Browsing by Author "SUJATHA, K(MAJOR)"
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ThesisItem Open Access PATHOLOGY OF FENVALERATE TOXICITY IN BROILER CHICKS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2007-01) VENKATA RAMANA MURTY, RAYI; SUJATHA, K(MAJOR); SRILATHA, Ch; SREENIVASULU, DABSTRACT: In India poultry industry has important role and it is one of the major contributors to the National economy. Pesticides are commonly used to control pests and vectors in various agricultural and animal husbandry practices of public health concern. Chicken is highly vulnerable to pesticide toxicity because grain crops, store houses, poultry houses and birds are dusted with pesticides. So it's exposure causes health hazards, economic losses and potential threat to public health due to its residues in poultry meat and organs. Fenvalerate, a synthetic pyrethroid and a potent insecticide has been in use since 1980 in India. It is being commonly used now-a-days after withdrawal of DDT and BHC for pest control of maize, rice, cotton and oil seeds etc. which are incorporated in the poultry ration. Chicken are more vulnerable to pesticide toxicity. Exposure of poultry to fenvalerate can induce nephrohepatotoxicity, hematological, biochemical, immunological effects and changes in various organs. Considering the paucity of literature on fenvalerate toxicity in broiler chicken, the present study was undertaken to know the toxicopathological effect of fenvalerate in broiler chicken with the objectives of studying the hematological, biochemical effects, cell mediated immune response, gross and histopathological changes and fenvalerate residue levels in the liver associated with the toxicity. The present experimental study was carried out by procuring one hundred and fifty apparently healthy and unsexed day old broiler chicks (\ from a local hatchery and were divided into five groups (Control, Group I, 11, I11 and IV) consisting 30 chicks in each group. Technical grade fenvalerate (0.4%w/w) was uniformly mixed into broiler mash to yield 20ppm and 40ppm and was given to group I and II respectively. For group 111 and IV. 20ppm fenvalerate with vitamin E @ 2.5ml (62.5mg vitamin E) and 40ppm fenvalerate with vitamin E @ 2.5ml were given respectively. Chicks of control were given normal feed without fenvalerate and vitamin E. The experimental study was conducted for 8 weeks with adlibitum provision of respective feeds and water to each group. Dullness, depression, reluctance to move, violent beating of wings and hyperexcitability were main clinical signs noticed in all fenvalerate treated groups. No significant change in body weight gains. feed consumption and FCR were noticed in all experimental groups when compared to the controls. Biochemically serum glucose and serum creatinine levels were significantly (P<0.05) increased and total serum protein and serum AchE values were significantly (P~0.05d)e creased in fenvalerate treated birds. Hematologically significant (PK0.05) decrease in TLC, ALC was recorded in all fenvalerate treated groups (Group I, 11,111 and IV). TEC, PCV, HB, AHC, AEC and ABC values were not affected significantly. Significant (P<0.01) decrease in DNFB dermal sensitivity test score was noticed in group I, 11,111 and IV when compared to control. Residue levels were estimated by Gas chromatograph and were 0.0081ppm. 0.0540ppm, 0.0060ppm, 0.0506ppm for group I, 11, I11 and IV respectively. In the present study, gross lesions were recorded prominently in kidney followed by heart, lungs, thymus, spleen, brain, pancreas and intestine. Kidney revealed moderate to severe congestion, mild hemorrhages and increase in size. Liver showed pale yellowish discoloration, mild to moderate congestion and areas of blotchy hemorrhages in group I and 111, with more severity in group I1 and IV. Heart showed hydropericardiurn by the end of fourth week and mild to moderate congestion of coronary blood vessels throughout the experimental period in group I, 11,111 and IV. Lungs showed moderate to severe congestion in all fenvalerate treated groups. No specific gross lesions were noticed in bursa of Fabricius. Brain showed mild congestion in all fenvalerate treated groups. In thymus, mild atrophy and petechial hemorrhages were noticed. Intestine revealed catarrhal changes throughout the experimental period. Spleen showed mild to moderate atrophy by the end of fourth week. Histopathologically conspicuous lesions were observed in kidney followed by liver, lungs. heart, brain, thymus, bursa, spleen, pancreas and intestine. Kidney showed mild to moderate congestion, mild fatty change, inter tubular hemorrhages, accumulation of mononuclear cells in between tubules. increased size of glomerulus in group 1 and group 111. In addition, glomerular hypertrophy and hyperplasia, focal atrophy of renal tubules, moderate fibrous tissue proliferation in between tubules, tubular necrosis were evident in group I1 and IV. Liver showed congestion, focal areas of hemorrhages, mild fatty change, proliferation of bile ducts in all experimental groups with more severity in group I1 and IV. In