Browsing by Author "SRIKALA, D"
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ThesisItem Open Access CLINICAL, DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES OF HYPOTHYROIDISM IN DOGS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2010-08) SRIKALA, D; Satish Kumar, K(MAJOR); Tirumala Rao, D.S; Sadasiva Rao, KABSTRACT : Out of a total 10,172 dogs presented to the small animal medical ward of Veterinary Hospital, Bhoiguda, Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, College of Veterinary Science, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, 47 were found hypothyroid. The overall prevalence of hypothyroidism in dogs was 0.46 per cent and it was 30.92 per cent among dogs exhibiting clinical manifestations suggestive of impaired thyroid function. The highest prevalence was recorded in Labrador Retriever (25.53 per cent) aged between 5-10 yrs (61.70 per cent) and spayed females (40.43 per cent) and lowest in Daschund and Pug (2.13 per cent), less than 5 yrs (6.83 per cent) and uncastrated males (12.77 per cent). The common clinical manifestations were bilateral alopecia (82.98 per cent), rat tail appearance (72.34 per cent), puppy like coat (17.02 per cent), dry and lustreless coat (68.08 per cent), secondary skin disorders (76.60 per cent), exercise intolerance (78.72 per cent), dyspnoea at rest (25.53 per cent), obesity (68.08 per cent), lethargy in (74.47 per cent), corneal lipidosis (10.64 per cent), goitre and lameness (10.64 per cent), pale mucosa (19.25 per cent), anaemia (27.6 per cent), nervous signs (25.53 per cent) and cyanosis and myxedema (8.51 per cent). The primary disorders associated with hypothyroid dogs were related to skin and coat in 76.60 per cent, and were mainly of Malassezia pachydermatis or Demodex canis or pyoderma. Further, certain systemic disorders such as cardiovascular, nervous system, diabetes mellitus, renal and musculoskeletal disorders were also recorded. Severely affected hypothyroid dogs were presenting the severe signs related to both skin and coat and reduced metabolic rate. Whereas, dogs presented with only skin and coat abnormalities were considered mild and those presented with predominant skin and coat and mild to moderate reduced metabolic rate associated signs were diagnosed as moderately affected ones. Out of 23 dogs in group I, alleviation of clinical signs occurred in 21 following 30-35 days of treatment with levothyroxine. The remaining two dogs presenting goitre, cyanosis and myxedema, severe nervous signs, pale mucosae and corneal lipidosis died after 10 and 15 days of initiation of therapy. Whereas, group II dogs treated with levothyroxine and carnitine showed clinical improvement from day 15 and complete alleviation of signs were recorded by day 30. No death was recorded in this group of dogs. All the hypothyroid dogs revealed normocytic, normochromic and non-regenerative anaemia with non-significantly different parameters except PCV. Similarly, there was hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia with elevated levels of CKMB, LDH, ALP and TSH with significantly low levels of TT4, fT4 and T3. The thyroid lobes of the affected dogs were heterogenous, had an irregular thick capsule, ill-delineated abnormal shape, smaller size and were hyper echoic compared with sternothyroid muscles on day 0. Whereas, the mean length, width, height and volume of the hypothyroid lobes were significantly decreased when compared to apparently healthy dogs. No significant difference was noticed with these findings following therapy. The mean pre treatment values of LVEdD and LVEsD of both the groups were significantly increased (p<0.01) when compared with the mean values of healthy dogs. These dimensions after therapy were found to be significantly (p<0.05) different from the findings recorded prior to the treatment. The other dimensions viz., LVPWd, LVPWs, IVSd, IVSs, and EPSS of group I and II, were also different significantly (p<0.05) from that of healthy dogs. Following therapy (on day 45) there was a non-significant difference in these values. With respect to ejection fraction and fractional shortening, a significantly low (p<0.01) levels were noticed in all the hypothyroid dogs. However, a significant (P<0.05) increase was recorded in these values on day 45 post therapy. Whereas, no specific difference in severity and intensity of turbulence and mosaic pattern of colour flow was noticed on pulse wave and colour flow Doppler of mitral valve in all the dogs before and after treatment. There was no significant difference in various haematological parameters such as TEC, Hb, PCV, TLC and DLC between the groups I and II. A significant difference was noticed in the values of CKMB and LDH (P<0.01) and