficient to implement in comparison to conventional approaches. The gauged data in watersheds are meagre in the country which is the biggest constraint in planning water resources. Even in gauged watersheds, the maintenance, operations and up keeping of records are not an easy task. The Central Water Commission took initiative and is engaged in gauging important rivers/tributaries. Upper Kharun Catchment (Gauging site: Pathardih) is one such catchment in the state of Chhattisgarh, selected as study area (2511 km2). River Kharun is a tributary of river Shivnath, which itself is a tributary of river Mahanadi. The present study has been planned to develop ANN runoff simulation models for the study area. Reported work using ANN for rainfall – runoff modelling is lacking in Chhattisgarh. However, the importance of this aspect for prediction of stream flow is strongly felt in water resources studies. Since this technique has the potential to uncover the non-linear rainfall-runoff relationship, it can be expected to result in reliable and accurate estimates of stream flow. Three layered ANN models to simulate runoff on yearly and active period database with daily, weekly and monthly time bases have been developed for the study area. A total of 18 models were developed for simulating runoff, 6 each on 3 family of methodology viz. Multiple Linear Regression (MLR), Back Propagation ANN (BPANN) and Radial Basis Function ANN (RBFANN). The daily rainfall and gauge – discharge data for past 20 years (1990 to 2009) were used. The catchment behaviour to infiltration and other losses was found to be variable with the average runoff-rainfall ratio of 0.3444. First 15 years data (1990-2004) was used for calibration/training of the model while last 5 years data (2005-2009) was used for model verification. A correlation matrix followed by student’s ‘t’ test and thereafter stepwise regression was carried out to finalize the number of significant inputs. Input data was filed in MS excel and subsequently MLR models were developed (through stepwise regression and statistical category function ‘linest’). The ANN based analysis was carried out in MATLAB. BPANN training was conducted using the Levenberg Marquardt back propagation algorithm. The ‘logsig' activation function was used for both hidden and output layer nodes. RBFANN models were developed by activating ‘newrb’ code in MATLAB. Gaussian activation function was used between input and hidden layer for non linear transformation, while a linear function was used between hidden and output layer. Input and output dataset was presented to the neural network as series of learning sets. Separate programmes for BPANN and RBFANN were developed in MATLAB. The performance function chosen for both the family of models was sum squared error. These programmes normalized the data in the range 0 to 1 before training. BPANN models were developed by network growing technique adopting trial and error. Best results were arrived only at an optimum number of iterations, beyond which the performance deteriorated. A trial was made on the combination of goal and spread for RBFANN models. The number of hidden nodes was determined automatically. The best model was selected based on the combination of parameters (goal, spread and corresponding number of hidden neurons), that resulted in best performance in both calibration and verification. The best combination of number of input nodes, hidden nodes and output nodes for Back Propagation models ( BPYD, BPYW, BPYM, BPAPD, BPAPW and BPAPM ) were found to be 10-4-1, 4-3-1, 3-3-1, 10-4-1, 2-2-1 and 2-5-1 respectively. The best combination for Radial Basis Function models was arrived at 10-63-1, 4-120- 1, 3-5-1, 10-62-1, 3-21-1 and 2-2-1 in case of RBFYD, RBFYW, RBFYM, RBFAPD, RBFAPW and RBFAPM respectively. The performance of the models was tested through statistical tools such as MAD, RMSE, CC, CE and EV. The best performing models for different datasets, based on the performance in the verification period (unknown output dataset), were as below: • The RBF model was found best in case of yearly data set on daily basis (MAD: 11.57, RMSE: 49.11, CC: 91.67%, CE: 84.02%, & EV: -3.14% ). • The BP model was found best in case of yearly data set on weekly basis (MAD: 106.02, RMSE: 287.69, CC: 89.96%, CE: 80.5%, & EV: -9.33%) • The RBF model was found best in case of yearly data set on monthly basis (MAD: 419.88, RMSE: 810.75, CC: 92.67%, CE: 81.91%, & EV: - 18.89%), • The RBF model was found best in case of active period data set on daily basis (MAD: 26.89, RMSE: 76.38, CC: 90.6%, CE: 81.99%, & EV: - 3.62%), • The RBF model was found best in case of active period data set on weekly basis (MAD: 232.83, RMSE: 435.36, CC: 88.08%, CE: 76.45%, & EV: - 11.72%) • The RBF model was found best in case of active period data set on weekly basis (MAD:888.0, RMSE: 1260.2, CC: 87.48%, CE: 70.25%, & EV: - 20.93%) Validation of these models by t- test revealed that there was no significant difference in the means of the observed flow and the simulated flow. In