Browsing by Author "NALINI KUMARI, K (Major)"
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ThesisItem Open Access DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC STUDIES ON RECURRENT PYODERMA IN DOGS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-08) SUDHAKARA REDDY, B; NALINI KUMARI, K (Major); VAIKUNTA RAO, V; CHENGALVA RAYULU, VABSTRACT : The present study was undertaken to study the etiology, make an attempt to identify the underlying factors and to assess the efficacy of different therapeutic agents in recurrent pyoderma in dogs. The highest occurrence of recurrent pyoderma from among the cases undertaken for study was noticed in Labrador and non-descript dogs. Maximum number of cases was from the age group of 3-5 years. Occurrence was more common in females than male dogs. Recurrent superficial pyoderma (76%) was more common than recurrent deep pyoderma (24%). The major locations of lesions for recurrent superficial pyoderma included lateral abdomen, lateral thorax and dorsum, axilla, groin, hind limb, foot, neck and fore limb and head. Clinical examination of dogs with recurrent superficial pyoderma revealed symptoms such as papules, pustules and crusted papules. Secondary lesions such as erythema, alopecia, crusts, scales, plaques and epidermal collarettes were also observed. Pruritus was observed in all the cases. In dogs affected with recurrent deep pyoderma, symptoms like papules, pustules, cellulitis, ulcers, crusted papules, nodules, fistulous tracts, alopecia, scale formation, crusts, hyper pigmentation, erosions and furunculosis, pain and edema were recorded. Haemotology and serum biochemical evaluation revealed leucocytosis (13032.80±50.16/cumm), increase in absolute neutrophil (10417 ±525.72 /cumm) and eosinophil count (496.54±50.15/cumm) and cholesterol (179.32 ±22.14 mg/dl). Affected dogs also had decreased haemoglobin (11.49 ±0.30 g/dl) and TEC (5.85 ±0.14 x 106/cumm). Decreased total T4 (1.35 μg/dL to 1.85 μg/dL) and free T4 (0.6 ng/dL to 0.75ng/dL) levels in three dogs were suggestive of hypothyroidism out of 25 dogs examined with recurrent pyoderma. Cultural examination revealed Staphylococci in all the dogs, of which 6 were of Staphylococcus aureus (24%), fifteen, Staphylococcus intermedius (60%) and four were suggestive of Staphylococcus schleiferi (16%). Thirteen cases had other bacteria like Streptococci (16%), Klebsiella (16%), Escherichia coli (12%) and Pseudomonas (8%) along with Staphylococci. Wide variety of associated conditions / underlying factors could be detected in recurrent pyoderma, but with the involvement of ectoparasitic infections in higher propensity (52%). Antibiotic sensitivity test of whole cultures as well as individual organisms revealed high susceptibility to cefpodoxime with clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin with sulbactum, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol, cephadroxil and amikacin. The isolates were found to be resistant to tylosin, amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, lincomycin, erythromycin, azithromycin, cephalexin and co-trimoxazole. Therapy was carried out with two antibiotics viz. cefpodoxime with clavulanic acid (Group-1) and enrofloxacin (Group-2) along with similar adjunctive therapy besides addressing the probable underlying causes appropriately. Efficacy of the both drugs @ 5mg/kg body weight, orally, once daily, was found to be 100 per cent. Hence, it was concluded that both the antibiotics were efficacious in the treatment of recurrent pyoderma in dogs without any adverse effects. However, comparatively early recovery was seen with cefpodoxime with clavulanic acid though costlier than enrofloxacin. Reintroduction of allergic food and laboratory confirmation of hypothyroidism after completion of therapy could be responsible for the recurrence (10 %, in each group) noticed during the three month observatory period.