Browsing by Author "PRASANNA KUMAR, B"
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ThesisItem Open Access AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF AGRICULTURAL WASTE FOLLOWED BY VERMICOMPOSTING AND ENRICHMENT(PROFESSOR JAYASHANKAR TELANGANA STATE AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY. HYDERABAD, 2016) PRASANNA KUMAR, B; Triveni, SIn the present study the experiment was conducted during 2015-16 at Department of Agricultural microbiology and Bioenergy, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, PJTSAU, Hyderabad. To expand the range of natural bio-resources the rapidly evolving tools of biotechnology can lower the conversion costs and also enhance target yield of the product of interest. Cellulolytic microorganisms have been isolated from different soil samples and also from waste samples characterized and screened for their efficiency in cellulose degrading activity. The best isolates were further tested for their enzyme activity. These efficient isolates were used for the pretreatment of agricultural waste (Maize straw) and horticultural waste (Banana fruit waste) prior to aerobic and anaerobic digestion determination. Cowdung along with agricultural waste and horticultural waste were used for composting, vermicomposting, biogas production and bioethanol production in lab scale. By the end of the process of aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste the reduction percentage of Total Solids (TS) (14.99 %), pH (7.58), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (190.82 g l-1), Cellulose (16.20 %), bacterial population count (6.4 x 106 CFU g-1) and actinomycetes (6.1 x 104 CFU g-1) was significantly more in T1 (Composting without pretreatment). Reduction of Organic carbon (31.32 %) was significantly more in T2 (Composting with pretreatment). Reduction in Total Volatile Solids (TVS) (76.48 %), Nitrogen (2.00 %) and Potassium (1.50 %) was significantly more in T3 (Vermicomposting without pretreatment). Reduction of Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) (0.38 g l-1) was significantly more in T4 (Vermicomposting with pretreatment). Change in pH (7.58) was significantly more in T5 (Biogas production without pretreatment). Reduction in Phosphorus (1.65 %), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) (90.65 mg l-1) and fungal population count (3.8 x 104 CFU g-1) was significantly more in T6 (Biogas production with pretreatment). By the end of the process of aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion of agricultural waste the deterioration of Nitrogen (1.05 %), Potassium (0.68 %), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) (45.80 mg l-1) and fungal population count (2.1 x 104 CFU g-1) was significantly less in T1 (Composting without pretreatment). Reduction in Phsphorus (0.38 %) was significantly less in T2 (Composting with pretreatment). Reduction in Organnic carbon (22.52 %) and pH (7.21) and bacterial population count (3.5 x 106 CFU g-1) was significantly less in T4 (Vermicomposting with pretreatment). Reduction in Total solids (TS) (7.05 %), Total volatile solids (TVS) (45.29 %) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (59.46 g l-1) was significantly less in T5 (Biogas production without pretreatment). Reduction in Volatile fatty acids (VFA) (2.26 g l-1) and cellulose (12.85 per cent) and actinomycetes (4 x 104 CFU g-1) was significantly less in T6 (Biogas production with pretreatment). Similarly in horticultural waste by the end of the process of aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion the change in pH (7.90) and actinomycetes (7.2 x 104 CFU g-1) was significantly more in T1 (Composting without pretreatment). Reduction in Total Solids (TS) (16.15 %) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (96.25 g l-1) was significantly more in T2 (Composting with pretreatment). Reduction in Total Volatile Solids (TVS) (78.72 %), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) (85.15 mg l-1) and cellulose (17.36 per cent) was significantly more in T3 (Vermicomposting without pretreatment). Reduction in Phosphorus (1.58 %) and Potassium (1.56 %) was significantly more in T4 (Vermicomposting with pretreatment). Reduction in Organic carbon (45.7 %) and fungi (11 x 104 CFU g-1) was significantly more in T5 (biogas production without pretreatment). Reduction in Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA) (1.25 g l-1) Nitrogen (2.30 %) and bacteria (9.8 x 106 CFU g-1) was significantly more in T6 (Biogas production with pretreatment). By the end of the process of aerobic composting and anaerobic digestion of horticultural waste the deterioration of fungi (7 x 104 CFU g-1) was significantly less in T1 (Composting without pretreatment). The reduction in Nitrogen (1.30 %), Phosphorus (0.31 %), Potassium (0.60 %), Organic carbon (23.2 %) and bacteria (5.7 x 106 CFU g-1) was significantly less in T2 (Composting with pretreatment). Reduction in Volatile Fatty Acids (0.60 g l-1) was significantly less in T3 (Vermicomposting without pretreatment). Change in pH (7.33) was significantly less in T4 (Vermicomposting with pretreatment). Reduction in Total solids (TS) (6.99 %), Total volatile solids (TVS) (53.41 %), Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) (49.45 