general, it was found that Yearly database models performed better than Active Period models and Daily models performed better than weekly and monthly models. Comparison of the 3 family of models on the basis of MAD, RMSE, CC and CE showed that RBFANN models performed better than BPANN and MLR models. It was realized that RBFAPW model is a better choice for simulating water availability during Kharif season. In view of above performance evaluation, based on the statistical tests, it can be concluded that use of ANN models (particularly RBFANN) is certainly a much better choice as compared to MLR models, for rainfall – runoff modelling of the study area.ThesisItem Open Access ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH TO RAINFALL - RUNOFF MODELLING FOR UPPER KHARUN CATCHMENT IN CHHATTISGARH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya Raipur, 2011) Sinha, Jitendra; Sahu, R.K.; Agrawal, Avinash; Verma, V.P.; Patel, S.R.; Lakhera, M.L.; Pali, A.K.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment and Management of Groundwater for the Upper Mahanadi Basin using Modelling Technique(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2010) Shah, Mudasir Ahmad; Tripathi, M.P.; Sahu, R.K.; Senger, S.S.; Patel, S.; Shrivastava, G.K.The Visual MODFLOW can simulate hydraulic head of a multi-layered aquifer system of Upper Mahanadi watershed satisfactorily for both steady state and transient state condition. The upper Mahanadi watershed covers the the area of Dhamtari and Raipur districts of Chhattisgarh state. WinDig software was used for digitizing the watershed boundary and well locations, and Surfer software was used to convert file format as required by the model. Hydraulic conductivity and coefficient of storage for the different layers were calibrated under both steady state and transient state conditions for the year 2007 to 2009. Input data, such as fortnightly wise pumping well head and discharge, observation well head, hydraulic conductivity of different layers, storage, initial head, constant heads, evapotranspiration, recharge in the study area have been utilized for modelling groundwater flow of a multi layered aquifer system using Visual MODFLOW. The results of model calibration indicated that model can be estimated hydraulic head similar to observed head .The calibrated values of hydraulic conductivity were found to be 1.9282 x 10-5 m/s, 8.789 x10-7 m/s , and 1.3706 x 10-4 m/s, respectively for the layers I, II and III and similarly the calibrated values of storability was found to be 9.09 x 10-5 m-1, 1 x 10-9 m-1 and 3.31 x 10-4 m-1, respectively for the layers I, II and III in X, Y and Z direction. On the basis of sensitivity analysis, it can be concluded that the hydraulic conductivity is inversely proportional to head for the case of Layer-1 but there were no change in head by increasing or decreasing the values of K in the Layer-2 and Layer-3 respectively. It is concluded that by increasing the initial head values in the Layer-1 from 284.28 to290.68 m, was no appreciable change in the head. A reduction in K value by 50 % the head change was only 0.16 % increased which was not appreciated. Similarly, an increase in K value by 50 %, the decreased in the value was negligible and remained in the order of 0.001%. This indicates that the hydraulic conductivity is inversely proportional to the head. The Visual MODFLOW was applied for simulating the hydraulic heads for the years 2009 through 2010, after calibration; it was found that the available groundwater resource during Kharif season were 93819.45 ham, 94997.1 ham, 92510.95 ham and 81127 ham for the years 2009, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC VARIABILITY IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.) GERMPLASM USING MOLECULAR MARKER(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2005-10) Acharjee, Sujan; Kumar, Arvind; Sahu, R.K.; Verulkar, S.B.; Pophaly, D.J.; Saxena, Ravi R.ASSESSMENT OF GENETIC VARIABILITY IN RICE (Oryza sativa L.) GERMPLASM USING MOLECULAR MARKERThesisItem Open Access ASSESSMENT OF SOIL EROSION, RUNOFF, SEDIMENT YIELD, WATER QUALITY AND PREVENTIVE MEASURES IN OVERBURDEN DUMPS OF OPENCAST MINES IN CHIRIMIRI(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2014) Nigam, Gaurav Kant; Sahu, R.K.; Sinha, Jitendra; Verma, Ajay; Jain, B.C.; Choudhury, B.Scarcity of land and water resources has compelled the policy makers to search waste lands and mined areas to augment/improve these resources for use in agriculture and allied sectors while maintaining the local ecology and hydrology. Most of the coal production (81%) in India comes from open cast mines. Opencast mining in huge forest areas results into loss of biodiversity, nutrient qualities and microbial activities of the soil system. It releases huge amount of mining wastes as overburden dump materials that are prone to soil erosion and create problems of sedimentation and water quality, affecting agriculture. The present study was undertaken in Chirimiri open cast mines, with objective to