Browsing by Author "Katoch, Rajesh"
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ThesisItem Open Access ANTHELMINTIC RESISTANCE IN HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS OF SMALL RUMINANTS IN JAMMU(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2018) Saleem, Taniya; Katoch, RajeshThe emergence of anthelmintic resistance on government and private farms (2 each) in Jammu, India was investigated using Faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) for fenbendazole (FBZ) and levamisole (LEV), Egg hatch assay (EHA) for benzimidazole (BZ) and Egg hatch paralysis assay (EHPA) for LEV. For FECRT, a total of 240 naturally infected animals (Sheep and Goats) of 3-6 months of age were divided randomly in 3 groups of 20 animals each. At each farm, Group 1 and Group 2 animals were given FBZ (@ 5.0 mg/kg body weight) and LEV (@ 7.5mg/kg body weight) orally as drench, respectively and Group 3 animals were kept untreated. Faecal samples were collected per rectum 14 days post-treatment. FECR after treatment with FBZ and LEV were found to be 58 and 44 percent (farm 1), 61 and 49 percent (farm 2), 51 and 60 percent (farm 3), 68 and 86 percent (farm 4) respectively. On EHA, the ED50 values for the isolates of Haemonchus contortus were 0.171, 0.163, 0.178 and 0.156 µg of TBZ/ml in farm 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The ED50 values on EHPA for the isolates of H. contortus were 4.445, 1.050, 0.698 and 0.282μg/mL of LEV in farm 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The H. contortus larvae isolated from animals were genotyped for detection of mutation in the β-tubulin isotype 1 gene using AS-PCR. A total of 144 larvae, 36 from each farm were used in the study. In farm 1, the prevalence of different genotypes varied significantly (p<0.001) with 80 percent ‘rr’ type, 11 percent ‘rS’ and 8 percent ‘SS’ types. In farm 2, the types of genotypes varied significantly (p<0.001) with 72 percent ‘rr’, 17 percent ‘rS’ and 11 percent ‘SS’. In farm 3, 89 percent were found to be of ‘rr’ genotype, 8 percent of ‘rS’ genotype and 3 percent of ‘SS’ genotype. In farm 4, the prevalence was predominated by ‘rS’ genotype (50 percent) followed by ‘rr’ genotype (36 percent) and ‘SS’ genotype (14 percent). The results of AS-PCR from the pasture larvae showed the overall predominance of ‘rr’ genotype (60 percent) followed by ‘rS’ (33 percent) genotype and ‘SS’ (7 percent) genotype. Thus prevalence of BZ resistant (r) allele was significantly (p<0.001) higher (76.5 percent) as compared to the 23.5 percent prevalence of BZ susceptible (S) allele.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGICAL PATTERN AND ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL OF BOVINE CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS IN JAMMU DISTRICT(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2010) Yadav, Anish; Katoch, RajeshThe epidemiology of bovine cryptosporidiosis and its zoonotic potential in children and HIV positive patients of Jammu have been assessed. The prevalence studies were based on identification of Cryptosporidium oocysts in faecal samples by conventional (modified Ziehl- Neelsen), immunological (ELISA) and molecular (PCR) methods. Examination of 684 (432- cattle and 252- buffalo) and 2880 (cattle n=1440, buffalo=1440) faecal samples of bovine calves of organized and unorganized farms respectively, revealed an overall prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in 26.52 % animals. It was higher in organized farms (48.39 %) as compared to unorganized farms (21.31 %). Higher prevalence was observed in cattle calves (55.55%; organized farms, 26.18 %; unorganized farms) than the buffalo calves (36.11%; organized farms, 16.45 %; unorganized farms). Calves of 0-1 months age group (59.64 %; organized and 29.89%; unorganized farms) showed highest prevalence. Winter recorded the highest infection rate (71.92 %) in organized farm animals, whereas, in unorganized farms it was during monsoon season (33.19%). In both type of farms, summer recorded the lowest rate. Higher prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. oocysts in diarrhoeic faeces having mucus (76.07%; organized farm and 32.57% unorganized farm), than those showing presence of blood was recorded. The relationship between intensity of infection and various epidemiological factors showed that higher intensity was there in calves of 0-1 month age group, having diarrhoea, with mucus, in winter season of organized farms and monsoon season in unorganized farms. Out of 120 diarrhoeic faecal samples of children examined, 17 (14.17%) were found positive for Cryptosporidium. Highest prevalence (19.15%) was observed in 6-12 months group and lowest (6.45%) in < 6 months of age. As per residing status a very high but non significant difference was observed in infection rate of Cryptosporidium in rural (16.95%)) and semi urban (14.29%) from urban children (5.26%)). Higher infection was observed in children having persistent (20.83%) type of diarrhoea as compared to acute (11.76%o) and chronic (4.76%) cases. Seasonal prevalence revealed significantly (P < 0.05) higher infection during monsoon than other seasons. Examination of 52 HIV infected individuals revealed, 15 (28.84%) positive for Cryptosporidium spp. Higher prevalence was observed in diarrhoeic patients (39.28%)) having chronic type of diarrhoea (40.0%). Prevalence was high (63.64%) in individuals having CD4 count <200 cells /μ1. Genetic characterization using PCR- RFLP revealed higher prevalence of C. parvum in children (76.47%) and C. hominis in HIV infected individuals (60%). Biological characterization