addition, individualization of hepatocytes, hyperplasia of bile duct epithelium, periportal fibrosis, focal areas of necrosis were observed in group I1 and IV. In few cases, liver in group I1 showed dysplasia of bile duct epithelium by the end of 6" week. Cerebral cortex revealed mild congestion and hemorrhages in group I and 111. In addition to the above, demyelination, gliosis, central chromatolysis and neuranophagia were noticed in group I1 and IV. No specific lesions were evident except focal loss of purkinjee cells in purkinjee layer, mild capillary proliferation, mild congestion and hemorrhages in granular layer. Thymus showed mild hemorrhages and mild depletion of lymphocytes in cortex in group I and 111. In addition, reduced cortical area, loss of differentiation between cortex and medulla, moderate depletion of lymphocytes were noticed in group I1 and IV. Lesions in bursa of group I and 111 were not characteristic except mild lymphocyte depletion and mild hemorrhages. In addition to the above, bursa showed prominence of corticomedullary junction, interfollicular fibrous tissue proliferation, desquarnation and cystic spaces in plical epithelium. Microscopically lungs constantly revealed moderate to severe congestion, focal areas of hemorrhages in all fenvalerate treated groups. In addition to above, thickened interstitial spaces with fibrous tissue proliferation, peribronchiolar aggregation of mononuclear cells and edematous changes were also evident in group I1 and IV. Microscopically spleen revealed mild hemorrhages in group I and 111. In addition, reduction of follicle size with depletion of lymphocytes was also evident in group I1 and IV. Intestine revealed mild congestion and mild hemorrhages in group I and 111. In addition, mild fibroblastic proliferation and mononuclear cells accumulation in mucosa, mild increase in goblet cells of mucosa and atrophy villi in some areas were also evident in group IT and IV. In pancreas. moderate depletion of islets of langerhans was noticed in group 11 and 1V. No specific lesions were evident in proventriculus except mild to moderate congestion in group I and I11 and infiltration of mononuclear cells in mucosa, desquarnation of epithelial cells in group I1 and IV.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON BOVINE TUMORS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2014-11) SHRUTHI, P.J; SUJATHA, K(MAJOR); SRILATHA, Ch; CHENGALVA RAYULU, VABSTRACT : Livestock farming is making a significant contribution to the national economy and socio-economic development in the country. India has the world’s largest livestock population and ranks first in bovine population and milk production. In the recent years, the incidence of tumors in bovines is relatively increasing which undermine the productivity of animals. Cattle occupied the second place after dogs for incidence of tumors. So far a little comprehensive work was conducted on bovine neoplasms in India. Hence the present study has been undertaken to study the pathomorphological changes in bovine tumors so that early diagnosis, prognosis and treatment can be made. A total of 59 neoplasia suspected samples were collected in cattle and buffaloes, out of which neoplasia was diagnosed in 57 samples. These tumors were categorized as tumors of epithelial origin, tumors of mesenchymal origin, mixed tumors and miscellaneous tumors, which constituted 54.38%, 42.09%, 1.75% and 1.75%, respectively. The benign and malignant tumors constituted 56.14% and 43.86%, respectively. The incidence was almost equal in male and female animals with 50.88% and 49.12%, respectively. The incidence of tumors was higher in cattle (78.95%) than in buffaloes (21.05%). The tumors affecting skin and soft tissues constituted more than 50% of the total bovine tumors examined. The highest number of cases were that of papilloma (21.05%) followed by squamous cell carcinoma (17.54%), fibroma (17.54%), lymphosarcoma (14.04%) and adenoma (7.02%). Adenocarcinoma, melanoma and myxosarcoma constituted a percentage of 3.51% each whereas basal cell carcinoma, hemangioma, leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma, mast cell tumor, fibroleiomyoma and adamantinoma constituted 1.75% each. Cytological examination of squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC), pulmonary adenocarcinoma, ethmoturbinate adenocarcinoma, melanoma, myxoma, hemangioma, lymphosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma and mast cell tumors revealed characteristic cellular features. AgNORs in different bovine tumors appeared as round to irregular, dark brown to black dots of varying sizes in the nuclei. Malignant tumors had numerous, smaller AgNORs in the nucleus when compared to benign tumors which had a few large, round and sharply defined AgNORs confined to the nucleoli. The mean AgNOR count of the individual tumors varied from 3.1 to 5.97 and there was a significant correlation between increased AgNOR counts and histological grade. Benign tumors (3.75) had lower mean count than that of malignant tumors (4.18). Highest and lowest mean counts were observed in myxosarcoma (5.97) and fibroma (3.1), respectively. Immunohistochemically, the expression of PCNA and Ki-67 was confined to nucleus and observed predominantly in the basal and parabasal cells of epithelium in papillomas and SqCC; in the acini and tubular structures of adenoma. In pulmonary adenocarcinoma, there was a mild expression of PCNA only. Moderate expression of PCNA and Ki-67 was seen in lymphosarcoma in the lymphnodes, lung, liver and kidney. The immunoexpression of PCNA was greater (90%) than that of Ki-67 (50%) in the bovine tumors. The immunopositivity for vimentin was observed in all the mesenchymal tumors examined in the fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and myxomatous tissue. In the present research, the findings revealed that the incidence of tumors affecting skin and soft tissues was highest in bovines when compared to other types of tumors. The cytopathological studies can be employed for the early diagnosis and prognosis of malignant tumors. AgNOR, PCNA and Ki-67 can be used as reliable markers of cell proliferation and malignancy and vimentin can be employed as a diagnostic marker for mesenchymal tumors.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON LEAD TOXICITY IN FEMALE RATS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND ITS AMELIORATION WITH Emblica officinalis (AMLA) AND Linum usitatissimum (FLAXSEED)(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-10) AMITAVA PAUL; SUJATHA, K(MAJOR); SRILATHA, Ch; VINOD KUMAR, NABSTRACT: Heavy metal Lead is one of mankind’s oldest environmental and occupational toxins found in almost all phases of biological systems. It is known to cause many adverse effects in man and animals. The major organs affected in the body in lead toxicity include nervous system, renal system, hematologic, cardiovascular and immune system. The deleterious effects of lead on reproductive system both in males and females are also a well-known fact. Animal models are widely used to characterize lead toxicity and to study the ameliorating effects of many herbs. In the current investigation, Emblica officinalis (AMLA) and Linum usitatissimum (FLAXSEED) are being investigated for their protective effect on lead induced toxicity with a major focus on reproductive system of female wistar rats. The present study was carried out by procuring 108 female adult wistar albino rats that were randomly assigned to 6 groups with 18 rats in each group. Group I served as vehicle control and they received distilled water, whereas animals in Group II, III, IV, V and VI received lead acetate @ 60 mg/ kg b.wt., Emblica officinalis @ 100 mg/ rat/ day, Linum usitatissimum @ 300 mg/ kg b.wt, lead acetate @ 60 mg/ kg b.wt + Emblica officinalis @ 100 mg/ rat/ day, lead acetate @ 60 mg/ kg b.wt + Linum usitatissimum @ 300 mg/ kg b.wt. respectively for 45 days. Six rats from each group were sacrificed at fortnight intervals. In the present study no mortality was observed in any of the treated group. Across the groups, lead related clinical signs attributable to neurotoxicity were seen. Significant (P<0.05) reduction was recorded in TEC, PCV, Hb and Percent lymphocyte count and significant increase in Percent neutrophil count and TLC was observed in lead treated group (II) in relation to group I. These counts were significantly improved in ameliorated groups (V and VI), when compared to lead treated group (II). Serum biochemical analysis revealed significant decrease (P<0.05) in total protein and increase in SGPT, SGOT, cholesterol, creatinine, ALP and LDH levels in Group II. Significant (P<0.05) increase in the concentration of TBARS and decreased levels of antioxidants like catalase, SOD and GPx levels in liver, kidney, brain and uterus of Group II were noticed. The levels of these parameters were significantly improved in the ameliorated group (Group V and VI). Significant (P<0.05) decrease in serum Progesterone (P) and Estrogen (E2) concentration was noticed in Group II rats. In Group V and VI, significant improvement in hormonal values was noticed compared to Group II. No significant alterations were noticed in all above mentioned parameters in Emblica and Flaxseed treated rats (Group III and IV). In the present study, conspicuous gross lesion was noticed in uterus, liver followed by kidney and lung. Gross lesion includes reduction in size of uterus, paleness of liver, congestion of kidney and lung in lead treated rats (Group II). These changes were less severe in Group V and VI. No significant changes were observed in Emblica and Flaxseed treated rats (Group III and IV). Microscopically uterus of the rats of Group II revealed vacuolar degeneration of lining epithelium of endometrium, narrowing of lumen, degenerated endometrial glandular epithelium, disruption of endometrial glandular structure with, reduced number of endometrial glands, variation in shape and size of the glands, severely degenerated and distorted glands, cystic lumen, complete obliteration of glandular lumen and hyperplastic changes in endometrial gland. In Group V and VI, these changes were less intense. Ovaries of lead acetate treated rats showed, medullary congestion, thickened tunica