Browsing by Author "SATYANARAYANA REDDY, P.V.V"
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ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF HERBAL PREPARATIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-06) TIRUPATHI REDDY, E; SUDHAKARA REDDY, P (Major); SATYANARAYANA REDDY, P.V.V; RAVI, AABSTRACT : An experiment was conducted with three types of herbal preparations (amla, turmeric and tulsi) either alone or in combination in nine dietary treatments to study the performance of broilers. The body weight gain was significantly (P<0.05) affected in broilers during starter, finisher and overall periods. However, the best weight gain was noticed in herbals combination (T8) group compared to control (T1) group throughout the experimental period. The feed intake was significantly (P<0.05) affected in broilers during starter period but it was highly significantly (P<0.01) affected among different groups during finisher and entire periods. It was observed that higher feed intake in T8 group compared to all other groups during the different phases of growth period. The feed efficiency was not significantly different among treatment groups during all the growth phases. Furthermore, the best feed efficiency was noticed in T7, T8 and T9 compared to control group (T1). Eventhough the feed cost per kg live weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) different among treatment groups, the feed cost per kg live weight gain was the lowest in T8 group compared to all other groups. The different types of herbals either alone or in combination at 0.25 and 0.5% levels in broiler diets did not influence the carcass traits, SGOT, SGPT and serum cholesterol levels. The immune response (HI titre) to ND vaccination did not differ significantly, but it was found to be better in broilers fed different herbals either alone or in combination compared to control. It is inferred that, supplementation of tulsi and herbal combination at 0.25% level in broiler diets respectively can reduce the cost of production without affecting the performance of broilers.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF INCLUSION OF TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum) POMACE WITH OR WITHOUT ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION ON BROILER PERFORMANCE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517 502 (A.P) INDIA, 2003-08) KAVITHA, PATAKAMURI; RAMANA, J V; RAMA PRASAD, J; SATYANARAYANA REDDY, P.V.V; SUDHAKARA REDDY, PABSTRACT : With a view to investigate the nutritional efficiency, growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers fed on diets containing different levels of dried tomato pomace (DTP) with or without enzyme supplementation the present study was carried out. The chemical composition of DTP used in the present study was 22.39% CP, 12.23 % EE and 40.1 % CF. The calculated ME content of the DTP was 2172 kcal/ kg. The AME, TME and N utilization of DTP were estimated by conducting a trial using 12 adult White Leghorn cockerels. The AME and TME values of DTP were 2080 and 2193 kcal/kg, respectively. The N utilization of DTP was 56.64 percent. Dried tomato pomace (DTP) was included at 0, 5, 10 and 15 per cent levels without (T1, T3, T5 and T7) and with (T2, T4, T6 and T8) enzyme supplementation in iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous broiler starter and finisher diets to assess the growth performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. The starter and finisher diets were formulated according to BIS (1992) specifications. Two hundred and forty Vencob day-old male broilers were fed starter and finisher diets from 0 to 4 weeks and 5 to 6 weeks, respectively. At the end of starter phase (0-4 weeks) and finisher phase (5-6 weeks) the N utilization was estimated. During the experimental period weekly body weight gains and feed intakes were recorded. At the end of experimental period, 2 birds from each replicate were sacrificed to study the serum and muscle biochemical parameters and carcass characteristics. There was no significant difference in body weight gain and feed intake between different levels of DTP inclusion and with enzyme supplementation. The birds fed diet containing 15 per cent DTP with enzyme supplementation has shown the highest feed intake of 3.87 kg. The feed efficiency decreased significantly (P<0.01) with increase in level of DTP inclusion from 5 to 15 per cent (2.04 to 2.14). The per cent nitrogen utilization significantly (P<0.01) decreased with increase in DTP inclusion from 5 to 15 per cent and significantly (P<0.01) increased with enzyme supplementation in both the phases of growth. Throughout the experimental period, all the birds were healthy and no mortality was observed. There were no significant differences in ready-to-cook yield and percent giblet weight between different treatments, between different levels of DTP inclusion and enzyme supplementation. The serum triglyceride content significantly (P<0.01) increased with increase in the level of DTP inclusion and with enzyme supplementation. The serum cholesterol level decreased significantly (P<0.05) with