Browsing by Author "Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana"
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ArticleItem Open Access Acaricidal property of kuppaimeni (Acalypha indica) against natural Psoroptes cuniculi infestation in broiler rabbits(2004-10) Singh, D. Anandha Prakash; Raman, M.; Saradha, V.; Jayabharathi, P.; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; TANUVASThe acaricidal property of AcaIypha indica was evaluated in naturally Psoroptes cuniculi infested broiler rabbits for its in vitro (48 hr) and in vivo (14 days) activity based on livable mite count, lesion score and gross changes.ArticleItem Open Access Activity of Vitex negundo Linn. against Natural Psoroptes cuniculi infestation in white giant broiler rabbits(2004) Raman, M.; Singh, D. Anandha Prakash; Elaiyabharathi, M.; Ashokkumar, M.; Sasikala, M.; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; TANUVASThesisItem Open Access Analyses Of Management Factors Influencing Fat And Solids-Not-Fat Content Of Cow’s Milk In Namakkal District(TANUVAS, Chennai, 2008) Singh, D. Anandha Prakash; TANUVAS; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Purushothaman, M.R.Analyses of management factors influencing fat and solids-not-fat content of cow’s milk in Namakkal district were carried out to study the feasibility of improving the milk fat and SNF content. A survey among the dairy farmers revealed that average number of cows available per farmer was 3.01. Maximum number of farmers reared Jersey crossbreds either singly (71.33 per cent) or combined with Holstein Friesian crossbred cows (18 per cent). Majority of the farmers followed individual concentrate feeding (99.33 per cent) and fed the concentrate before milking (86.67 per cent) whereas, green (94.67 per cent) and dry fodder (99.33 per cent) were fed after milking. Zero grazing was followed by 28 per cent of farmers in Sendamangalam block followed by 16 per cent in Namakkal block and none from Mohanur block. Average grazing duration per day ranged from 3.8 to 5.2 hours in the selected blocks. Irrespective of the blocks 59.33 per cent of farmers soaked the concentrate feed in water and fed to the animals. Maximum number of farmers had green fodder availability only during rainy or post-monsoon season. Majority of the farmers fed sorghum fodder alone (37 per cent) or in combination with field grass (30 per cent) or Co-3 grass (18 per cent). The overall mean dry matter intake (DMI) received through concentrate, green and dry fodder were 3.04 kg, 2.37 kg and 3.29 kg for milch cow. Farmers had fair knowledge on milk fat and SNF and their awareness to improve fat and SNF was poor. Only 6.67 per cent farmers attempted to improve the milk composition with either mineral mixture or calcite. The milk fat and SNF trend analyses showed that the mean milk fat and SNF per cent had highly significant difference between blocks, months and seasons. The overall mean morning and evening milk fat and SNF per cent were 4.342 ± 0.003 and 4.436 ± 0.003; 8.170 ± 0.001 and 8.207 ± 0.001, respectively. Maximum fat per cent was recorded during October (4.518 ± 0.009) and November (4.541 ± 0.009) months and the lower values were recorded during March (4.330 ± 0.007) and April (4.332 ± 0.009). The highest SNF per cent was registered during August (8.244 ± 0.003) and September (8.240 ± 0.003) and the lowest values observed during March (8.181 ± 0.002), April (8.176 ± 0.003) and May (8.182 ± 0.003). North-east monsoon recorded the highest fat per cent (4.517 ± 0.005) and both southwest (8.229 ± 0.002) and north-east monsoon (8.228 ± 0.002) recorded maximum SNF per cent. The lowest milk fat per cent (4.343 ± 0.005) and SNF per cent (8.180 ± 0.002) were recorded during summer. The suggestive measures trial revealed that the mean dry matter intake did not differ significantly between the treatment groups as well as between the treatment periods. During the treatment period the milk yield was significantly higher (8.46 ± 0.08 litres) in spray cooled cows (T1) followed by sodium bicarbonate (8.24 ± 0.05 litres) and least in yeast (7.65 litres) supplemented cows (T3). Both milk fat and SNF per cent in the spray cooled cows (4.23 ± 0.05 and 8.23 ±0.02) and sodium bicarbonate supplemented cows showed significantly higher values during the treatment period. Among the treatment groups, the spray cooled cows had the highest positive response in milk yield both in the morning (5.03 ± 0.05 litres) and evening (3.42 ± 0.04 litres) followed by sodium bicarbonate (4.96 ± 0.03 and 3.28 ± 0.03 litres) supplemented cows. The yeast