albuginea, severely degenerated granulosa cell with completely disintegrated oocyte and its nucleus in primary and secondary follicles, lysis of oocyte, cumulus oophorus and clumping of granulosa cells in secondary follicle and significant reduction in the number of follicles at different developmental stages were observed. All these changes were less severe in groups (V and VI). Microscopically, the panel of vital organs comprising liver, kidney, heart, spleen, intestine and lungs were evaluated. The major changes in liver included focal loss of hepatocytes with infiltration of MNCs, bile duct hyperplasia, moderate to severe dilatation and congestion of sinusoids in group II animals. Kidney section showed degenerated and desquamated renal tubular epithelium, congested glumerulus, atrophied and cystic glomeruli. The lead acetate treated group also showed mild to severe thickening of interstitial space, thickening of blood vessels, and severe lymphoid hyperplasia in peribronchial area in lungs. The lesions in brain section included submeningeal hemorrhages, mild to moderate capillary proliferation in cerebral cortex, rounding and loss of purkinje cells in cerebellum, shrinkage of neurons, demyelinating changes and spongiosis and gliosis. Heart showed focal sarcolytic changes, thickening and congested blood vessels. Changes in spleen included thickened blood vessels, thickened capsule and mild to moderate depletion of lymphocyte in white pulp and engorgement of red pulp. Intestine revealed desquamated epithelial cells with increased number of goblet cells, mild to moderate eosinophilic infiltration in sub mucosa and necrosis. The severity of these lesions was of lesser magnitude in Group V and VI. No significant changes were noticed in soft tissues of Emblica (Group III) and Flaxseed (Group IV) treated rats. In rats of group II, immunohistochemistry showed increased expression of BAX marker in both uterus and ovarian tissue compared to Group I. Whereas, in rats of Group V and VI decreased expression of BAX marker was observed compared to Group II. No significant changes were noticed in rats of Group III and IV.ThesisItem Open Access PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SODIUM FLUORIDE TOXICITY IN FEMALE RATS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY AND ITS AMELIORATION(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2016-10) REDDI PRIYANKA, K; SUJATHA, K(MAJOR); SRILATHA, Ch; RANI PRAMEELA, DABSTRACT: Fluorosis is one of the most important public health hazards across the world, resulting from chronic exposure of higher amounts of fluoride. Most of the times, it is characterized by dental mottling (Dental) and crippling (Skeletal) disorders. Livestock exposed to forages and grasses contaminated with fluoride-rich industrial effluents, deep well water, feed supplements and mineral mixtures containg excess fluoride are more susceptible for fluoride toxicity. Apart from the skeletal and dental abnormalities fluoride can able to produce structural and functional alterations in many of the soft tissues like reproductive organs, liver, kidney, brain, gastro intestinal tract, thyroid and endocrine glands by impairing the antioxidant status of the body. In recent years, experimental studies pertaining to toxic effects of fluoride on reproductive organs and developmental toxicity have got great attention. In this aspect, many authors reported effects of fluoride on male reproductive system where as information regarding female reproductive system is inadequate. Provision of nutritional supplements with high antioxidant properties is the farthest objective as remedy to mitigate the complications of fluoride toxicity. Emblica officinalis (Amla) is proposed for its potent antioxidant property. ZnO nanoparticles are well documented for their multidisciplinary biological activities in the field of medicine. Hence, this present study was undertaken to investigate pathomorphological changes in the reproductive system and other soft tissues of female rats induced by fluoride and its amelioration with Emblica officinalis (Amla) and to study the efficacy of Zinc oxide nano particles coated Emblica officinalis. The present study was carried out by procuring 108 female Wister albino rats (weighing around 200 g) that were randomly assigned to 6 Groups with 18 rats in each Group. Group I served as vehicle control and received distilled water whereas animals in Groups II, III, IV, V and VI received sodium fluoride @ of 18 mg/ kg b.wt, Emblica officinalis @ of 100 mg/ rat/ day, ZnO nano particles @ of 10 mg/ kg b.wt, sodium fluoride @ of 18 mg/ kg b.wt + Emblica officinalis @ of 100 mg/ rat/ day, sodium fluoride @ of 18 mg/ kg b.wt + ZnO nano particles coated Emblica officinalis @ of 100 mg/ rat/ day respectively. Six rats from each group were sacrificed at fortnight intervals. Hematologically, significant reduction was recorded in the TEC, Hb and PCV and TLC in Group II. Serum biochemical analysis revealed significant decrease in total protein, SGPT, SGOT, cholesterol, calcium and increased creatinine, alkaline phosphatase and acid phosphatase levels in Group