address these problems, and suggest preventive measures. Initiating the study with reconnaissance survey of the opencast mine area, field samples of overburden dump materials were analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics and compared with native soil samples. Assessment of soil erosion from overburden dump materials was made by RUSLE method and was compared with direct field measurements by placing plastic sheets (100 micron) duly anchored in D/S portion of overburden dump and weighing the deposited sediments. All required parameters like R, K, LS, C, P, were worked out in RUSLE method. Daily rainfall data for past 21 years and daily surface runoff as estimated by USDA-SCS curve number method were analyzed SMW wise using standard parameters. Bottle sampling method was used for the determination of sediment yield at lower end of erosion face of overburden dumps and near drainage outlet of opencast mine. Monthly water samples of mine were also analyzed for physico-chemical characteristics. The results of study indicated that monsoon rainfall constitutes 91.6% of the annual rainfall and surface runoff constituted 31.7% of monsoon rainfall. The runoff was comparatively low due to forest cover and light texture of the overburden dump and native soil. The pH values indicated that the overburden dump material was slightly more acidic in nature as compared to the native soil samples. The EC values of native soil samples were slightly higher as compared to the overburden dump materials. The organic carbon, N, P, K and water holding capacity of overburden dump materials was quite low as compared to native soil. The soil loss from overburden dumps as estimated by the RUSLE method (62.7 t ha−1 yr−1) was quite close (+13.2%) to the direct field measurement 54.44 t ha−1. The texture of deposited sediments/soil was relatively coarse as compared to native soil. The sediment samples were found acidic in nature. Direct field measurement indicated that the sediments exhibited low values of EC, organic 118 carbon, water holding capacity, N, P, and K as compared to native soil that makes it less productive as compared to native soil. In fact, the agricultural lands were quite away from mined areas. The rice productivity of nearby forest villages was more or less same with district‟s average. It appears that the forest area serves as buffer zone between mining sites and agricultural land. There sedimentation affected land can be brought under cultivation after treating with powdered lime, due to its acidic nature. The sediment yield of drainage effluent was found to be negligible. The estimated surface runoff was found to be 4133 m3/ha. Monthly physico-chemical characteristics of mine water samples indicated its alkaline nature. The pH values and fluoride content of all the water samples were within the desirable limit as per IS: 10500. Similarly the colour parameter, chloride content, dissolved solids, turbidity, iron content, alkalinity, nitrate, calcium, manganese and total hardness in most of the water samples were below the desirable limit as per IS: 10500. For controlling soil erosion of overburden dumps, mechanical and vegetative measures have been suggested along with installation of sediment traps inside and outside the mines. It would facilitate flow of almost sediment free runoff entering inside mines where after further sedimentation drainage effluent would be disposed of to either natural outlets or after due treatment would be supplied to drinking/domestic water supply. Properly laid out drainage system and water harvesting tanks have also been suggested for safe disposal of runoff and water storage to augment groundwater and improve local hydrology. There is good scope to backfill the mines with the overburden dump material in the form of well laid out terraces to support plantation and later on used for leguminous fodder/grass production.ThesisItem Open Access BIO-EFFICACY OF CONFIDOR INSECTICIDE AND EVALUATION OF ADVANCE RICE BREEDING LINES AGAINST BROWN PLANT HOPPER, Nilaparvata lugens (stal)(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2003) Mehra, Vishnu Prasad; Pophaly, D.J.; Dubey, V.K.; Rana, D.K.; Sahu, R.K.; Saxena, R.R.The investigation entitled “Bio-efficacy of confidor insecticide and evaluation of rice breeding lines against brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stal.)” was conducted in the field and glass house, Department of Entomology, IGAU, Raipur, during the kharif and rabi 2001-2002. The application of confidor 200 SL @150 ml/ha was the most effective against brown planthopper, green leaf hopper and gall midge. But there was no effect of the insecticides on different biological parameters on paddy crop viz. plant height, panicle length, total tillers number of grains per panicle and yield. Aum neem @500ml/ha was the safest insecticides as far as natural enemies are concerned particularly for dragon fly. In Aromatic rice, out of 250 accessions tested 6 cultivars namely Kabri Mohar (k:2497), Bishnu Bhog ( B: 1094II) , Kala Jira (K: 