Browsing by Author "Reshma Das"
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ThesisItem Open Access Market potential for branded double toned curd to be introdeced by Ernakulam Dairy(College of Co-operation Banking and Management, Vellanikkara, 2017) Reshma Das; KAU; Sunandha, K A1. The study focused only consumers of milma 2. The majority of respondents were females. It constitute 76 per cent and 24 per cent were males. 3. Among the respondents 46 per cent belongings to the age group of 41-60 years followed by age group of 25 -40years it constitute 36 per cent.12 per cent belongs to less than 25 and 6 per cent of them in the age group of above 60. 4. The 40 per cent of respondents studied up to higher secondary. it is the majority educational qualification. Educational qualification of 26 per cent of respondents were SSLC. 18 per cent of respondents were graduates.10 per cent had primary education and 6 per cent were post graduates. 5. The 60 per cent of respondents were house wives. 20 per of respondents were work at private sector. 12 per cent of them were self employed and 8 per cent were government employees 6. Thus it clear that the monthly income of 44 per cent of respondents were between 10001 and 15000. It is the majority. The class 15001-20000 constitutes 22 per cent of respondents. The monthly income of 10 per cent of respondents is below 5000 and 8 per cent of respondents was above 20000. 7. The monthly budgets of 36 per cent of respondents were 100-150. For 20 per cent of respondents 151-200. The monthly budget of 26 per cent of respondents was less than 100. 10 per cent of respondents spent monthly income between 200 and 250 for purchase curd. 8. The majority of the family contain 4 members. It constitutes 40 per cent. 32 per cent of family contain 5 members. 20 per cent family contain above 5 members. 8 per cent having the family size less than 3. 9. Majority of respondents were not the regular users of curd. It constitute 86 per 88 cent rest of 14 per cent were the regular users. 10. Among the respondents 50 per cent purchase curd fortnightly, 32 per cent weekly, 12 per cent twice in a week and 6 per cent purchase in 2 days interval. 11. 72 per cent of respondents purchase curd based on the availability and rest of them consider other factors also. 12. Majority of respondents bought less than 1 litre of curd in a single purchase. It constitutes 92 per cent and 8 per cent of respondents purchase 1 litre of curd at a time. 13. The 96 per cent of respondents were not aware of quality standards of curd. Only 4 per cent were aware. 14. According to the majority of respondents there were no quality problems regarding to the curd. It constitutes 64 per cent. 15. The majority of respondents bought curd from retail shop. It constitutes 58 per cent. 24 per cent bought from milma out let and 14 per cent purchase from super market. 16. Majority of respondents agree that curd available in the preferred quantity packets. It constitutes 42 per cent. 32 per cent partly agree and 16 per cent disagree that curd available in the preferred quantity packets. 17. According to 42 per cent of respondents agree that they the product they got were quality product for affordable price. 36 per cent partly agree and 14 per cent strongly agree. 18. According to 62 per cent of respondents most influencing promotional strategy was advertisement. Next influencing strategy was special offers. It constitutes 14 per cent. Free gift and wall painting influence 12 per cent of respondents. 19. The advertisement through the visual media was the most influencing and next was advertisement through social media they constitute 32 and 30 per cent respectively. Print media was the third influencing advertisement media. 28 per cent likes advertisement through print media. 20. According to Garret ranking on the statement factors influencing purchase decision of curd quality came first. The quality obtained the maximum score of 85.42. price with the mean score 82.57 came in the second position. The constraint health factor with the mean score 52. 28 ranked as the third constraint. Availability was the fourth constraint having mean score 51.14 The fifth constraint was quantity it has the mean score 46.28. packaging is the sixth 89 constraint its mean score was 17.42 the seventh constraint was brand image having mean score 14. 21. The majority respondents that mean 100 per cent aware of milma curd. 22. It is clear that 88 per cent used milma curd.12 per cent not used milma curd 23. The majority of respondents aware about milma curd through advertisement. It constitute 48 per cent. 20 per cent knew through social media and word of mouth. 24. The majority of respondents had used milma curd. It constitutes 88 per cent. 25. Availability came in the mind of respondents when they heard about milma curd. It constitutes 36 per cent. Quality was second, price and package others came in the third position. It constitutes 26 and 10 per cent respectively. Taste came in the forth position it constitutes 8 per cent respectively. 26. The 40 per cent of respondents partly agree that the price of milma curd is affordable compared to other curd brand and 30 per cent partly agree. 