II. Significant increase in the concentration of TBARS, indicator for oxidative damage and decreased levels of antioxidants like catalase, SOD, GPx and GSH levels in liver, kidney, brain and uterus of Group II rats were noticed. Decreased serum Progesterone (P) and Estrogen (E2) concentration were noticed in Group II rats. Whereas, clear hematological, biochemical and hormonal improvement was noticed in Group V and VI. No alternations were noticed in all these parameters in Group III and IV. On histopathological examination, uterus of Group II rats revealed distorted lamina propria with moderate infiltration of MNCs, squeezed endometrial cells revealing large empty spaces, severe degenerative changes in endometrial glandular epithelium, periglandular infiltration of MNCs and fibrous tissue proliferation, variation in size and shape of the glands, severe hyperplastic changes with complete obliteration of glandular lumen and overall reduction in number of glands in the endometrium. Whereas in myometrium, highly distorted smooth muscle architecture with irregularly arranged funicular layers, infiltration of MNCs and eosinophils and edematous changes between muscle fibers were noticed. Uterine lumen was completely obliterated. In Group V and VI, these changes were less intense and by the end of 6th week uterus came to near normal appearance. Ovaries of Group II rats showed highly degenerated germinal epithelium, degenerated and necrosed stromal tissue with engorged blood vessels, distorted basement membrane separating the theca folliculi from the zona granulosa, vacuolated spaces in granulosa cells, severely disintegrated oocytes and nucleus in secondary follicles, increased number of atretic follicles, pyknotic follicular cells, vacuolated corpus luteum and marked reduction in the number of follicles at different developmental stages. These changes were less severe in Group V and VI. In liver, severe congestion of central vein, dilated sinusoidal spaces with congestion, degenerated hepatocytes with karyomegaly and hyperchromatic nuclei, individualization of hepatocytes, focal loss of hepatocytes with MNC aggregates and disorganization of hepatic cords, microgranuloma formation, mild to moderate vesicular fatty change, moderate fibrous tissue proliferation in portal areas, marked sinusoidal dilatation with severe congestion were observed in Group II. These changes were less intense in Group V and VI. In kidneys, extensive degenerative changes in tubular epithelial cells, severe intertubular hemorrhages and edema and proteinacious casts in tubules were noticed. Vacuolation in the tuft of glomerulus and atrophied and cystic glomeruli were evident in majority of Group II treated animals. In Group V and VI ameliorated rats, these lesions were less severe. Microscopical examination of Group II lungs showed perivascular and peribronchial infiltration of MNCs and eosinophils, moderate hemorrhages in and around the bronchiole, desquamated bronchiolar epithelium, peribronchial lymphoid aggregation and interstitial edema. These changes were less in intense in Group V and VI. Brains of Group II rats revealed shrinkage of neurons along with focal areas of demyelinating changes and spongiosis, doubling and rounding of Purkinje cells, microgranuloma formation and nerve cell with central chromatolysis and focal areas of gliosis in cerebrum. In Group V and VI ameliorated rats, these lesions were less severe. Microscopic examination of heart revealed mild to moderate hemorrhages, sarcolytic changes and infiltration of MNCs in between cardiac muscle fibers in most of the group II rats. All these changes were mild in Group V and VI. In pancreas, peripancreatic ductular infiltration of MNCs, focal loss of acinar structures exocrine duct hyperplasia and complete degeneration with atrophy of islets of Langerhans were observed in Group II rats. These changes were mild in Group V and VI. Microscopically spleens of Group II animals revealed, depletion of lymphocytes around the central artery and from germinal centers and severe engorgement of red pulp. Group V and VI animals appeared almost similar to control. No specific gross and microscopic alternations were observed in soft tissues of Group III and IV. Increased fluoride concentration was noticed in tissues like liver, kidney, brain and uterus of Group II rats whereas, significant decrease in fluoride concentration was noticed in Group V and VI. In Group II, immunohistochemistry showed increased expression of BAX marker in lining epithelium and glandular epithelium of endometrium of uterus compared to control. Decreased number PCNA positive ovarian follicles were observed in Group II compared to control. Whereas, increased number of ovarian follicles were noticed in Group V and VI. On scanning electron microscopic examination, abraded surface epithelium with distorted cuboidal shape and clumping of surface epithelial cells with decreased number of blebs and microvilli were observed in ovaries of Group II whereas, in Group V and VI, cuboidal cells of the germinal epithelium normal with significant increase in number of blebs and microvilli.