Browsing by Author "Sabin George"
Now showing 1 - 3 of 3
Results Per Page
Sort Options
ThesisItem Open Access COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT MILK REPLACERS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF MALABARI KIDS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES MANNUTHY, THRISSUR, 2018-12-30) N. SASIKALA; Sabin GeorgeAn experiment was conducted to study the effect of feeding different milk replacers in Malabari kids on their growth performance for the period of two months. Twenty four healthy Malabari kids of four days of age were selected and divided into four groups of six each, as uniformly as possible with regard to age and body weight and were allotted randomly to different experimental rations. Experimental rations were T1 (control, dam’s milk), T2 (Milk replacer based on whey powder), T3 (Milk replacer based on groundnut oilcake) and T4 (Milk replacer based on coconut oilcake). Dam’s milk and milk replacers were fed to kids at the rate of 1/6th and 1/8th of the body weight during first month and second month respectively. Kid starter and fresh green grass were offered to the kids from 15th day onwards to all the experimental kids throughout the experimental period. Data on body weight gain, body measurements, daily dry matter intake, feed conversion efficiency, haematological and serum biochemical parameters such as haemoglobin, plasma total protein, serum glucose, urea nitrogen, serum calcium and phosphorus, faecal consistency score, incidence of diseases and techno economics of production were employed for evaluation of different treatments. Average daily gain and total weight gain were 63 g and 3.98 kg, 62 g and 3.91 kg, 49 g and 3.07 kg and 47 g and 2.96 kg, respectively for kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4. Average daily gain and total weight gain were significantly higher in T1 and T2 compared to the kid fed T3 and T4. Over all mean of body length at two months ranged from 37.75 to 39.92 cm. Mean heart girth ranged from 35.50 to 36.33 cm. Mean height at withers ranged from 36.83 to 39.92 cm. Body measurements showed no significant difference between the treatments. Total dry matter intake of kids was 6.93, 5.23, 4.80 and 4.88 kg, respectively for T1, T2, T3 and T4. Total dry matter intake was significantly higher in T1 than T2, T3 and T4. Feed conversion efficiency for kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4 was 1.73, 1.34, 1.56 and 1.65, respectively. The haematological and serum biochemical parameters such as haemoglobin, plasma total protein, serum calcium, phosphorus, glucose, blood urea nitrogen did not show any significant difference between the treatments and the values were within the normal range reported for the species. Faecal consistency score was comparatively higher in the first fortnight than the following fortnights and the values were similar between the treatments. Out of the total cases of diarrhea, incidence was more in kids fed T4 (30 per cent). Respiratory illness was noticed higher in kids fed T3 and T4 than T1 and T2. Majority of the cases of bloat was noticed in T4 group. The feed cost per kg body weight gain for the kids fed T1, T2, T3 and T4 were Rs. 580.02, 139.60, 176.94, 179.78, respectively. Feed cost / kg gain was significantly lower in kids fed with T2 followed by T3, T4 and T1 groups. From the results obtained on the present study it could be inferred that kids in T2 had similar growth performance as that of control (T1) group. Feed cost per kg gain in T2, T3 and T4 was better than T1. Therefore it could be concluded that milk replacer based on whey powder can be given to the kids as an alternative to milk without compromising the growth performance.ThesisItem Open Access ECONOMICS OF DAIRY FARMING SYSTEMS IN KERALA(Kerala Veterinary and animal science university, Pookode, 2016-06-20) Sabin George; Saseendran, P CThe present study was conducted to study the management practices, trends and issues of various dairy production systems in Kerala, to study the variation in cost and profitability of milk production under different dairy production systems, to assess the influence of various assistance schemes in the economy of milk production and to evaluate the present milk pricing policy of Kerala and suggest modifications. The study was carried out selecting 350 farm households belonging to three groups based on number of milch animals. The study covered five agro climatic regions, five districts and 10 blocks to represent the state. The stratified random sampling method was used for selection of study area and samples. In small, medium and large farms, the herd size was 3.13 0.08, 9.52 0.3 and 36.38 3.65 respectively. The investigation on investment on capital assets showed that, the major share of capital expenditure was on milch animals followed by buildings. The labour use pattern in the small (99.4 per cent) and medium (70.9 per cent) farms were dependent solely on family labour. While in large farms, there was more (52.0 per cent) dependence on paid labour. The adoption index of recommended management practices was highest (90.04 per cent) in large farms followed by medium (89.40 