mg l-1) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (59.39 g l-1) was significantly less in T5 (Biogas production without pretreatment). Reduction in cellulose (14.03 %) and actinomycetes (3.7 x 104 CFU g-1) was significantly less in T6 (Biogas production with pretreatment). At the end of the 60th day the methane gas production was significantly more in AW-T2 (Biogas production with pretreatment) 3531.10 ml, compared to AW-T1 (Biogas production without pretreatment) 3381.00 ml, HW-T2 (Biogas production with pretreatment) 2620.70 ml and less in HW-T1 (Biogas production without pretreatment) 2381.40 ml. The content of bioethanol was less in HW-T1 (Bioethanol production without pretreatment) 0.050 g L-1 compared to less in HW-T2 (Bioethanol production with pretreatment) 0.047 g l-1, AW-T2 (Bioethanol production with pretreatment) 0.036 g l-1 and less in AW-T1 (Bioethanol production without pretreatment) 0.034 g l-1. In this present study results revealed agricultural and horticultural waste pretreatment with efficient microbes played good role during aerobic composting, vermicomosting, and anaerobic bioethanol and biogas production capabilities. Hence, composting, vermicomposting, biogas production has proved to be effective and efficient in conversion of wastes into value added products. Hence it can be concluded that horticultural waste was comparatively better in N, P, K and Organic carbon % composition while agricultural waste was good for compost and vermicompost making and also useful for the production of biogas.ThesisItem Open Access DEVELOPMENT OF MICROBIAL INOCULANTS FOR DROUGHT STRESS MITIGATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON GROUNDNUT CROP (Arachis hypogaea L.)(Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Guntur, 2021-09-01) PRASANNA KUMAR, B; TRIMURTULU, NGroundnut is an important oilseed crop suitable for tropical regions of the world. Generally, tropical areas are much prone to drought, which severely affects food production. India, a subtropical country produces groundnut on a large scale and occupies first in the area and second in terms of production. However, India’s groundnut production is anticipated to decline by 29 % due to inadequate rainfall, which demands advanced technological interventions in terms of sustainability. Keeping in view the future requirements and present needs this study was framed to develop bacterial inoculants for the drought prone areas of groundnut. A total of fifty one bacterial inoculants were isolated from drought prone areas viz., Anantapur (Mandals of Anantapur, Kambadur, Gummagatta and Vidapanikal) and Prakasam Districts (Mandals of Chirala, Chinaganjam, Kothapatnam and Vetapalem) of Andhra Pradesh, India. Out of 51, efficient bacterial isolates nine were nitrogen fixing bacteria (Rhizobium sp.) five were phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), six were potassium releasing bacteria (KRB) and the remaining 31 isolates are drought mitigating bacteria. Among these, a total of 14 efficient bacterial isolates were screened under in vitro by plant growth promoting and biochemical traits. Further these were screened with 16S rRNA gene sequencing and identified as PCMS-1 (Rhizobium sp. having 99.36 % identity), AGVS (Caballeronia zhejiangensis strain ND-B having 100.00 % identity), PCKS-3 (Burkholderia dolosa strain LMG 18943 having 99.79 % identity) and PCKS-5 (Bacillus sp. 7B-635 having 99.46 % identity) finally which were used to formulate an efficient microbial consortium and inoculated to the host crop under pot culture conditions. In the pot culture experiment, germination percentage (91.00 %), number of branches (9 plant-1), shoot length (22.27 cm plant-1), root length (13.63 cm plant-1), number of nodules (45 plant-1), nodule dry weight (142.68 g plant-1) and number of pods (7 plant-1) were significantly higher in T3 (PCMS-1+AGVS+PCKS-3+PCKS-5) when compared to the other treatments in pot culture conditions. Significantly highest plant biomass (17.76 g plant-1) was found in T1 (PCMS-1+AGVS+PCKS-3), highest chlorophyll content (1.97 mg g-1) and RWC (88.80 %) was observed in T4 (PCMS-1+AGVS+PCKS-3+PVAS+PCKS-5), T3 had highest chlorophyll stability index (96 %) and bacterial population (7.72 Log CFU g-1 soil). Further, pot and field trials were conducted with the selected drought mitigating bacterial consortium (PCMS-1+AGVS+PCKS-3+PCKS-5) in combination with different treatments of moisture levels and fertilizer doses. Relative water content was highest (99.54 %) in T8 (6 Irrigations+75% RDF+MC). Conversely, the highest H2O2 content (9.60 μmol g-1), proline (204.0 μg g-1) and peroxidase activity (62.28 units min-1 g-1) were observed in T1 (2 Irrigations+50% RDF+MC). Organic carbon found highest (0.47 %) in T8 at 90 DAS. Highest chlorophyll content (3.18 mg ml-1), nitrogen (198 kg ha-1), phosphorus (70.04 kg ha-1), potassium (398 kg ha-1) and per cent K (1.91 %) were observed in T8. Rhizobium sp. (5.91 Log CFU g-1 soil), total bacteria (8.89 Log CFU g-1 soil) and fungal population (5.55 Log CFU g-1 soil) were observed in T8 at 60 DAS. Conversely, the highest KRB (4.80 Log CFU g-1 soil) and DMB (5.88 Log CFU g-1 soil) population were observed in T8 at 90 DAS. Actinomycetes (6.73 Log CFU g-1 soil) and PSB (5.88 Log CFU g-1 soil) population was recorded highly in T12 (8 Irrigations+100% RDF+MC) at 90 DAS. Highest dehydrogenase (33.09 μg TPF g-1 day-1), alkaline phosphatase activity (65.10 μg pNP g-1 h-1) and total aggregate formation (98.36) were observed at 60 DAS in T8. Microbial biomass carbon decreased after 90 days and found highest in T8 (352.56 μg C g-1) than other treatments. Similarly, microbial biomass nitrogen was highest in T8 (31.21 μg N g-1). Nodule number (295 plant-1) was found highest in T9 (6 Irrigations+100% RDF+MC) correspondingly nodule dry weight (271 mg plant-1) was also obtained highest. Contrastingly, maximum plant biomass (11592 kg ha-1), shoot (51.67 cm plant-1) and root length (20.54 cm plant-1) found higher with the 8 irrigations. Yield parameters like pod yield (3427 kg ha-1) and kernel yield (2633 kg ha-1), 100 kernel weight (63.30 plant-1) and oil content (47.30 %) were attained highest with six irrigations, 75 per cent recommended dose of fertilizers and microbial consortium under field conditions. The present investigation proved that the application of microbial consortium comprising (Rhizobium sp., Caballeronia zhejiangensis strain ND-B, Burkholderia dolosa strain LMG 18943 and Bacillus sp. 7B-635) is an efficient inoculants in mitigating drought. This was evidenced by improvement in groundnut yield as three per cent with 25 per cent reduction in chemical fertilizer, six irrigations and with microbial consortia when compared to the treatment which does not apply microbial consortia though it received eight irrigations with 100 per cent recommended dose of fertilizer. Thus the drought mitigating bacterial inoculants are highly recommended to use reduced chemical fertilizer dosage with minimum number of irrigations and have considerable benefits to the farming community of drought prone areas.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum L.) FRUIT AND SEED WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO HARD AND SOFT SEEDEDNESS(UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, BANGALORE, 1986) PRASANNA KUMAR, B; PUROHIT, A GAbstract not availableThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON HERITABILITY AND CORRELATIONS IN CROSS DERIVATIES OF CHILLI (Capsicum annuum L.) IN THE Fl AND F2 GENERATIONS(ACHARYA N.G. RANGA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY RAJENDRANAGAR, HYDERABAD., 1990) PRASANNA KUMAR, B; RAVI SANKAR, CA study of four F2 progenies involving LCA 206/LCA 960, LCA 206/LCA 1079, X-235/G4 and G4/LCA 206 along with corresponding five parents was used for the estimates of neritability, character association, intergeneration correlation between parents-F1 and F1-F2 , path coefficient analysis and analysis of variance for the characters plant height, number of branches per plant, days to 50 per cent flowering, time taken to fruit maturity, fruit length, fruit girth, number of fruits per plant, fresh fruit weight, 1undred dry frllit weight, number of seeds per fruit, hundred seed weight, a~corbic acid content in green chilli and yield per plant. High estin1ates of heritability and genetic advance were recorded in F 2 generation for the characters number of fruits per plant, asr.orbic acid content in green chilli and yield per plant in the cross X-235/G4 , whereas high heritability and moderate genetic advance for the char2cters plant height and number of seeds per fruit and high genetic advance for yield per pla11·: in the F2 population of the cross LCA 206/LCA 1079. Moderate heritability and mG~erate genetic adva11ce for number o f seeds per fruit and ascorbic acid content in the F2 genera·: ion of the cross LCA 206/LCA 960 were observeq, while highest heritability with low genetic advance for the characters fruit girth and hundred seed weight~recorded in the cross G4/LCA 206. ttighlfsignificant correlation between parent-F1 . generation f ~r the characters, number of fruits per plant, number of seeds per fruit, ascorbic acid content in green chilli and number of branches per plant in the crosses and non-significant. correlations were observed of the same characters in the F 1 -F2 generation. This difference might be 15ue advancing of different generations in different seasons and generation x environmental interaction might play a role in masking of the genetic parameters. The association of yield per plant with number of branches per plant, number of fruits per plant and ascorbic acid content in green chilli was found to be positively ~ignificant,while negative association was observed with days to 50 per ·cent flowering, time taken to fruit maturity and f ru·i t length i· n d i· cati·n g,h.reoca r 1 y f 1 oweri· ng an d fruit maturity increased the ~· :~ eld per plant. The path coefficient analysis for characters like number of branches pa~ plant, fruit girth and number of fruits per plant were found to be high and they - .. directly u,;tllence.~ the yield. Selection of these characters will improve the rield in chilli. From the ~tudy it can be inf erred that the F2 progenies of cross X-235/G4 , LCA 206/LCA 1079 and LCA 206/LCA 960 are found to be superior in the d~cending order of priority with regards to their performance for the advancement in later generations.