Browsing by Author "Kumar, Vivek"
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ThesisItem Open Access Effect of cropping systems on soil fertility and enzymatic activities in Calcareous soils of Bihar(Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur, 2019) Kumar, Vivek; Singh, Sanjay KumarThe present investigation was undertaken to study the “EFFECT OF CROPPING SYSTEMS ON SOIL FERTILITY AND ENZYMATIC ACTIVITIES IN CALCAREOUS SOILS OF BIHAR” during 2017-18 at the research farm of Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Muzaffarpur, a campus of Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa, Bihar. In the farm, the different kinds of cropping patterns have been practiced at the same piece of land for the last five years or more. Each crop was grown with normal irrigation practice and recommended doses of fertilizer application, i.e, without any stress condition. A number of soil quality parameters were measured during the course of investigation to evaluate the effect of nine cropping systems on soil quality under similar, calcareous nature of the soil. Soil samples from surface (0-15cm) and sub-surface (15-30cm) were collected from each treatment (cropping systems) at the end of Rabi season (Mid April to Mid-May, 2018), i.e. completion of one cropping cycle. Each cropping system was represented by three plots with an area of 5 m x 5 m and a total of 27 (9 cropping systems x 3 plots) samples were collected for laboratory analysis. The soil pH variability at surface layer of the soil recorded from 7.79 to 8.79, whereas in lower soil depth (15-30cm) recorded from 7.85 to 8.81. The lowest soil pH exhibited in rice-wheat cropping system followed by pigeon pea cropping system might be attributed to submergence of soil during rice cultivation and greater amount of leaf litters fall throughout the field during crop life of the later cycle. The variability in electrical conductivity was found from 2.54 to1.16 dSm-1. The low salt concentration noticed in pigeon pea cropping system at both the soil depths exhibiting more variability with respect to rice-potato cropping system at surface soil. The highest organic carbon content (0.63%) was associated with pigeon pea cropping system followed by that with mustard-moongbean (0.62%), pigeon pea (0.61%) and rice-wheat (0.55%), respectively at surface soil layer. The lowest organic carbon (0.33%) was observed in fallow land. The variation in organic carbon under different cropping systems, particularly legume-based, contributed more organic matter thus scoring good quality of soil. The carbon was found to be higher in the surface and sub-surface soil layers in pigeon pea cropping system followed by that in maize-maize. The quantity of organic matter was directly related to the degree of organic carbon present in soil. Cation exchange capacity ranged from 16.66 to 28.62 (cmol (P+) kg-1) among the cropping systems which might be attributed to organic carbon content. The difference in CEC was statistically significant under different cropping systems. The lower bulk density (1.21Mgm-3) and (1.24 Mg m-3) was recorded under mustard-moongbean and pigeon pea cropping systems followed by tuber-moongbean (1.31 Mgm-3), rice-potato and maize-maize cropping systems over non-cultivated land. The bulk density in sub-surface soil depth increased under all cropping systems. Maximum water holding capacity (WHC) was recorded under pigeon pea cropping system in the surface layer (42.20%) and 40.36% in sub-surface layer. The minimum WHC (36.46%) and (35.61%) was noticed in fallow land at both the soil depths. Mean weight diameter in different treatments varied from 2.51mm to 4.49mm. The highest MWD was recorded under pigeon pea cropping system, whereas the lowest was under fallow lands. The MWD generally promotes the soil aggregation and its stability. The marked variations in soil available nitrogen was observed in this study under different cropping systems due to the factors viz. addition of organic carbon and the application of different doses of inorganic fertilizers. Available nitrogen varied from 120.13 to 300.11kg ha-1. The highest amount of available nitrogen (300.11 kg ha-1) recorded under pigeon pea cropping system might be due to deposition of plant biomass and biological nitrogen fixation. The maximum soil available potassium (272.83 kg ha-1) was also reported in pigeon pea cropping system, whereas minimum in rice-wheat cropping (95.82 kg ha-1) and maize-maize cropping systems at the surface soil layer. Variations in Olsen‟s available phosphorus status in soil ranged from 12.59 to 18.77 kg ha-1 and it followed the order:pigeon pea> rice-wheat> onion-garlic> mustard–moongbean> maize-maize> turmeric-moongbean> rice-potato> tuber-moongbean> fallow land. Available sulphur ranged from 10.36 and 8.49 ppm and was recorded highest in both the soil depth under pigeon pea cropping system. However, minimum content of available sulphur (3.90 and 3.22 ppm) was recorded with fallow land in both surface and sub-surface layers. The values of boron under cropping systems ranged from 0.07 to 0.17ppm. Rice-wheat cropping system contained maximum iron concentration (7.91ppm) followed by mustard-moongbean (7.65 ppm), maize-maize (7.48ppm) and pigeon pea (6.13ppm) cropping system respectively. Mn concentration was minimum in fallow lands than in other systems where cultivation was not performed. The available Cu concentration varied from 0.71 to 2.28ppm and 0.60 to 1.97ppm under different cropping systems in both soil depths. Wide variability in zinc concentration under surface soil (0-15cm) was recorded under different cropping systems. The build-up of DTPA-extractable zinc was recorded to be the highest in turmeric-moongbean followed by onion-garlic systems. Other cropping systems contained below 1ppm. Dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes showed variation from 6.87 to 19.91 (μg TPF g-124 h-1) and 6.77 to 33.55 (μg PNP g-1 soil h- 1) at the upper surface layer. Among the cropping systems, pigeon pea maintained higher amount of dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase enzymes in the soils than the other systems and fallow land showed the lowest value.ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF PRE AND POST EMERGENCE HERBICIDES ON WEED DYNAMICS, GROWTH, YIELD AND ECONOMICS OF BLACK GRAM (Vigna mungo L.)(Banda University of Agriculture & Technology, Banda-210001, Uttar Pradesh, India, 2020-11-21) Kumar, Vivek; Singh, Amit KumarThe field experiment was carried out at the Agricultural farm of Banda University of Agriculture and Technology, Banda on the prescribed topic "Effect of pre and post-emergence herbicides on weed dynamics, growth, yield, and economics of black gram (Vigna mungo L.)" during Kharif season of the year 2019. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications and 10 treatments in a clayey loam having soil pH 7.7. The treatments consist of pre-emergence herbicides namely, Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha and Imazethapyr @ 0.06 kg a.i./ha and post-emergence herbicides viz. Quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 0.05 kg a.i./ha, Halosufuron @ 27 g a.i./ha and Fenoxaprop-p-ethyl @ 0.10 kg a.i./ha applied at 25 DAS along with two checks i.e., weed free and weedy check (Hand weeding). During the field study, it was observed that prominent weed flora Cyperus rotundus (L.), Cynodon dactylon (L.), Saccharum spontaneum (L.), Phyllanthus niruri (L.), Digera arvensis, Ziziphus nummularia, Abelmoschus moschatus, Commelina benghalensis (L.) and Vigna radiata var. sublobata etc. were noticed and their effective and hasty control was also realized. The results revealed that weed-free treatment remained the best though found at par with herbicide layering of different molecules. Therefore, the simplest conclusion can be drawn from the present field study that herbicide layering of pre and post-emergent molecules namely, Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i.at 2 DAS followed by Quizalofop-p-ethyl@ 0.05 kg a.i. at 20 DAS per hectare was found the most effective and produced greater seed yield (1146 kg/ha), the total biomass of 3660 kg/ha, net returns (Rs. 50383/ha), and B:C ratio (3.28:1). However, weed-free produced the maximum seed yield of 1229 kg/ha but failed to be remunerative due to the intensive engagement of labour during two hand weedings at 20 DAS and 40 DAS. Thus generated technology holds promise for on-farm adoption for enhancing the yield productivity by minimizing weeds in terms of better weed control efficiency (77.89%) and weed index (6.67%) during Kharif season under the prevailing climatic conditions of Bundelkhand in general and Banda in particular.ThesisItem Open Access Isolation and Characterization of Methanogenic Bacteria from Distillery Effluent Digester(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1989) Kumar, Vivek; Anand, RCThesisItem Open Access Phosphate solubilization by A. chroococcum strains and their interaction with wheat cultivars(College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1998) Kumar, Vivek; Narula, NeeruThesisItem Open Access Standardization of Integrated Nutrient Module in cape gooseberry (Physalis Peruviana L.)(Department of Horticulture (Pomology), BAU, Sabour, 2020) Kumar, Vivek; Kundu, ManojThe current research work was conducted during 2019-20 in the Department of Horticulture (Fruit and Fruit Tech.), BAC, Sabour to standardize the integrated nutrient module in cape gooseberry. From the investigation, it was observed that the vegetative growth in terms of plant height, leaf area, total leaf count of cape gooseberry had improved significantly by 100% RDF + Azotobacter, PSB and KSB @ 10 g plant-1 each treatment. Physiological growth characters viz. leaf relative water content, specific leaf weight, leaf chlorophyll content was also obtained maximum in 100 % RDF + Azotobacter, PSB and KSB @ 10 g plant-1 each treatment. However, the reproductive growth with respect to precocity in flowering and fruiting with longest flowering, fruiting and harvesting span was obtained in 60 % RDF + Azotobacter, PSB and KSB @ 10 g plant-1 each treatment. On the other hand, total harvestable fruit plant-1 with highest yield plant-1 was recorded in 90 % RDF + Azotobacter, PSB and KSB @ 10 g plant-1 each treatment with par value in the module comprising 60 % RDF + Azotobacter, PSB and KSB @ 10 g plant-1 each. The quality attributes of ripped cape gooseberry fruit was also improved significantly in integrated treatment of 60 % RDF + Azotobacter, PSB and KSB @ 10 g plant-1 each with respect to TSS (15.90 °B), TSS: Acid ratio (21.08 %), total sugar content (11.29 %), ascorbic acid (60.03 mg 100g-1 FW), carotenoid (49.25 µg 100g-1 FW), flavonoid (50.16 µg g-1 FW), phenol (5.83 mg Gallic acid equiv. g-1 FW) and antioxidant capacity (22.54 µmol. Trolox equiv. 100 g-1 FW). Soil pH, EC, organic carbon content and available phosphorous of the cape gooseberry field under the current research work not varied significantly over control as well as the initial reading. While, available soil N and K was decreased marginally with the reduction of NPK doses under different treatments. However, microbial population viz. bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes count was improved significantly in all the bio-fertilizer applied nutrient modules. Hence it can be concluded that the integrated nutrient module comprising 60 % RDF of NPK + Azotobacter, PSB and KSB @ 10 g plant-1 (T6) is the best treatment to improve the production system of cape gooseberry in sustainable manner for long run without hampering the soil health and quality.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on Some Parameters Affecting Ethanol Production by Saccharomyces Cerevisiae(College of Basic Sciences and Humanities Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1988) Kumar, Vivek; Yadav, B. SThesisItem Open Access Studies on stripe disease of barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) caused by Drechslera graminea (Rabenb.) Shoemaker(College of Agriculture Chaudhary Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University Hisar, 1994) Kumar, Vivek; Hooda, Indra