per cent) and small farms (84.36 per cent). The wet average (l/day) was 8.98, 8.00 and 10.00 in small, medium and large farms respectively. The dry average (l/day) was 8.13, 6.65 and 7.86 in small, medium and large farms. The average daily price/litre realized from society was Rs.29.43, 29.79 and 29.64 in small, medium and large farms respectively. The major share of milk produced in small, medium and large farms were sold to society. A significant association was observed between adoption class and assistance class. In all farm types, majority of the farms showed medium level dairy farm performance. High price of concentrate feed was the major constraint in feeding. In all types of farms, infertility was the major breeding constraint. On milch animal basis, the average cost/litre of milk (cost B) was 32.51, 34.29, 29.08 and 32.29 in small, medium, large and overall farms respectively The average cost per litre of milk after deduction of imputed family labour cost (cost A) was 22.02,26.33, 27.08 and 24.34 (Rs/litre) in small, medium, large and overall farms respectively. On milch animal basis, the net return per day per milch animal was Rs.23.34, 10.39, 27.74 and 20.58 respectively in small, medium, large and overall farms respectively. The net return after deduction of imputed family labour cost was Rs.92.59, 52.42, 43.12 and 70.51 in small, medium, large and overall farms respectively. The estimated milk production function for different farms revealed that overall farms showed positive and highly significant effect of concentrate and adoption index and significant effect of total roughage (P < 0.05) with R2 value as 67.0 per cent. The marginal Value Products (MVP) of inputs in milk production for different farms showed that, in small farms the MVPs of two inputs viz. roughages and labour were significantly less than unity, signifying over utilization of these inputs. The MVP value of concentrate was significantly higher than unity indicating their under utilization in milk production process. The mean technical efficiency in small, medium and large farms was 99.80, 83.22 and 99.96 per cent respectively. A critical analysis of present milk pricing policy was done suggesting modifications and derived a new formula for pricing of milk considering significant factors.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF PERFORMANCE OF CROSSBRED CALVES UNDER DIFFERENT FEEDING SYSTEMS(COLLEGE OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES-MANNUTHY,THRISSUR, 2018) KAMALAHASAN.K; Sabin GeorgeThe present study was conducted to study the growth performance and economics of feeding different milk replacers in crossbred calves. Eighteen healthy crossbred calves both male and female around one week of age were selected and randomly divided into three groups of six each (T1, T2, and T3), as uniformly as possible with regard to age, sex, and body weight. The calves of T1 received whole milk as per routine farm practice, T2 group was offered commercial milk replacer as per manufacturers recommendations and T3 group was offered a formulated milk replacer @ 12.5 per cent of body weight. The milk and milk replacers fed to T1, T2 and T3 groups had 25.68, 20.63 and 24.85 per cent crude protein respectively. The calf starter and green fodder provided to calves contained 21.4 and 12.18 per cent crude protein respectively. The green fodder was offered ad libitum to all the calves. The dry matter intake (DMI), body weight gain, body measurements, feed conversion efficiency (FCE), faecal consistency score, haematological values and digestibility of nutrients were calculated along with the techno-economics of calf feeding. There was significant difference (P<0.01) in average daily DMI (kg) among different dietary treatments T1 (0.800), T2 (0.704) and T3 (0.640). The mean cumulative feed conversion efficiency was lowest in T2 (3.50±0.44) calves than T1 (2.61±0.13) and T3 (2.59±0.26). Average initial body weight of the calves in T1, T2 and T3 were 25.83±1.64, 25±1.15 and 24.16±1.27 kg, respectively. The mean final body weight (kg) was maximum in T1 (53.95±4.00) followed by T3 (47.9±2.80) and lowest in T2 (44.26±2.33). The average daily gain (g) in body weight (ADG) of calves were high in T1 (312.33) followed by T3 (263.66) and T2 (214). The mean body measurements for length, height at withers and heart girth at the start and end of the experiment were not significantly different between groups. There was no significant difference in faecal consistency score among the groups. Haematological parameters such as haemoglobin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), plasma total protein, glucose, calcium and phosphorus recorded at the beginning and at the end of the experiment were not significantly differenct (P>0.05). The digestibility of nutrients was not having significant difference (P>0.05) among the treatment groups. The feed cost per kg weight gain in T1, T2 and T3 were Rs. 375.68, 333.11 and 249.67 respectively. The total feeding cost was maximum in T1 and minimum in T3. Based on the study it could be concluded that feeding of formulated milk replacer is better option for commercial dairy producers and farmers.