1456), Samunder Fen (S : 6721), Samund Chini(S : 980) and Manjali Dubraj (M : 915) were found resistant against brown planthopper whereas 10 accessions were moderately resistant to BPH attack. In State Uniform Variety Trial (SUVT), out of 27 varieties tested, 4 varieties namely R 975 – 897 – 1- 1, R 1217 – 539 – 1 – 262 – 1, IR – 36 and R 1182-167-2-157-1, were found resistant against brown planthopper and 15 entries moderately resistant to BPH.ThesisItem Open Access BLOCK-WISE PLANNING OF CROP AND WATER RESOURCES OF DURG DISTRICT(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2012) Thakur, Hansa; Pali, A.K.; Sahu, R.K.; Jogdand, S.V.; Sinha, Jitendra; Patel, S.R.The state of Chhattisgarh receives an average annual rainfall ranging from 1200 to 1600 mm which is considered to be quite enough amounts for successful crop production. Even with such ample availability of rainwater, the seasonal droughts especially during critical crop growth stages during September to October months are recurring phenomenon throughout the state under rainfed condition rice cultivation. The drought occurrence is not due to lack of rainfall but due to erratic distribution resulting in unstable crop yield. Due to this recurring drought feature and nonavailability of adequate rainfall at critical growth stages, the average rice yield is very low in the study area. Higher rice yield is possible under rainfed condition only if crop and rainwater management planning is made in accordance with rainfall behavior. Efficiently managing natural resources is a key factor for obtaining sustainable productivity in a watershed under rainfed farming. Therefore, a study entitled “Blockwise Planning of Crop and Water Resources of Durg District” was undertaken. In study, probabilistic estimates of rainfall were made at six levels of exceedence probability viz. 25, 40, 50, 60, 75, and 80 percent by fitting appropriate distribution. The normal distribution was found good fit for the periods of monsoon rainfall and stable rainfall months i.e. July and August. The expected monsoon rainfall at 75 and 80 percent probability exceedence were found to be 743.9 mm and 669.04 mm at Durg block,733 and 649.5 mm at Dhamdha block and 884.5 842 mm at Patan block respectively. Probability weekly rainfall was also worked out at all the three study block and it was found that in the weeks coinciding with nursery and reproductive stages of rice crop were well below the ET demand at these stages. Among the three blocks, Dhamdha block was found to experience more shortage of rainwater at critical growth stages in comparison to Durg and Patan blocks. In the study, the dry spell analysis was also carried out. It was found that 7 days dry spell occurs at Durg block whereas at Dhamdha and Patan blocks, the dry spells of only 5 and 4 days were found at 25% probability of exceedence of continuous dry days during the weeks. It was also found that the onset of effective monsoon occur between 16-18 June at the three study blocks whereas, the earlier probable date of withdrawal of effective monsoon was 9 days earlier at Dhamdha block as compared to other two blocks, indicating shorter monsoon was also made to determine dry and wet spells occurring at the study blocks. It was found that during 23-26 SMW (nursery period) and during 37-40 SMW (reproductive stage), the rainfall deficits were of higher magnitude indicating need for supplemental irrigation. Based on the above analysis of monsoon and rainfall characteristics a comprehensive crop-water management plan was suggested for the study area.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE EVALUATION AND TECHNO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF SURFACE AND PRESSURIZED SYSTEMS OF IRRIGATION FOR BITTER GOURD(INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHWAVIDYALAYA RAIPUR(C.G), 2004-09) Bharti, Jay Prakash; Pandey, V.K.; Sahu, R.K.; Tripathi, M.P.; Mukherjee, A.P.; Sharma, H.G.COMPARATIVE EVALUATION AND TECHNO-ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF SURFACE AND PRESSURIZED SYSTEMS OF IRRIGATION FOR BITTER GOURDThesisItem Open Access CONJUNCTIVE USE PLANNING OF SELUD DISTRIBUTARY COMMAND OF TANDULA CANAL IN DURG DISTRICT(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2010) Khan, Mohd. Tayeb Ali; Mukherjee, A.P.; Sahu, R.K.; Tripathi, M.P.; Bajpayee, R.K.; Pandey, N.This dissertation is the description of the work done in the area of conjunctive use of surface and ground water in the Selud distributary command of Tandula canal in Durg district. Land availability being limited, leaving little scope for horizontal expansion, assured irrigation becomes a necessity for increased production and productivity. Water must be stored at times when natural supply exceeds the demand to attain the objectives of conservation and control of the water resources. Various data had been collected from relevant departments and used in this study. Field visits and personal interaction with field workers, water user association members and farmers were also carried out to