supplemented cows had the least positive response (4.58 ± 0.07 and 3.07 ± 0.04 litres). The spray cooled cows recorded the maximum fat per cent both in the morning (4.16 ± 0.05) and evening (4.30 ± 0.06) during the treatment period. The mean SNF per cent was also higher in the spray cooled cows (8.23 ± 0.02) followed by mineral mixture (8.22 ± 0.02) and yeast (8.21 ± 0.01) supplemented cows.ThesisItem Open Access Analysis of Goat Farming Practices in Southern Agro-climatic Region of Tamil Nadu(Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, 2013) Kumar, S. Vasantha; TANUVAS; Kumar, V. Ramesh SaravanaA study was conducted to analyse the goat farming practices adopted by farmers under field conditions in southern agro-climatic region of Tamil Nadu. A total of 180 goat farmers were utilised for this study in 20 villages each in Tirunelveli, Thoothukudi and Virudhunagar districts. Based on the agricultural land holding the goat farmers were categorised as landless, marginal, small and large land holders and they were 48.89, 33.89, 10.56 and 6.66 per cent, respectively with the mean land holding size of 1.50 ± 0.17 acres. Goat farmers preferred to live in nuclear family (78.33 per cent) than joint family (21.67 per cent). Majority of goat farmers in the study area were Hindus (91.11 per cent) and Christians (8.89 per cent) and they belonged to the backward class, scheduled class and most backward communities comprising 37.23, 34.44 and 28.33 per cent, respectively. The average annual income generated by the goat farmers in the study area was Rs. 53,160.16. The overall mean flock size maintained by the goat farmers in the study area was 35.58 ± 0.74 goats. Majority of the goat farmers maintaining nondescript goats (71.67 per cent) in their herds and in Thoothukudi and Virudhunagar districts, Kodi adu goats (15per cent) and Kanni adu (13.33 per cent) were predominantly reared by the goat farmers. Farmers had an average of 10.41 ± 0.46 years of experience in goat farming. Semi-intensive system (63.33 per cent) of rearing was mostly practiced by the goat farmers followed by extensive (33.33 per cent) and intensive system (3.34 per cent). Majority of the goat sheds were mainly as open type (41.11 per cent) followed by closed (31.11 per cent) and half-open (27.78 per cent) types. Distance of grazing allowed for goats was around 5 km with duration of grazing of 7 h daily. Common property resources (51.67 per cent), harvested fields (20.56 per cent), forest or road sides (24.44 per cent) were the major grazing areas for goats. Among the tree fodders, Moringa oleifera, Leucaena leucocephala and Phyllanthus reticulates are identified as superior in terms of better crude protein content. Locally available foliages contain more nutrient content as DM (27.99 per cent) and DCP (14.07 per cent) and among the foliages Digeria agvensis, Corchorus olitorius and Merremia emerginata were identified better for their crude protein content. The average nutrient content of various supplements (dry fodders and homemade concentrate) in terms of dry matter and crude protein were 90.36 and 15.20 per cent, respectively. Highly significant difference (P< 0.01) was observed in 3, 9, 12 months body weight (kg) of goats in three districts. Highly significant difference (P< 0.01) was observed between the breeds (Kanni adu, Kodi adu and non-descript goats) in their body weight (kg) at birth, 3 months and 6 months. Non - descript breeds of goats at 4 teeth, 6 teeth and full mouth stage had significant difference in body weight (P< 0.01). Sex wise differences (P< 0.01) for goats in body weights at birth and 3 months were observed under extensive system of management, whereas under semi-intensive system a significant difference (P< 0.01) was observed in body weight at 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. Under intensive system of management, there were no significant differences found in between sexes in body weight at birth, 3 and 6 months. Body weight in between sexes at 6 and 12 months age groups had significant (P<0.05) difference. The male : female ratios observed were 1:20 (37.22 per cent), 1: 25-30 (42.78 per cent), 1: above 30 (20 per cent) in the study area. The age at first mating in Kanni adu, Kodi adu and nondescript breeds of goats were 10.00 ± 0.23, 10.07 ± 0.16 and 10.18 ± 0.09 months, respectively and kidding interval for the above three breeds were 7.50 ± 0.16, 7.35 ± 0.16 and 7.44 ± 0.06 months, respectively. The mortality observed in young age group from birth to one month (19.10 per cent) was high in all the districts of the study area. The specific