Browsing by Author "Manikkavasagan, I."
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OtherItem Open Access Anthelmintic Resistance - An Emerging global risk?(TANUVAS, 2012) Jeyathilakan, N.; Sundar, S.T. Bino; Soundararajan, C.; Gomathinayagam, S.; Raman, M.; Mathialagan, P.; Manikkavasagan, I.; Jawahar, Shabnam; Thenmozhi, V.; Karthik, M.; Basith, S. AbdulArticleItem Open Access Comparative immunoprophylactic efficacy of Haemonchus contortus recombinant enolase (rHcENO) and Con A purified native glycoproteins in sheep(2015) Aravindhan, K.; Jawahar, Shabnam; Manikkavasagan, I.; Azahahianambi, P.; Raman, M.; TANUVASHaemonchus contortus is the most economically important blood feeding nematode parasite of sheep and goats all over the world. Enolase in helminth parasites is a multi-functional enzyme which involves in glycolysis and host tissue invasion. In this study, the recombinant H. contortus enolase (rHcENO) was evaluated for its immunoprophylactic efficacy in sheep along with Con A purified native glycoproteins in a vaccine challenge trial. Group I and Group II experimental sheep were immunized thrice with rHcENO and Con A purified native glycoproteins along with Montanide ISA 61 VG adjuvant. The animals were challenged with 5000 L3 stage active H. contortus larvae after 21 days of third immunization. A significant increase in the IgG titre was observed in rHcENO and Con A purified native glycoproteins immunized animals as compared to the control animals. Immunoprotective efficacy of Con A purified native glycoproteins was comparatively higher than rHcENO antigen.ArticleItem Open Access Detection of Ivermectin Resistance in Unorganized Goat Farms of Tamil Nadu(Indian Veterinary Association, Chennai, 2013-06) Manikkavasagan, I.; Sundar, S.T. Bino; Raman, M.; Susithra, S.; Dexilin, M.; Basith, S. Abdul; TANUVASGoat farming is the most common agricultural subsidiary enterprise in rural Tamil Nadu with a total population of over eight million. Endoparasitic diseases of goats are considered as one of the major impediment to profitable goat farming. Anthelmintics are used extensively by farmers to control the helminthic infections. Ivermectin, a macrocyclic lactone was found to be ineffective with a few clinical reports of ivermectin resistance reported. A detailed study was carried out using the faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) (Coles et al., 1992) to evaluate the ivermectin resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in Tamil Nadu.OtherItem Open Access Deworming Cattle and Buffaloes(TANUVAS, 2012) Soundararajan, C.; Raman, M.; Mathialagan, P.; Sundar, S.T. Bino; Jeyathilakan, N.; Gomathinayagam, S.; Manikkavasagan, I.; Aravindan, K.; Deepika, R.B.; Subadhra, Subhra; Basith, S. AbdulOtherItem Open Access Deworming Sheep and Goats(TANUVAS, 2012) Soundararajan, C.; Raman, M.; Mathialagan, P.; Sundar, S.T. Bino; Jeyathilakan, N.; Gomathinayagam, S.; Manikkavasagan, I.; Deepika, R..B.; Jawahar, Shabnam; Subadhra, Subhra; Basith, S. AbdulOtherItem Open Access Economic Impact of Gastrointestinal Nematodes on Meat Production in Madras Red Sheep(TANUVAS, 2016-02) Manikkavasagan, I.; Azhahianambi, P.; Pandian, A. Serma Saravana; Raman, M.; Gomathinayagam, S.OtherItem Open Access FAMACHA - Anemia Colour Chart(TANUVAS, 2012) Jeyathilakan, N.; Sundar, S.T. Bino; Soundararajan, C.; Raman, M.; Mathialagan, P.; Manikkavasagan, I.; Aravindan, A.; Karthik, M.; Subhatra, SubhraArticleItem Open Access Genotyping of benzimidazole resistant and susceptible isolates of Haemonchus contortus from sheep by allele specific PCR(2016-06) Karthik, M.; Subhra, S.; Aravindan, K.; Manikkavasagan, I.Extensive and indiscriminate use of the benzimidazole class of drugs has led to the onset of anthelmintic resistance. In tropical countries like India, Haemonchus contortus is the most pathogenic parasite infecting sheep and goats. The widespread presence of resistant helminths (especially H. contortus) threatens the livestock farming. The use of various drugs has led to single nucleotide polymorphism that causes specific amino acid substitutions in b-tubulin protein of H. contortus to confer resistance. This emphasizes the need for a survey on the present status of resistance in India. In this study, allele specific PCR was employed to screen the presence of a SNP, a thymine-toadenine transversion which leads to substitution of amino acid in codon 200 of b-tubulin gene that is correlated specifically with BZ resistance. Third stage larvae (L3) from pooled faecal cultures of four organized sheep farms served as a source of genomic DNA for identification of H. contortus and further genotype analysis. A total of 1000 larvae was screened, out of which 673 larvae were identified as