increase in level of DTP inclusion. There was no significant difference in serum cholesterol level with enzyme supplementation. Serum cholesterol level was lowest (152.54 mg / dl) in the group fed diet containing 15 per cent DTP without enzyme supplementation. There was no significant difference in serum HDL cholesterol level between different treatments, between different levels of DTP inclusion and enzyme supplementation. The LDL cholesterol level significantly decreased (P<0.01) with increase in level of DTP inclusion. The enzyme supplementation has shown significant (P<0.05) increase in serum LDL cholesterol level. The breast and thigh muscle cholesterol levels significantly (P<0.05) decreased with increase in level of DTP inclusion. There was significant (P<0.05) increase in breast and thigh muscle cholesterol level with enzyme supplementation. The breast muscle cholesterol (41.15 mg / 100 g of meat) and thigh muscle cholesterol (99.34 mg / 100 g of meat) contents were found to be the least in the birds fed on diets containing 15 per cent DTP inclusion without enzyme supplementation. Feed cost per kg gain showed significant (P<0.01) decrease with increase in the level of DTP inclusion. The feed cost/kg gain (Rs.16.09) was found to be the least in the birds fed diets containing 15 per cent DTP with lower serum and muscle cholesterol levels. There were no deleterious effects in the birds fed diets containing DTP even up to 15 per cent level. The present study indicates that DTP can safely be included up to 15 per cent level in broiler diets for economical growth and to produce meat with low cholesterol.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON NUTRITIVE VALUE AND UTILIZATION OF PALM KERNEL MEAL (Elaeis guineensis) FOR CHICKEN(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2011-01) SHAKILA, S; SUDHAKARA REDDY, P (Major); SATYANARAYANA REDDY, P.V.V; RAVI, AABSTRACT : A study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive value and utilization of palm kernel (Elaeis guineensis) meal on the performance of broilers and layers. Palm kernel meal (PKM) contained 15.32, 1.75, 14.39, 4.35 and 64.19 per cent crude protein, ether extract, crude fibre, total ash and nitrogen free extract respectively on dry matter basis. The palm kernel meal contained 1892 K.cal/kg of metabolizable energy. Among the minerals, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium and potassium were 0.49, 0.68, 0.064, 0.58 and 0.48 g/kg where as copper, magnesium, zinc and iron were 15.47, 63.20, 18.45 and 469.5 mg/kg respectively on dry matter basis present in palm kernel meal. The critical amino acids like lysine, methionine, glycine and arginine were 0.44, 0.29, 0.72 and 1.96 per cent respectively on dry matter basis present in palm kernel meal. The first experiment was conducted with palm kernel meal at 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 per cent either alone or in combination with enzymes in nine dietary treatments to study the performance of broilers. The body weight gain was not significantly affected in broilers during starter, finisher and overall periods although better weight gain was noticed in the groups fed palm kernel meal at 7.5 per cent with enzymes supplementation (T7) compared to control (T1) group throughout the experimental period. The feed intake was not affected among different dietary treatments, groups during all the growth periods. However, the feed intake was apparently more in broilers fed 15 per cent palm kernel meal without enzymes (T8 group) compared to control group (T1). The feed efficiency was not significantly affected during starter phase, but it was affected significantly (P<0.01) among different groups during finisher and entire period. Better feed efficiency and the feed cost per kg live weight gain was less in broilers fed 7.5 per cent palm kernel meal with enzymes (T7 group) compared to all other groups. The different inclusion levels of palm kernel meal either alone or in combination with enzymes in broiler diets did not influence the carcass traits, total serum protein, serum alkaline phosphatase and antibody titres for Newcastle disease vaccination compared to control group. In the second experiment, palm kernel meal was included in layer diets at 0, 3.5, 7.5, 11.25 and 15.0 per cent to replace de-oiled rice bran (DORB) by 0, 25,50, 75 and 100 per cent respectively with or without enzymes supplementation. Each diet was tested in quadruplicate groups of 6 layers each and a total of 216 layers were used in the experiment. This study was carried out for 10 laying periods of 28 days each in cages. The performance of layers in terms of hen-day egg production and feed efficiency were influenced significantly (P<0.01) whereas feed intake and body weights were not affected by the inclusion of palm kernel meal in the diets upto 15 per cent with or without enzymes supplementation. Furthermore, the egg weight, shell thickness, albumen index, yolk index, haugh unit, total serum protein, serum alkaline phosphatase and antibody titres for Newcastle disease were not affected. The income over feed cost per dozen eggs was higher in layers fed ration containing palm kernel meal at 7.5 per cent along with enzymes than all other treatments. Mortality and causes thereof were found to be independent of dietary treatments both in broilers and layers. It is inferred that palm kernel meal could be incorporated upto 10 and 15 per cent without enzymes in broilers and layer diets respectively without affecting their performance. However, palm kernel meal with enzymes at 7.5 per cent was proved to be better in terms of economic production of broilers and layers.