clinical manifestations which caused mortality in goats were peste-des-petits ruminants, enterotoxaemia, contagious exanthyma, foot and mouth disease, goat pox and anthrax. The gross returns from goat farming in study area were maximum from the sale of surplus animals (83.53 per cent) followed by culled animals (11.31 per cent) and manure (5.16 per cent). The annual net profit calculated per doe was Rs.802.54, Rs.1073.02 and Rs. 1066.08 in small, medium and large flocks, respectively. Organised marketing of goats was lacking in the study area. Non-availability of adequate grazing (41.67 per cent), inadequate water availability (35.00 per cent) and non-availability of breeding stock (23.33 per cent) were observed as managemental constraints in the study area. Semi-intensive system of rearing is found better in terms of optimum nutrient intake, optimum body weight gain, early age at first mating, early age at first kidding, less service period, optimum kidding interval and optimum kidding percentage. The reason might be due to the availability of nutrients in terms of DCP (79.78 per cent) and TDN (24.50 per cent) both in grazing and supplement feeding. Semi-intensive system of rearing is commonly followed and found better rather than extensive and intensive systems in the agrarian community not only in the southern agro-climatic region but also in other parts of state.ArticleItem Open Access Analysis of Pig Husbandry Practices in Semi-arid Region of Tamil Nadu(Indian Journal of Veterinary Sciences and Biotechnology, The, 2015) Ramesh, V.; Muralidharan, J.; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; TANUVASThe present study was carried out to analyse the pig husbandry practices in semi-arid region of Tamil Nadu. The study revealed that, 95.00 per cent of farmers reared the pig in shed covered with asbestos sheet (53.83 per cent) followed by thatches (34.64 per cent) on concrete flooring (92.28 per cent). The majority of the farmers (76.92 per cent) maintaining Large White Yorkshire pigs and followed natural service using boars. The farmers followed stall feeding and 50% of the farmers fed swill feeding along with poultry offal waste with small quantity of own mix concentrate feed. Majority of the farmers (50%) vaccinated their pigs against both swine fever and FMD and 19.23 per cent of the farmers did not give any vaccination. 61.54% farmers followed deworming using allopathic medicine. Similarly, only 65 per cent of the farmers protected their piglets against piglet anemia with iron injection and 32.5% of them used ectoparasitic drugs in their farms. The farmers followed weaning at 2 months of age and castration of male piglets at 2 to 3 weeks of age. Pigs were marketed at 8 to 9 months of age when they attained the body weight of 90 to 100 kg at the rate of Rs.90 to 95 per kg live weight.ArticleItem Open Access Analysis Of Production And Reproduction Performances of Soviet Chinchilla And White Giant Rabbits In Tropical Climatic Conditions Of India(2003) Sivakumar, K.; Thiruvenkadam, A.K.; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; Muralidharan, J.; Singh, D. Ananda Prakash; Saravanan, R.; Jeyakumar, M.; TANUVASThe aim of the present study was to analyse the influence of year, season and parity on productive and reproductive performances in 110 Soviet Chinchilla and 64 White Giant rabbits under tropical climatic conditions of Tamil Nadu in the period between 2005 and 2009. A total of 731 records for the overall leastsquares means for litter size at birth and weaning, litter weight at birth and weaning, average weight of kit at birth and weaning and pre-weaning growth rate in Soviet Chinchilla rabbits were 5.1±0.1, 3.7±0.1, 256.4±6.9 g, 2465.4±73.6 g, 50.4±0.7 g, 694.1±13.1 g and 15.3±0.3 g/d, respectively, and the values for White Giant rabbits were 5.1±0.1, 4.1±0.1, 259.6±6.1 g, 2432.6±68.7 g, 50.8±0.4 g, 614.6±13.5 g and 13.4±0.3 g/d, respectively. Breed had significant effect on litter size at weaning (P<0.01), average weight of kit at weaning (P<0.05) and pre-weaning growth rate (P<0.01). Year of birth had significant effect on litter size and litter weight at birth (P<0.05), litter size and litter weight at weaning (P<0.01), average weight of kits at weaning and pre-weaning growth rate (P<0.01) in Soviet Chinchilla and White Giant rabbits. Season of birth had significant effect on litter weight at birth and weaning (P<0.05), average weight of kits at birth (P<0.05) and weaning (P<0.01) and pre-weaning growth rate (P<0.01) in both the breeds. Parity had significant effect on litter weight and average weight of kits at weaning (P<0.01) and pre-weaning growth rate (P<0.01). The study revealed that the Soviet Chinchilla and White Giant breeds performed well in the tropical climatic conditions of Tamil Nadu and could be used for profitable meat production. The significant influence of factors such as year of birth and season of birth observed on different production traits emphasises the role played by the management in optimising the realisation of genetic potential under local agro-climatic conditions.ArticleItem Open Access Analysis of Reproductive Traits of Broiler Rabbits Reared in Sub-temperate Climate of Kodai Hills, Tamil Nadu, India(Veterinary World, 2015-09) Rajapandi, S.; Ramanathan, N.; Pourouchottamane, R.; Thiruvenkadan, A.K.; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; Pankaj, P.K.; Rajendiran, A.S.; TANUVASAim: The present study was carried out at Institute Rabbit Farm of Southern Regional Research Centre, Mannavanur, Kodaikanal, Tamil Nadu, India having sub-temperate climate with winter temperature during night hours going below 0°C with an objective of finding the influence of different factors such as breed, year, season and parity on different reproductive traits of broiler rabbits in order to come out with the best strategies for improving the productivity. Materials and Methods: A total of 1793 records (946 White Giant and 847 Soviet Chinchilla) for weight at mating (WM), weight at kindling (WK), gestation length (GL), litter size at birth (LSB) and litter size at weaning (LSW), litter weight at birth (LWB), and litter weight at weaning (LWW) were collected in the period between 2000 and 2009 and the data was analyzed using general linear model option of SAS 9.2. Results: The overall mean GL, WM, WK, LSB, LSW, LWB, and LWW were 31.68±0.04 days, 3.65±0.01 kg, 3.84±0.01 kg, 6.91±0.08, 5.49±0.09, 387.62±4.07 g, and 4.66±0.07 kg, respectively. The breed has significantly influenced GL, WK, LSW, LWB, and LWW. The LSB, LSW, LWB, and LWW were 7.05±0.11, 5.76±0.13, 399.55±5.88 g, and 4.87±0.10 kg, respectively in White Giant and corresponding values for Soviet Chinchilla were 6.78±0.11, 5.22±0.12, 375.91±5.64 g, and 4.46±0.09 kg, respectively. The year of kindling had significantly affected all the reproductive traits under study and is varying over different years. The parity significantly influenced the WM, WK, and LWW. The LWW increased from first (4.16±0.21 kg) to second parity (4.86±0.19 kg) and remained in the same range from third parity onward. WM was significantly higher in spring season (3.72±0.02) than the animals in rainy (3.59±0.02) and winter season (3.65±0.02). Better reproductive performance in terms of higher LSB, LSW, LWB, and LWW as observed in the present study might be due to conducive environmental conditions prevailing in the region. Conclusion: The significant effects of the non-genetic factors like year of kindling on all reproductive traits, season, and parity on some of the traits in rabbit breeds are indications that any future production enhancement strategy must take into consideration the environment by providing additional care, feed supplementation and better shelter management to the rabbits, so that the full genetic potential can be realized.ArticleItem Open Access Bilateral Cryptorchidism in Mecheri Rams(2006-06) Murali, N.; Jagatheesan, P.N, Richard; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; TANUVASArticleItem Open Access Blood Biochemical Profile and Oestrus Induction to Augment Fertility in Anoestrus Murrah Buffaloes(2006-01) Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Selvaraju, M.; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; Chandrahasan, C.; TANUVASArticleItem Open Access Carcass Characteristics of Salem Black Kids under Intensive and Semi-Intensive Systems of Management(2017-03) Chinnamani, K.; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; Muralidharan, J.; Thiruvenkadan, A.K.; Sureshkumar, S.; Vasanthakumar, P.; TANUVASAn experiment was conducted to evaluate the carcass characteristics of Salem Black kids under intensive and semi-intensive systems of management. Sixteen weaned kids were selected at random and they were placed in two treatments comprising of eight kids in each group. The dressing percentage of intensive and semi-intensively reared kids differed highly significantly(P< 0.01). The primal cuts percentage did not differ significantly for leg, loin, rack, breast and fore shank and the neck and shoulder. The loin eye area was highly significant (P<0.01) between intensive and semi- intensively reared kids.ArticleItem Open Access Chemical Changes During Composting