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON CERTAIN ASPECTS OF CLINICAL MASTITIS IN COWS(Sri Venkateswara Veterinary University, TIRUPATI – 517 502,A.P, 2010-09) RAMESH, P; NALINI KUMARI, K (Major); PADMANABHA REDDY, V; VAIKUNTA RAO, V; ADILAXMAMMA, KABSTRACT : Cows exhibiting symptoms of mastitis from college hospital, Tirupati and different hospitals in and around Tirupati were taken up to study certain aspects like symptomatology, diagnosis, qualitative changes in milk, cultural examination, In vitro sensitivity to different antibiotics, antioxidant profile and therapeutic response of an antibiotic with or without antioxidants. Six healthy cows (Group I) without any clinical abnormalities were selected after thorough clinical examination for detailed analysis of milk and blood, the findings of which were considered as standard for comparison with affected. Eighteen cows with 25 affected quarters were randomly divided into two groups (Group II and Group III) each with nine animals. Cows in second and third lactations (33.3% each) and during early stage of lactation (50%) were found to be affected more. Mastitis was more in rear quarters (60%) compared to fore quarters (40%). Mild systemic involvement with mild fever (66.7% and 44.4%) and depression (2 animals each) was observed in Group II and III respectively. Glandular abnormalities (i.e. swelling, erythema, warmth, mild hardness and pain) and abnormalities in milk (variation in the colour, consistency and presence of flakes and clots) of all quarters noticed on the first day disappeared (84.6%) in Group II from days 2 to 5 and (91.6%) in Group III from days 2 to 4. Milk from healthy animals showed negative CMT reaction and free from bacteria or fungi. Laboratory findings revealed that all the affected samples were of grade-2 (++) reaction to CMT. A negative CMT reaction was observed in 3 to 5 days in Group II (84.6%) and in Group III (91.6%). Milk from mastitic cows revealed a significant and non significant decrease in protein (3.2±0.07 g/dl) and fat (3.6±0.28 g/dl) content respectively. Milk protein and fat did not vary significantly during therapy. Isolates in the present study were coagulase positive Staphylocollus spp (68.0%), followed by hemolytic Streptococci (28%), Klebsiella Spp. (12%), Pseudomonas Spp. (8%) and E.coli (4%). Isolation studies revealed monobacterial infection (80%) and mixed (20%). But none of the samples were positive for either fungi or yeast. Whole milk cultures showed 100% sensitivity to gentamicin, amikacin, chloramphenicol and amoxicillin-sulbactum in both the groups, whereas sensitivity to ceftriaxone-tazobactum was 84.6 % and 91.6% in Group II and III respectively. Mean value of TBARS (38.1 ± 2.58 mg/dl) was found to be increased and the mean value of GSH (1.16 ± 0.08 mg/dl) decreased, though non significantly in mastitic cows compared to control. The activity of GSH-Px (0.67 ± 0.06 mg/dl) and vitamin E (2.4±0.25 mg/L) levels in mastitis group was significantly lower compared to control. GSH, GSH-Px and TBARS showed an insignificant change following therapy in both the groups. Similarly vitamin E levels in Group II did not vary, but in Group III showed significant increase (3.10±0.28 mg /L) following therapy. Cows of Group II were treated with ceftriaxone-tazobactum and meloxicam while Group III were treated with ceftriaxone-tazobactum along with vitamin E and Selenium and meloxicam. Clinical recovery was seen in 1/13 (7.7%) quarter on day 3, 4/13 (30.7%) quarters on day 4 and 6/13 (46.1%) quarters on day 5 in Group II and six quarters (50%) on day 3 and one quarter (8.3%) on day 4 and four quarters (33.3%) on day 5 in Group III. But, two cows (one quarter each) in Group II (15.4%) and one quarter in one cow (8.3%) of Group III which did not respond to therapy revealed Pseudomonas and a combination of Staphylococci and Streptococci; and Pseudomonas Spp. alone as the etiological agents respectively. The clinical cure rate noticed in Group II and Group III was 84.6% and 91.6% respectively. From the present study it was concluded that animals in second and third lactations, and with hind quarters were affected more with clinical mastitis. Affected milk revealed Staphylococci most commonly with a significantly increased pH and decreased protein. No fungi or yeast could be isolated. Mastitis affected animals had significantly decreased GSH-Px and vitamin E. Whole milk cultures (100%) were sensitive to amoxycillin-sulbactum, gentamicin, amikacin and chloramphenicol. The recovery rate attained with either ceftriaxone-tazobactum alone or in combination with vitamin E and Selenium was good. However, the manner of recovery was comparatively quick in vitamin E and Selenium supplemented group (6/12 quarters, Group III and 1/12 quarters, Group II on day 3).