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SUPPLEMENTATION OF THERMO TOLERANT PROBIOTIC ON THE PRODUCTION PERFORMANCE OF BUFFALOES(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2009-05) SRINIVAS KUMAR, D; RAMA PRASAD, J (Major); KRISHNA MOHAN, D.V.G; PARTHASARATHY, M; SATYANARAYANA REDDY, P.V.V; SARJAN RAO, KABSTRACT: Experiments were carried out on young graded Murrah buffalo bulls, lactating graded Murrah buffaloes and graded Murrah buffalo bull calves to study the effect of feeding diets supplemented with or without thermo tolerant probiotic (Levucell SC 20) on voluntary feed intake, rumen fermentation pattern, nutrient digestibility, milk production and composition and on growth performance. The voluntary DM intake expressed as kg/day or as kg/100 kg. b.wt. or as g/kg w0.75 was marginally higher in buffalo bulls fed with probiotic supplemented diet as compared with the control. The rumen fermentation studies with fistulated young buffalo bulls revealed that all the nitrogen fractions of rumen fluid, pH and TVFA increased marginally while NH3-N concentration of rumen liquor increased significantly (P<0.05) in the buffalo bull calves fed diet supplemented with probiotic as compared with the control. All nitrogen fractions except residual nitrogen and TVFA peaked at 4 h post feeding. Peak rumen pH values were recorded immediately after feeding (0 h) while residual N values peaked at 2 h post feeding. The protozoal count (P<0.05) and total bacterial count (P<0.01) increased significantly with probiotic supplementation in the diet compared with the control. The protozoal and total bacterial counts were also peaked at 4 h post feeding. The DM intake (kg/day) was higher in the probiotic supplemented group of buffalo bull calves in growth study as compared with the control. The average digestibility coefficients (%) of DM, EE, and NDF (P<0.05), OM, CP, CF, ADF and cellulose (P<0.01) increased significantly with probiotic supplementation in the diet of buffalo bull calves as compared with the control animals. However, the average digestibility coefficients (%) of NFE and hemicellulose did not differ significantly between the two groups. All the buffalo bull calves were in positive N, Ca and P balances. The DCP (P<0.01) and TDN (P<0.05) intakes (kg) increased significantly with probiotic supplementation in the diet as compared with the control. The ADG was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the probiotic supplemented diet (549.91 g/d) as compared with the control (462.13 g/d). Feed efficiency (kg feed/kg gain) and cost of feed per kg gain were 9.94 vs. 9.52 and Rs. 33.10 vs. Rs. 32.01 in the control and treatment groups, respectively. The dry matter intake (kg/day) increased marginally in the probiotic supplemented group of lactating buffaloes as compared with the control. The average digestibility coefficients (%) of all nutrients were higher in lactating buffaloes fed probiotic supplemented diet as compared with the control. The DCP and TDN contents were higher in the probiotic supplemented group as compared with the control. The average milk yield, butter fat yield, 6% FCM, SNF per cent and total solids were higher in buffaloes fed diets supplemented with thermo tolerant probiotic as compared with the control. However, the differences between the two groups were not significant. The feed efficiency was improved and cost of feed per kg 6% FCM yield was decreased marginally (Rs 8.06 vs. Rs. 8.44) with probiotic supplementation in the diet of lactating buffaloes as compared to the control. It can be concluded from the present results that supplementation of thermo tolerant probiotic (Levucell SC 20) in the diets of buffalo bull calves increased the growth rate, improved feed efficiency and decreased feed cost/ kg gain as compared to the control. However, it was observed that the recommended dose of probiotic (0.5 g /head/day) supplemented in the diet of lactating buffaloes may be little to demonstrate significant positive response on milk yield and milk composition.