cholesterol, triglycerides, total thyroxine, free thyroxine, triodothyronine and thyroid stimulating hormone (P<0.05) of group II dogs on day 45 after treatment as compared with group I. Whereas, no significant difference was noticed with the values of ALT and ALP in between the groups on day 45. The different abnormalities associated with thyroid gland morphology and texture that revealed during thyroid lobe ultrasonography such as irregular thick capsule, ill delineated, abnormal shape, smaller size, echogenic difference and thyroid lobe volume were not significantly different between theThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF FEEDING GRADED LEVELS OF DDGS (DISTILLERS DRIED GRAINS WITH SOLUBLES) WITH OR WITHOUT SPENT BREWERS YEAST SUPPLEMENTATION ON PERFORMANCE OF JAPANESE QUAILS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2017-12) SRIKALA, D; DEVASENA, B(MAJOR); RAMANA, J.V; SHAKILA, SABSTRACT : An experiment was conducted to study the effect of including graded levels of distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with or without spent brewer’s yeast (SBY) supplementation in the diets of Japanese quails on performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass characteristics, serum parameters and cost economics. The chemical analysis of DDGS and SBY revealed DM, CP, EE, CF, TA, AIA and NFE of 90.49, 30.92, 9.80, 8.52, 6.58, 4.03 and 44.18%; 91.53, 38.80, 1.32, 3.63, 5.61, 0.49 and 50.64%, respectively. The percent Ca and P contents were 0.07, 0.76 in DDGS and 0.10 and 1.46 in SBY, respectively. An experiment was carried out on Japanese quail chicks (675) from day old to 35 days of age under cage system. The Japanese quail chicks were randomly distributed to nine treatments with three replicates, each containing twenty five birds. Iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were prepared with inclusion of DDGS at graded levels with or without spent brewer’s yeast (SBY) supplementation for grower (0 to 3 weeks) and finisher (3 to 5 weeks) Japanese quail chicks (ICAR, 2013). The experimental diets T2, T4, T6 and T8 contained DDGS at 10, 15, 20 and 25% level, respectively and T3, T5, T7 and T9 diets contained 1% of SBY along with respective levels of DDGS and T1 as control diet. The body weight gain (g) during grower phase was significantly (P<0.01) highest in quails fed diets containing 20% DDGS with SBY (T7) and 20% DDGS without SBY (T6) while it was lowest (P<0.01) in quails fed control (T1) and 10% DDGS without SBY (T2) diets. The body weight gain (g) for entire growth period was significantly (P<0.01) highest in quails maintained on diets containing 20% DDGS with SBY (T7) and lowest body weight gain was seen in quails fed control diet (T1), diet with 10% DDGS without SBY (T2) and 10% DDGS with SBY (T3). The feed intake (g) during grower phase was significantly (P<0.01) highest in quails fed diets containing 20% DDGS without SBY (T6), 20% DDGS with SBY (T7) and 25% DDGS without SBY (T8), while lowest (P<0.01) was recorded in control (T1) diet. The feed intake did not differ significantly among the treatment groups (T1 to T9) during finisher phase. The FCR and mortality of quails showed non-significant differences among the dietary treatments during different growth phases. The digestibility of DM, CP, EE and NFE was not influenced but CF digestibility decreased (P<0.01) during grower and finisher phases. The carcass characteristics, proximate composition of meat and physical properties of meat in terms of meat pH, percent cooking yield, water holding capacity, free fatty acids did not affected significantly with the inclusion of DDGS at graded levels with or without SBY supplementation among the dietary treatments. The serum total protein (g/dl), albumin (g/dl) and globulin (g/dl) levels did not differ significantly, but serum cholesterol (mg/dl) levels decreased significantly (P<0.01) in quails fed experimental diets T1 to T9. The intestinal morphometry i.e. villus height (μm), crypt depth (μm) and villus height/crypt depth ratio in duodenum and ileum showed non-significant differences among the dietary treatment groups. Whereas villus height (μm) and crypt depth (μm) in jejunum was significantly (P<0.01) improved in quails fed diets containing graded levels of DDGS up to 20% with or without SBY supplementation. The cost of feed per bird was significantly (P<0.01) lowest in birds fed diets containing 25% DDGS without SBY (T8) and highest (P<0.01) in quails fed diets containing 20% DDGS with SBY (T7). Based on the results, it is concluded that, dietary incorporation of DDGS up to 25% can be safely included in the quail diets. There is no additional benefit observed with SBY supplementation at 1% level in present study.