gather the relevant information. The existing land and water resources had been assessed scientifically for efficient use of water through conjunctive use of available water resources without undesirable effects. The potential of surface and ground water use in the command area had been quantified. The proportion of present water use had been found out as 58.37 % and 41.63 % from surface water and ground water. Additional 76.76 and 7.50 Mm3 of surface and ground water had been proposed which is the optimum use of surface and ground water to irrigate the entire net sown area by keeping the stage of development within safe category as prescribed by the Ground Water Estimation Committee. The sites of the water harvesting and artificial recharge structures should be identified to harvest the maximum local runoff and artificial recharge of ground water besides treatment of the command area with suitable soil and water conservation measures. The farmers should be advised to increase the area of lesser water requirement crops than paddy like vegetables, pulses and oilseeds. The micro irrigation and system of rice intensification should also be a common practice to irrigate more area and to reduce the expenditure on the development and management of both surface and ground water. This will ultimately enhance the livelihood security of the farming community and raise the standard of living of the people of the command area.ThesisItem Open Access DATA BASE GENERATION FOR VARIABLE INFILTRATION CAPACITY (VIC) HYDROLOGIC BASED MODEL - REMOTE SENSING AND GIS APPROACH(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2005) Kant, Shashi; Tripathi, M.P.; Sahu, R.K.; Pandey, V.K.; Singh, A.P.; Tuteja, S.S.Hydrologists need hydrological information for watershed management planning and for making numerous analyses like predictions and forecasting. At the same time, the advent of satellite-based remote sensing and GIS along with computer simulation techniques provides a powerful tool for hydrological modeling. The Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model is one of the semi-distributed, grid-based land surface models that parameterize the dominant hydro-metrological processes by considering the sub-grid variability. In the present research soil and vegetation and topographic datasets for the VIC-2L model were generated for India and part of its sub continent with the geographic extent of the region is from 65.51° to 100.65°E longitude to 2.45° to 37.45°N latitude The datasets are typically based on recent information acquired from USGS GTOPO 30 elevation data, MM5V3 Terrain soil texture data, land use/cover data of central south Asia (propriety of IIRS) and the LDAS project information. The digital maps of soil showing its textural classes were derived using the MM5 V3 terrain data for the two layer depths viz. 0-30cm and 30-100cm. The 45-class land cover data of south central Asia at 1km resolution was recoded to UMD vegetation classes in order to extract the LDAS information. The significant soil and vegetation parameter for the VIC model were attributed to the derived soil and land cover data for the corresponding raster data generation at the selected model grid resolution of 10x10 km in Albers conical equal area projection. The DEM for the entire region was extracted from USGS GTOPO 30 data and the corresponding per cent slope map was derived at model grid resolution. The generated data sets are defined for the 12187500 km2 area having 121875 grid-cells. The ASCII files of the datasets serve as the input for the VIC-2L model.ThesisItem Open Access "DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A SMALL UNIT OF RAINFALL SIMULATOR FOR SOIL EROSION STUDIES"(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2003) Sarkar, Samiran; Tripathi, M.P.; Sahu, R.K.; Mukherjee, A.P.; Pandey, V.K.; Verma, A.K.Rainfall is the important factor in the process of runoff and soil erosion. Since, its intensity, duration, timing and distribution are beyond our control, the alternative available could be to fabricate a unit of rainfall simulator which can reproduce desirable range of natural rainfall factors. In this study mainly two important criterion has been considered, the mobility and the simulation of erosive rainfall compareable to that of the natural rainfall for the region. A simple rainfall simulator was designed and developed using a commonly avaiable rotary lawn sprinkler. Several hole spacings in the sprinkler arms and reduction in the size of the arms were tested to evaluate the average rainfall intensities and uniformity coefficients. The arrangement of holes and their placement was found considerable for the rainfall having the intensity in the range of 25 to 75 mm/h and the uniformity coefficient was calculated to be 85 per cent and above. Rainfall simulator when operated at 1.25 m height was able to produce acceptable values of average rainfall intensities of 48.5 mm/h and 48.3 mm/h uniformily over the test plot (7.84 m2) at operating pressures of 0.50 kg/cm2 and 0.60 