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF SHENUT EXTRACT INCLUSION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF LAYERS(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY TIRUPATI - 517 502. (A.P.) INDIA, 2006-02) RAMI REDDY, T; SUDHAKARA REDDY, P(MAJOR); SATYANARAYANA REDDY, P.V.V; PARTHASARATHY, MThesisItem Open Access A STUDY ON THE MIGRATORY PATTERN OF NELLORE SHEEP AND THEIR PERFORMANCE(SRI VENKATESWARA VETERINARY UNIVERSITY , TIRUPATI – 517 502 (A.P) INDIA, 2003-08) SARAVANA KUMAR, K; SARJAN RAO, K (Major); VENUGOPAL NAIDU, K; ESWARA PRASAD, P; SATYANARAYANA REDDY, P.V.VABSTRACT : In the present study an attempt was made to study the migratory pattern of Nellore sheep and their performance in Nellore and Prakasam districts of Andhra Pradesh. A benchmark survey was conducted on 108 migratory sheep farmers from the identified eight major (above 90 kms path) and ten minor (below 90 kms path) migratory tracts of the two districts (shown in 7 maps) to assess the reasons and problems during migration and impact of migration on their socio-economic conditions. The major reasons for migration of sheep flocks were lack of water and feeding resources (83.33 to 85.18%), traditional practice (78.70%), successive drought (76.85%), disease out breaks (75.90%) etc. Migration in major tracts had commenced from January 15th upto the end of July with a mean duration of 131.25 ± 11.78 days covering 125.25 ± 10.43 kms and in minor tracts from March to the end of June for a distance of 42.90 ± 2.22 kms in a period of 51.50 ± 4.30 days. The average duration (days) of migration in the identified tracts of the study was 91.38 ± 8.04 to cover a distance of 84.08 ± 6.33 kms. The average flock size was 64.38 ± 2.97 for migratory flocks against 29.92 ± 1.38 for non-migratory flocks in the study area. The total per cent of life stages retained from migration were 22.07 ± 4.92, 8.87 ± 2.94, 31.28 ± 2.37 and 11.92 ± 2.89 for the pregnant, lactating, suckling and weaners, respectively. The mean grazing time, mastication rate / mt and rumination rate / hr observed were 6 hrs. 39 mts, 75.06 ± 1.92 and 64.11 ± 0.86 respectively. Out of 108 each migratory and non-migratory farmer groups studied 71.30 and 57.41 percentage belonged to AL, 12.96 and 12.04 SF, 6.48 and 10.21 MF and 9.26 and 20.34 LF groups, respectively. The comparison of the involvement of social groups based on land holdings in both systems of sheep rearing was non-significant. However, social groups based on community, about two thirds of sheep farmers belonged to BC's (popular community was 'Yadavas') followed by SC and ST (17.59%) and the rest (15.47%) from FC, whereas the FC farmers involvement was better than SC and STs in non-migratory system. Out of the family size of 10.25 ± 0.70 and 7.13 ± 0.45, the male and female members ratios were 1.5:1 and 1.4:1 in migratory and non-migratory farmer households of major tracts identified in the study. The family members mostly, male vs female members utilization pattern was significantly (P < 0.01) higher in major tracts (66.23 ± 2.20 Vs 37.27 ± 2.98). The family labour utilization pattern in minor tracts was also significantly (P < 0.01) higher for migratory households. The impact of migratory pattern was amply reflected in low literacy rates in males (39.39 ± 3.31) than females (43.91 ± 2.81) in major migratory tracts. The overall literacy rate of 40.48 ± 2.91 was significantly (P<0.01) lower in migratory household against the non-migratory households (62.71 ± 3.01). The migratory sheep farmers in the major tracts were supported by other livestocks including 2.69 ± 0.42, 2.60 ± 0.40 and 3.08 ± 0.42 number of buffaloes, cattle and goats with an estimated value of Rs. 9,943.75, Rs. 8320.00 and Rs. 2152.50, respectively and the value of sheep flocks was double (2.03:1) than the value of other supported species where as the non-migratory sheep farmers were supported by 3.59 ± 0.95, 3.68 ± 0.50 and 3.65 ± 0.41 number of buffaloes, cattle and goats with the overall estimated value of Rs. 18,603.75 (0.70:1). The mean gross income and per capita income per annum from migratory sheep flocks were significantly (P < 0.05) higher due to higher flock asset value and hire service charges. Higher percentage (80.55) of sheep farmers responded for the problem related to the gastrointestinal parasitism followed by non-availability of vaccines (77.77%), diseases onset (75.92%), presence of diseases in the villages of migratory path (72.22%) and lack of veterinary facilities (70.37%). The influence of migratory phase on certain biochemical constituents and haematological values was observed as significantly higher values for calcium, Phosphorus, glucose, total protein, globulin, albumin, creatinine, urea SGOT and SGPT and lower levels of cholesterol during active migratory phase. Hb, RBC, PCV and WBC values were significantly (P<0.01) increased during active migratory phase. These variations were not beyond the normal ranges of species specific. Migratory phase had a positive influence on number of ewes on standing heat and their rate of conception, birth weights of the lambs, serving capacity of rams and a negative influence on prenatal and neonatal mortality, number of lambs born and weaning weight. The incidence of parasitic diseases i.e., Amphistomiasis (63.89% Vs 16.67%), Monieziasis (22.22 Vs 30%), Fascioliasis (58.33% Vs 19.44%), Strongylosis (38.89% Vs 19.44%) and Babesiosis (8.33 Vs 0) was observed in migratory Vs non-migratory flocks. The incidences of infectious diseases like ET, Blue tongue, Anthrax, FMD, Foot rot, sheep pox and PPR were observed more for migratory compared to non-migratory flocks.