Browsing by Author "PRIYANKA KUMARI"
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ThesisItem Open Access CHANGES IN TOTAL AND DIFFERENTIAL MILK CELL COUNTS AND CERTAIN BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS IN SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS COWS(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2022) PRIYANKA KUMARI; A. K. DANGMastitis is an inflammatory condition of the mammary gland and is classified as clinical or subclinical depending on the visibility of the effects of inflammation of the mammary gland. The present study was undertaken to study the total and differential milk cell counts and certain biochemical parameters in subclinical mastitis cows. A total of 144 cows were selected from Livestock Research Center (LRC), ICAR- NDRI, Karnal and divided into two groups, 72 indigenous (Sahiwal) and 72 crossbred (Karan Fries) cows, and subdivided into three groups viz., healthy (n=24), subclinical (n=24) and clinical mastitis (n=24) according to their somatic cell count (SCC) and California mastitis test (CMT). Milk from each cow was collected hygienically and evaluated for milk composition, SCC, and DLC. Whey and cell pellet were separated for the quantification of enzymes and minerals. With an increasing milk SCC there was no variation in the fat percentage of Sahiwal (SW) and Karan Fries (KF) cows. However, protein, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH increased whereas, SNF and lactose decreased significantly (P<0.05). Macrophage and lymphocyte percentages decreased with increasing milk SCC while, neutrophil percentages increased during subclinical and clinical mastitis in both the breeds. The mean lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), N- acetyl β-D Glucosaminidase (NAGase), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and acid phosphatase (ACP) concentration kept on increasing with an elevation of milk SCC with maximum values observed in clinical mastitis cows. Sodium and chloride values increased whereas, potassium decreased significantly (P<0.05) in the subclinical and clinical mastitis groups of cows. There was a positive correlation between milk SCC and neutrophils (%) whereas macrophages (%) and lymphocytes (%) were negatively correlated with milk SCC in both Sahiwal and Karan Fries cows. A highly significant (P<0.001) and positive correlation of milk SCC with milk protein, EC, and pH was found. However, a significant (P<0.001) and negative correlation was observed in milk lactose with milk SCC in both Sahiwal and Karan Fries cows. Milk enzymes along with sodium and chloride showed a positive correlation with milk SCC whereas potassium was negatively correlated. This study indicated that milk EC, pH, protein, lactose along with changes in LDH and ALP observed in the milk of subclinical cows can be effectively used as the markers for early detection of mastitis.ThesisItem Open Access Understanding self and non-self root-root interaction on root system architecture and expression of putative nitrate transceptor gene in bread wheat under nitrogen limited condition(Division of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology ICAR-Indian agricultural research institute New delhi, 2020) PRIYANKA KUMARI; S.K. SINHARoots are one of the most important plant organ for its life. It helps in acquisition of nutrients and water from soil. One of the major reasons of roots to modulate its architecture is due to the recognition of kin (self) and non-kin (non-self) root growing together in one soil volume. Roots recognizes kin plant by “Identity Recognition”. Weed appears as non-kin plants to crop plants in agricultural field. After green revolution, farmers started cultivating the high yielding wheat varieties on commercially basis. These varieties are less competitive and demands high inputs (irrigation and fertilizers). As favorable micro-environment being made available due to the application of high amount of nitrogenous fertilizers, it leads to the increased weed infestation, and consequently Phalaris minor evolved as one of the major weed in rice-wheat growing tract during 1970s. P. minor causes yield reduction by 20-30% and in severe cases complete crop failure may also occur. On the contrary, the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of wheat is abysmally low. Only 30-35% of applied nitrogen is taken up by the wheat plants and rest 65-70% is lost to environment in various form. It is reported that P. minor can deplete 28 kg/ha nitrogen from wheat field. According to one survey world population is projected to be 9 billion by 2050, which will necessitate additional application of nitrogen (N) fertilizers to support production of additional biomass and grains. Wheat improvement programs, therefore, has now focusing also on enhancing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) trait of wheat including other traits. In Arabidopsis, AtNRT1.1 has been reported as nitrate transceptor, i.e., functions as both receptor and transceptor of nitrate molecule. It is a dual affinity nitrate transporter, i.e., it can transport nitrate when it is present in low as well as high concentration in external medium. Also, AtNRT1.1 plays several role, e.g., auxin signalling, lateral root development etc. Therefore, considering its transceptor activity, it is hypotheiszed that its ortholog may play some role in lateral root elongation/differentiation in wheat in the presence of one of its major weeds, i.e., P. minor. Here in this study, I report self and non-self root-root interaction on root system architecture and 75 expression of putative nitrate transceptor gene in bread wheat ((Triticum aestivum L) under nitrogen limited condition. In the present study, it has been found that P. minor has profound effect on root system architecture, biomass and nitrogen uptake ability of wheat in nitrogen limited condition. Root biomass (length, fresh and dry weight) of wheat invariably increased under N-starvation condition which further increased when P. minor is present in the same condition. To compensate the increased growth of root system, the corresponding parameters of shoot has been found to be reduced. The growth of root was furthest corroborated by changes in its architecture under these conditions. Both length-based root traits, e.g., TRS, MRP and LRS, as well as numbers-based traits, e.g., first and second order lateral root numbers have been found to be increased by the presence of P. minor, specially under N-starved condition. AtNRT1.1 (At1g12110) sequence is first used as seed sequence to identify the orthologs in wheat. 13 orthologs have been identified in wheat in wheat genomes located in 1 st , 2 nd , 4 th , 5 th and 7 th chromosomes of all three sub-genomes. In order to precisely identify the putative nitrate transceptor in wheat, rice nitrate transceptor (NRT1.1B) was used to identify the closest sequence(s) among 13 identified from Arabidopsis. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, 4 closest sequences were selected as putative nitrate transceptor of wheat (TaNPF6.4), located in 4th , 5 th and 7 th chromosome. These sequences were also reported to be closet orthologs of AtNRT1.1.The homeolog specific expression of TaNRT1.1 (TaNPF6.4) in wheat genotype K9107 reveals that sub-genome A is highest expressing homeolog in both seminal and lateral roots. In order to understand the mechanism of different expression pattern of these four homeologs under different conditions in the present study, 2Kb upstream sequences of all three homeologues were cloned analyzed bioinformatically. The upstream sequences of homeologs revealed variation in number of CREs. Key words:Wheat, NRT1.1, Nitrate tranceptor, Phalaris minor, nitrogen use efficiency