Browsing by Author "Ram Karan"
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ThesisItem Open Access An Exloratory Study on Developing an Analitical Inventory of Traditional Dry Farming Technologies(College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1986) Ram Karan; Kumar, KamleshThesisItem Open Access Population dynamics and varietal/germplasm screening against ber fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana (Costa) on ber(CCSHAU, 2017) Yadav, Jayant; Ram KaranThe present studies entitled “Population dynamics and varietal/germplasm screening against ber fruit fly, Carpomyia vesuviana (Costa) on ber.” were carried out during 2016-17 at ber orchard of Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bawal. The first appearance of maggots was observed in 1st fortnight of November, 2016 and maximum maggots (7) per fruit were recorded during February, 2017 at mean temperature range of 11.5 to 31.3 ⁰C and relative humidity range of 17.8 to 77 per cent. The infestation reached to the peak level of 44.00 per cent between February 2 to 11, 2017 when temperature ranged from 7.9 to 22.5 ⁰C and relative humidity ranged from 63.9 to 95.7 per cent. The infestation of C. vesuviana exhibited positive correlation with morning relative humidity (r= 0.723), evening relative humidity (r= 0.797) and total rainfall (r= 0.361). The studies on varietal/germplasm screening revealed that the variety/germplasm Kaithali exhibited maximum fruit fly infestation (51.06 %) and BS- 1 showed minimum fruit fly infestation (1.51 %). Fruit fly infestation had positive correlation with fruit size (r= 0.317), average fruit weight (r = 0.369), pulp : stone ratio (r = 0.351), total soluble solids (r= 0.342) and Vitamin C (r = 0.345). However fruit fly infestation was negatively correlated with fruit firmness (r= -0.326), acidity content (r= -0.374) and total phenolic content (r= -0.774). Early flowering and maturing varieties/germplasm exhibited more fruit fly infestation as compared to late flowering and maturing varieties/germplasm. Besides fruit fly, other insect pests were also recorded, which caused considerable damage to ber trees viz. chafer beetles, Cow bug (Oxyrachis spp.), Fruit borer (Meridarchis scyrodes Meyr), Hairy caterpillar (Euproctis lunata), Metallic shield bug (Scutellera perplexa Westwood), Lac Insect (Kerria lacca) and Hard gall mite (Eriophyes cernus). An overall consideration of all the parameters indicated that no single factor governed the infestation of fruit fly independently and the extent of infestation was an outcome of the contribution of all the factors together.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on insect pest complex of guava (Psidium guajava L.) with special reference to Bactrocera spp.(CCSHAU, Hisar, 2021-08) Aarti; Ram KaranThe studies entitled “Insect pest complex of guava (Psidium guajava L.) with special reference to Bactrocera spp.” were carried out during 2020-21 at guava orchard of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Regional Research Station (RRS), Bawal. Population dynamics of insect pest; incidence of fruit flies, fruit borer, bark eating caterpillar, red banded thrips and mealy bug was recorded. The first appearance of fruit fly was recorded in 16th standard meteorological week (SMW), 2020 and maximum fruit fly (132/trap/week) were recorded during 35th SMW, while fruit infestation by fruit fly was initially noticed during 25th SMW, 2020 and peak fruit infestation (75.0%) was recorded during 35th SMW. The castor capsule borer infestation was noticed in 28th SMW and maximum fruit infestation (12.0%) was during 43rd SMW. The castor capsule borer was not appeared during hasth bahar fruiting season. The first symptoms of bark eating caterpillar infestation recorded on 2nd fortnight of April, 2020 and maximum plant infestation (70.0%) with active holes 6.00 leaded to index of incidence 4.2 recorded on 2nd fortnight of August. There was no further increase in infestation of bark eating caterpillar after September. The first appearance of red banded thrips was recorded in 19th SMW, 2020 and maximum population (24.0/5apical shoots) recorded during 26th and 27th SMW. The maximum population of mealy bug (34.0/5apical shoots) recorded during 26th SMW. In correlation studies minimum temperature, relative humidity shows a highly significant and positive effect on all the insects. Two species of fruit fly, namely Bactrocera dorsalis and Bactrocera zonata were found in guava orchard. The maximum population of both species were found in 35th SMW, while B. dorsalis (55.13%) was dominant over B. zonata (44.87%). Maximum number of pupae were found in the 2nd fortnight of August and their viability was maximum in the 1st fortnight of July. The varietal/germplasms screening revealed that among the six varieties/germplasms screened, the susceptibility against fruit fly was maximum in Banarsi Surkha sequentially followed by L-49, Hisar Surkha, Allahabadi Safeda, Hisar Safeda and Desi. The correlation studies of physical traits showed that fruit firmness have highly significant and negative impact on fruit fly infestation while fruit weight, fruit size are positively related. The correlation studies of biochemical traits such as TSS, Vitamin C and total phenol showed highly significant and positive effect on fruit fly infestation, while acidity showed negative effect on fruit fly infestation. An analysis of all the parameters revealed that no single factor governed the fruit fly infestation independently and that the level of infestation was the result of the combined effects of all the factors.