kg/cm2, respectively. Similarly, at 1.5 m height it produces rainfall intensities of 43.1 mm/h and 36.8 mm/h, respectively when operated at pressure haed of 0.60 kg/cm and 0.70 kg/cm , respectively. The cumulative percentage volume of simulated raindrops matched closely with the cumulative percentage volume of natural raindrops. The median drop diameters of simulated rainfall were found to be 2.78 mm, 2.67 mm for 1.25 m height at the pressure heads of 0.50 and 0.60 kg/cm2, respectively whereas for 1.5 m height at 0.60 and 0.70 kg/cm2 pressures median drop diameter was observed to be 2.61 mm and 2.54 mm, respectively. High value of coefficient of determination (0.98) and low value of per cent deviation (9.25 %) revealed that there were a close agreement between median drop diameters of simulated and natural rainfall. The terminal velocity of simulated rain drops were determined and compared with the terminal velocity of natural rain drops. Results reaveled that the terminal velocity produced by simulated rainfall resembles with the natural rainfall for the same fall height and intensities. The designed and developed rainfall simulator was found to be cheaper (Rs.1500.00), portable (15.6 kg), simple in constrcution and easy to operate for simulating the desired range of rainfall characteristics in laboratory condition.ThesisItem Open Access "DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF FURROW OPENERS FOR BULLOCK DRAWN SEED CUM FERTILIZER DRILL"(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2003) Das, Vineet; Verma, Ajay Kumar; Singh, V. V.; Yadav, S.B.; Sahu, R.K.; Quasim, M.ThesisItem Open Access DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF RECIPROCATING PERFORATED CYLINDRICAL TYPE RAINFALL SIMULATOR(Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, 2004) Dongre, Surendra Kumar; Mukherjee, A.P.; Sahu, R.K.; Pandey, V.K.; Tripathi, M.P.; Verma, A.K.Rainfall and its characteristics are the key factors in the process of soil erosion. These characteristics viz. intensity, duration, timing and distribution are beyond human control. The alternative available could be to fabricate a unit of rainfall simulator, which can reproduce desirable range of natural rainfall characteristics. In this study mainly two important criteria were considered, the mobility and the simulation of erosive rainfall comparable to that of the natural rainfall for the region. The simulator unit was fabricated using PVC pipe, with reciprocating motion provided manually. It consisted of stand, fitted with four stage telescopic tubes for height adjustment, set of cylindrical simulator pipes fitted in a frame, water tank, mono block pump and various water and pressure control units. Several combinations of holes placement and arrangement at varying pressures in the form of various setups were attempted to produce artificial rainfall similar to the natural rainfall. These artificially produced rainfall were subjected to various hydraulic testing with selected evaluation parameters viz. rainfall intensity, uniformity coefficient and water drop size, in order to simulate it with the natural rainfall. The desired range of average rainfall intensity was 25 to 75 mm/h, as observed for Raipur. Similarly the value of uniformity coefficient considered was 85 per cent or more for evaluating the simulator performance. The simulator was operated at a fixed height of 2 m, with two cylinders (hole spacing 10 cm,15 cm or its combinations). It was fitted on the triangular frame and reciprocationg motions were produced manually. The acceptable range of rainfall intensities (25-75 mm/h) were obtained in various setups. The rainfall intensity of 52.38 mm/h was obtained at operating pressure of 0.15 kg/cm2 when both cylinders had hole spacing of 10 cm. The rainfall intensities of 38.66 and 43.23 mm/h were obtained at operating pressures of 0.15 and 0.20 kg/cm2 respectively when both cylinders had hole spacing of 15 cm. The rainfall intensities of 33.42, 56.28 and 64.31 mm/h were obtained at operating pressures of 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 kg/cm2 respectively, when combination of hole spacing of 10 and 15 cm was used. The cumulative percent volume of the simulated raindrops matched closely with the cumulative percent volume of natural rainfall. The median drop diameter of simulated rainfall was found to be 2.67 mm at 0.15 kg/cm2 pressure in case when both cylinders had hole spacing of 10 cm. It was 2.54 and 2.67 mm at pressures of 0.15 and 0.20 kg/cm2 respectively, when both cylinders had hole spacing of 15 cm. But in case of combination of 10 and 15 cm hole spacing, the median drop diameter was tend to be 2.88, 2.67 and 2.54 mm, at pressures of 0.25, 0.20 and 0.15 kg/cm2, respectively. The designed and developed rainfall simulator was found to be light in weight, easy in operation and simple in construction. The output range of the designed and developed simulator was within the acceptable range of rainfall intensity observed at Raipur. The coefficient of uniformity was also 85% and above.