H. contortus. Among 673 H. contortus larvae, 539 larvae (80 %) were genotyped as homozygous resistant (rr) and remaining 134 (20 %) were heterozygous susceptible (Sr) by allele specific PCR. The concluded resistance status reasons out the failure of anthelmintic drug in treating ruminants. Immediate steps are needed to avoid further aggravation of the problem. Target selective treatment by reviewing the resistance status of individual drugs, appropriate use of anthelmintic drugs and other control strategies will provide a pragmatic option for delaying the further spread of anthelmintic resistance.ArticleItem Open Access Immune Responses to Haemonchus Contortus in Sheep(2015-07) Vijayasarathi, M.K.; Sheeba, A.; Manikkavasagan, I.; Sreekumar, C.; Dhama, K.; TANUVASSheep, called as ‘museum of parasites’, is susceptible to many nematodes. Among the nematodes, Haemonchus contortus is an important voracious blood sucking helminth, which causes alteration in pH of abomasum and blood parameters like PCV. The host produces some immune mechanism against H. contortus to limit the pathogenic effect produced by the parasite. However, the parasite escapes the host immune response in order to survive within the host, which is called ‘evasion’ mechanism.ArticleItem Open Access Impact of climatological parameters on prevalence of gastrointestinal helminths of small ruminants in Tamil Nadu(2015-12) Raman, M.; Pandian, A. Serma Saravana; Manikkavasagan, I.; TANUVASIndia with staggering 61 million sheep and 124 million goats contributing $US 140 million to livestock industry every year in the form of skin, hide, wool and meat. Of the several infectious diseases affecting sheep and goats gastrointestinal helminthic infection is one of the economically important health impediment (Sanyal and Gour, 1984) affecting growth rate and milk productions (Hoste and Chartier, 1993). As scanty information is available on the level of helminthic infection of small ruminants in this part of the sub-continent (Sanyal and Gour, 1984 and Raman et al., 1999), a detailed epidemiological studies were carried out from 2001 to 2012 in various agro-climatic zones of Tamil Nadu as part of the All India Network Programme on Gastro Intestinal Parasitism funded by Indian Council of Agricultural Research, New Delhi.ArticleItem Open Access Isolation, purification and characterization of immunoprotective effects of H11 and H-Gal-GP from Indian isolate of Haemonchus contortus(2013) Raman, M.; Azhahianambi, P.; Manikkavasagan, I.; TANUVASOtherItem Open Access Population Genetic Study of Benzimidazole Resistance in Haemonchus Contortus in Organized Sheep Farms of Tamil Nadu(TANUVAS, 2016-02) Manikkavasagan, I.; Azhahianambi, P.; Raman, M.; Gomathinayagam, S.ArticleItem Open Access Proteomic Analysis of Mecistocirrus digitatus and Haemonchus contortus Intestinal Protein Extracts and Subsequent Efficacy Testing in a Vaccine Trial(2014-06) Dicker, Alison J.; Inglish, Neil F.; Manson, Erin D.T.; Manikkavasagan, I.; Raman, M.; Knox, David P.; TANUVASBackground: Gastrointestinal nematode infections, such as Haemonchus contortus and Mecistocirrus digitatus, are ranked in the top twenty diseases affecting small-holder farmers’ livestock, yet research into M. digitatus, which infects cattle and buffalo in Asia is limited. Intestine-derived native protein vaccines are effective against Haemonchus, yet the protective efficacy of intestine-derived M. digitatus proteins has yet to be determined. Methodology/Principal Findings: A simplified protein extraction protocol (A) is described and compared to an established method (B) for protein extraction from H. contortus. Proteomic analysis of the H. contortus and M. digitatus protein extracts identified putative vaccine antigens including aminopeptidases (H11), zinc metallopeptidases, glutamate dehydrogenase, and apical gut membrane polyproteins. A vaccine trial compared the ability of the M. digitatus extract and two different H. contortus extracts to protect sheep against H. contortus challenge. Both Haemonchus fractions (A and B) were highly effective, reducing cumulative Faecal Egg Counts (FEC) by 99.19% and 99.89% and total worm burdens by 87.28% and 93.64% respectively, compared to the unvaccinated controls. There was no effect on H. contortus worm burdens following vaccination with the M. digitatus extract and the 28.2% reduction in cumulative FEC was not statistically significant. However, FEC were consistently lower in the M. digitatus extract vaccinates compared to the un-vaccinated controls from 25 days post-infection. Conclusions/Significance: Similar, antigenically cross-reactive proteins are found in H. contortus and M. digitatus; this is the first step towards developing a multivalent native vaccine