24per cent of respondents disagree.ThesisItem Open Access Nutrient recycling of selected tree leaf litters in homesteads(Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, 2019) Reshma Das; KAU; Sheeba Rebecca IsaacThe study entitled “Nutrient recycling of selected tree leaf litters in homesteads” was undertaken at College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2017 to 2019. The main objectives were to identify a suitable method for recycling leaf litters of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) and mango (Mangifera indica L.), to assess the effect of the litter composts on growth and yield of vegetable cowpea and to work out the economics of cultivation. The study was conducted as three experiments - i) composting of leaf litter, ii) nutrient enrichment studies and iii) field evaluation of litter compost. The experiment on composting of leaf litter was laid out in completely randomised design with two factors (tree species and composting methods) and three replications during March to November 2018. The treatments were tree species (s1- cashew and s2- mango) and composting methods [c1: co- composting with poultry manure @ 10% w/w, c2: pre-treatment with CI @ 20 g kg-1 followed by release of EW @ 1000 nos m-3 after two weeks, c3: co- composting with glyricidia leaves in 1:1 ratio followed by release of EW @ 1000 nos m-3 after two weeks and c4: natural decomposition (control)]. Leaf litters of cashew and mango were collected during March 2018 and composted as per treatments in cement rings of 120 cm diameter and 50 cm height. Composting was inferred as complete when 95 per cent of the litter was converted to a fine powder with C: N ratio of less than 25: 1. Chemical analysis of leaf litters showed comparatively higher nutrient content and lower C: N ratio in mango. The results of the decomposition study revealed that mango leaf litter decomposed rapidly (154 days) compared to cashew litter (189 days). Among the composting methods, use of CI or glyricidia leaves, both followed by the release of EW (c2) were found to be superior (127 and 156 days respectively). Considering interaction, composting was rapid in mango litter with CI + EW (110 days). Recovery percentage and nutrient content were significantly higher in litters co-composted with glyricidia + EW. The pH, C: N ratio and lignin content varied significantly with species and method of composting. The interaction effect was significant for the fungal count alone. Enrichment with rock phosphate @ 150 g kg-1 and PGPR Mix I @ 10 g kg-1 improved the nutrient content and lowered C:N ratio of the final composts. The pH and microbial count of the enriched composts were higher than that in composted litter. Significant variations among the composts were recorded for N, pH, fungal and actinomycete count. The field evaluation of the litter compost was carried out during December 2018 to March 2019 in randomised block design with 10 treatments replicated thrice in vegetable cowpea (var. Bhagyalakshmy). The treatments T1 to T8 included enriched composts as nutrient sources at 50 per cent substitution of recommended dose of N (KAU, 2016), T9 - control [recommended dose of NPK through chemical fertilizers (KAU, 2016)] and T10 - absolute control (no fertilizers). The remaining dose of N in T1 to T8 and full doses of P and K were given through chemical fertilizers. Results revealed the significant influence of litter composts on growth and yield attributes of cowpea. Plants were taller and recorded higher LAI with application of mango litter composted with glyricidia and EW (T7). Number of pods per plant was the highest for the treatment T5 (33.96) and was on par with T1 (33.4) and T7 (31.88). Pod yield per plant and pod yield ha-1 were found to be significantly higher in T7 (126.61g and 7.8 t) and were on par with T1, T5, T6 and T9. The yield was 9.85 per cent higher than that in KAU POP recommendation (T9). Harvest index was the highest with T7 (0.35) and was comparable with all the treatments except T4, T8 and T10. The highest uptake of N, P and K was recorded with T8, T5 and T6 respectively. Agronomic indices were found to be significantly influenced by the treatments except apparent recovery efficiency for N. Agronomic efficiency and partial factor productivity for N, P and K were the highest with T7, whereas physiological efficiency varied with the nutrient. It was maximum in T1 for N, T7 for P and T5 for K. Available P and K status of soil after the experiment were significantly higher in the treatment which received enriched mango litter composted with glyricidia and EW (T7). The soil P status in T7 was comparable with T8, T6 and T2 and K status, with T1 and T2. Soil microbial count recorded higher values in T7 for bacteria (57.33 x 106 cfu g-1 soil) on par with T6 and T1. Fungal count (22.66 x 104 cfu g-1soil) was significantly higher with T5 on par with T6 and T1 and actinomycete count (33 x 104 cfu g-1 soil) was maximum with T1 and comparable with T5, T7 and T6. Net income (₹ 84003 ha-1) and benefit cost ratio (1.56) were higher in cowpea fertilized with mango litter compost (glyricidia + EW) at 50 per cent substitution of recommended N dose (T7). The results of the study revealed that composting using CI @ 20 g kg-1 or glyricidia leaves in 1:1 ratio, both followed by release of EW @ 1000 nos m-3 after two weeks were the suitable methods for recycling leaf litters of cashew and mango. Substituting 50 per cent recommended dose of N with mango leaf litter composted with glyricidia leaves + EW and enriched with PGPR Mix I and rock phosphate resulted in higher yield, net income and benefit cost ratio in vegetable cowpea.