of Dead Birds with Caged Layer Manure(2007) Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; Sivakumar, K.; Purushothaman, M.R.; Natarajan, A.; Amanullah, M. Mohamed; TANUVASAn aerobic composting experiment was conducted at Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, India to study the feasibility of disposing dead birds from commercial layer farms. Dead birds were sequentially layered with caged layer manure and paddy straw or sorghum hay waste in a 4’ x 4’ x 4’ mini composter. The C:N ratio and moisture was adjusted to 20: 1 and 60 per cent, respectively. Composting was carried out during summer, monsoon and winter. The pH of the finished compost ranged between 8.20 and 9.34. Dead bird compost recorded higher N content (16.19 to 17.92 g/kg) than control (13.80 to 16.52 g/kg). The composting methods facilitated quick and effective decomposition of dead birds and improved the nutrient contents of the poultry farm waste. The study also revealed that the dead birds can be effectively composted through out the year.OtherItem Open Access Chemical Changes During Composting of Dead Poultry Birds with Coirpith Waste and Sugarcane Top(TANUVAS, 2010) Sakthivadivu, R.; Sivakumar, K.; Kumar, V. Ramesh SaravanaArticleItem Open Access Chemical Changes During Composting Of Poultry Waste with Coirpith Waste and Sugarcane Top(2015) Sakthivadivu, R.; Sivakumar, K.; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; Natarajan, A.; TANUVASComposting of dead birds with cage layer manure (CLM) and low cost carbonaceous materials like 'coir pith waste' and 'sugarcane top' was carried out to study the feasibility of composting. Based on the C:N ratio of the ingredient, the compost recipes were formulated. Composting was carried out by sequential layering of dead birds with manure substrate and carbon source. Treatment mixture with CLM alone (T5) had higher pH value (8.48 and 8.44 during primary and secondary stage, respectively). But treatment mixture with dead birds (T1 and T2) had lower pH (7.45 and 7.85 for T1 and T2 during primary stage and 7.81 and 7.58 for T1 and T2 during secondary stage, respectively).ThesisItem Open Access Chitosan as Feed Supplement in Broiler Chickens(TANUVAS, Chennai, 2014) Dnyandeo, Sirsat Shraddha; TANUVAS; Visha, P.; Nanjappan, K.; Kumar, V. Ramesh SaravanaArticleItem Open Access Comparative Efficacy of Pungai ( Pungamia glabra) and Ivermectin against Mange Infestation in Pigs(2012) Ramesh, V.; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; Sivakumar, K.; Singh, D. Anandha prakash; TANUVASIvermectin was found to be most effective followed by benzyl benzoate emulsion and pungan oil against sarcoptes species. It was found to be economical, effective and seven days observation period was sufficient. As ivermectin is easy to administer and less time consuming than topical application of emulsion/ oil of acaricides, the treatment with injectable ivermectin to eliminate mange has a distinct advantage in the control of mange infestation in pigs.ArticleItem Open Access Comparative Efficacy Of Two Different Disinfection Methods Against Coccidian Oocysts(2006-09) Kumar, P.; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Mohan, B.; TANUVASCocidiosis, one of the important disease of sheep and goats, can be controlled by adopting sanitary measures inside the animal enclosure. Two different disinfection methods viz. flame gun application and liquid ammonia spray were selected and their efficacy was studied against ovine and caprine coccidian occytes.ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF COMMERCIAL BROILER CHICKEN REARED `ON USED AND FRESH LITTER(TANUVAS, Namakkal, 2015) Govindaraj, K.; TANUVAS; Muralidharan, J.; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; Kannan, D.A study was undertaken to explore the possibility of reusing old litter after rearing a single batch, as litter material for broilers. A total of two hundred day- old Commercial broiler Chicks were randomly allotted to five treatment groups viz, T1- control (conventional fresh litter ~ coir pith), T2- used broiler litter treated by windrow method, T3- used broiler litter treated with disinfectant solution for next four weeks. A six weeks growth trial followed by slaughter studies was carried out.ArticleItem Open Access Comparison of sweat glands, skin characters and heat tolerance coefficients amongst Murrah, Surti and Non-descript Buffaloes(1992-07) Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; Thiagarajan, M.; TANUVASSweat Gland Characters and heat-tolerance coefficients were studied in Murrah, Surti and non-descript buffaloes.