against Haemonchus species and M. digitatus. The simplified protein extraction method could form the basis for a locally produced vaccine against H. contortus and, possibly M. digitatus, in regions where effective cold chains for vaccine distribution are limited. The application of such a vaccine in these regions would reduce the need for anthelmintic treatment and the resultant selection for anthelmintic resistant parasites.OtherItem Open Access Status of Anthelmintic Resistance Among Small Ruminants in High Rainfall Zone of Tamil Nadu(TANUVAS, Chennai, 2011-12) Manikkavasagan, I.; Karthik, M.; Subhadra, S.; Aravindan, K.; Sundar, S.T. Bino; Basith, S. AbdulArticleItem Open Access Studies on Physical and Microbial Parameters of Bovine Colostrum Powder(2018-08) Sahana, N.; Ramasamy, D.; Pugazhenthi, T.R.; Manikkavasagan, I.; TANUVASThis study investigates the physical and microbial parameters of bovine colostrum powder. Colostrum is the first mammary secretion for 24 - 48 hours after parturition and is a complex fluid rich in immune factors and growth factors. Studies have indicated that the immune boosting properties of bovine colostrum are beneficial for human beings with no reports of allergic or anaphylactic reactions. Colostrum powder was prepared by spray drying the whole colostrum. Physical and Microbial parameters were analyzed in colostrum powder. The total viable count found to be increased as the advancement of storage and coliforms were not detected. While comparing the water activity on initial and final day no changes were observed. With regard to physical parameters viz. texture analysis, insolubility index and bulk density no difference was found between cow and buffalo colostrum powder. Storage study of colostrum powder was carried out up to 6 months periodArticleItem Open Access Survey on Anthelmintic Resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in unorganized goat farms of Tamil Nadu(2013-06) Manikkavasagan, I.; Binosundar, S.T.; Raman, M.; TANUVASOne of the major problems in small ruminant farms is emergence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) to commonly used dewormers. This study investigated AR to gastrointestinal nematodes affecting goats in 27 unorganized farms in three different agro-climatic zones (Cauvery delta zone, high altitude zone and high rainfall zone) of Tamil Nadu, India. Two anthelmintics viz., albendazole (AZ) and levamisole (LEV) were used in this study as per the dose recommended by the manufacturer. Status of AR was detected by using the faecal egg count reduction test. Results revealed the presence of high level of resistance to both AZ and LEV. In the high rainfall and high altitude zones, all the farm flocks were found to be resistant to LEV. In the Cauvery delta zone, 13 farm flocks were resistant and four farm flocks showed suspect resistance to AZ. Fifteen farm flocks showed resistance and two showed suspect resistance to LEV. Further, morphological characterization of the infective larvae derived from faecal cultures indicated that by far the most predominant gastrointestinal nematode species found in goats was Haemonchus contortus.ArticleItem Open Access Survey on anthelmintic resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes in unorganized goat farms of Tamil Nadu(Journal Impact Factor, 2015-04) Manikkavasagan, I.; Binosundar, S.T.; Raman, M.; TANUVASOne of the major problems in small ruminant farms is emergence of anthelmintic resistance (AR) to commonly used dewormers. This study investigated AR to gastrointestinal nematodes affecting goats in 27 unorganized farms in three different agro-climatic zones (Cauvery delta zone, high altitude zone and high rainfall zone) of Tamil Nadu, India. Two anthelmintics viz., albendazole (AZ) and levamisole (LEV) were used in this study as per the dose recommended by the manufacturer. Status of AR was detected by using the faecal egg count reduction test. Results revealed the presence of high level of resistance to both AZ and LEV. In the high rainfall and high altitude zones, all the farm flocks were found to be resistant to LEV. In the Cauvery delta zone, 13 farm flocks were resistant and four farm flocks showed suspect resistance to AZ. Fifteen farm flocks showed resistance and two showed suspect resistance to LEV. Further, morphological characterization of the infective larvae derived from faecal cultures indicated that by far the most predominant gastrointestinal nematode species found in goats was Haemonchus contortus.OtherItem Open Access ஆடுகளில் குடற்புழு நீக்கம்(2012) Soundararajan, C.; Raman, M.; Mathialagan, P.; Jeyathilakan, N.; Sundar, S.T. Bino; Gomathinayagam, S.; Manikkavasagan, I.; Deepika, R..B.; Jawahar, Sapnam; Karthik, M.; Basith, S. Abdul