confirmed the results of genetic characterization. The study highlights prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and associated risk factors to vulnerable groups i.e. bovine calves, children and HIV infected individuals. Molecular and biological characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. also established zoonotic role of C. parvum in Jammu district. Keywords: Cryptosporidium, Epidemiology, Bovine, Children, HIV patients, ZoonoticThesisItem Open Access Epidemiological studies on gastrointestinal helminths of sheep and chemotherapy of haemonchus contortus(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2004) Sharma, Devina; Katoch, RajeshThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF MAGGOT THERAPY IN THE TREATMENT OF CHRONIC WOUND IN RAT(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2017) Borkataki, Sanku; Katoch, RajeshThe present study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of maggot therapy in healing of chronic wound in non-diabetic and Streptozotocin induced diabetic Wistar rat. A total 96 male Wistar rats were separated in to two equal halves as non-diabetic and diabetic groups. Wounds were created in all and inoculated with mixed colonies of bacteria namely Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Post inoculation each group was further divided in 4 groups with 12 rats in each being represented as control, antibiotic, maggot and maggot and antibiotic treated. All treatments were applied once and held for 24 hours. Different wound kinetics in maggot treated wounds revealed significant reduction in wound area with maximum contraction, early elimination of bacterial bioburden, significant reduction of wound pH and increase in Hb level in comparison to antibiotic and control group respectively (P<0.05). Oxidative stress parameters revealed significant increase of Glutathione-S-transferase with a decreased level of Lipid peroxidation in maggot treated wounds in comparison with other groups (P<0.05). The formation of collagen tissue was also evident by higher concentration of hydroxyproline in granulation tissues in maggot treated groups. The histopathological examination of wounded tissue of maggot treated groups showed early and better epithelialization, collagenation and neovascularization with complete healing of wound in non-diabetic rat in two weeks and in diabetic rat in three weeks in comparison to antibiotic and control group, respectively. The effect of maggot and maggot with antibiotic combination, used in the present study, didn’t reveal any significant difference in healing of wound. Colonization of Lucilia sericata larvae in three different diets in room temperature showed total duration of life-cycle on red meat of sheep was shorter (12.29±0.16 days) where as in artificial diets i.e. blood agar and nutrient agar were (14.41±0.21) and (17.55±0.19) days, respectively.ThesisItem Open Access Gastrointestinal parasitism in buffaloes of Jammu region(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Jammu (J&K), 2021-11-26) Bhargava, Yash; Katoch, RajeshThe present study was undertaken to determine the gastrointestinal parasitism in buffaloes of Jammu region based on fecal examination (n=1680). Most prevalent parasite recorded was amphistome (7.9%) followed by Buxtonella spp. (7.5%), coccidia (5.8%), strongyles (5.6%), ascarids (0.3%) and Moniezia spp. (0.06%). The mixed infections were found in 12.3% of samples examined. Monsoon season showed significantly higher (p<0.01) prevalence (54.3%) in comparison to summer (50.2%), post-monsoon (33.6%) and winter (20.2%) seasons. In males, the infection rate was higher (44.3%) than females (39.2%). The animals aged up to 6 months showed significantly higher (p<0.01) prevalence (54.3%) in comparison to animals above 6 months to 1 year (40.3%) and above 1 year (38.3%) age groups. The irrigated area showed significantly higher (p<0.01) prevalence rate (49.9%) in comparison to rain-fed area (29.3%). Based on the morphological characteristics of sporulated oocysts, nine species of Eimeria were identified as E. bareillyi (28.6%), E. zurenii (18.0%), E. bovis (14.0%), E. subspherica (12.8%), E. canadensis (9.0%), E. alabamensis (6.2%), E. ellipsoidalis (5.4%), E. auburnensis (3.3%) and E. cylindrical (2.7%). Molecular characterization of strongyle larvae revealed Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus targeting ITS-2 gene fragments at 293 bp and 237 bp, respectively.ArticleItem Open Access Pathological Study on an Outbreak of Hepatic Coccidiosis in Rabbit Farm(2015-10) Ahamad, D. Basheer; Azmi, S.; Katoch, Rajesh; Sood, Shilpa; Nashiruddullah, Nawab; TANUVASHepatic coccidiosis was recorded in a commercial rabbit farm. Clinically anorexia, rough hair coat, distended abdomen, watery to semisolid diarrhoea, jaundice and sudden death was recorded in rabbit kits with 58.14 % morbidity and 62 % mortality rate. Grossly, the abdominal cavity contained clear straw coloured fluid. Liver showed diffuse severe congestion to pale, enlargement and yellowish grey nodules. Liver impression smear revealed high cellularity and high numbers of coccidial organisms intermixed with hepatobiliary parenchymal cells. On parasitological examination of liver sample, bile sample and faecal sample, oocyst and sporulated oocysts of Eimeria stiedae was identified.ArticleItem Open Access Pathology of the Trachea and Lungs in Sheep(2016-01) Ahamad, D. Basheer; Azmi, S.; Sood, Shilpa; Katoch, Rajesh; TANUVASA survey on occurrence of pathological conditions of trachea and lungs of slaughtered and post mortem cases of sheep were investigated in the present study. A total of 156 cases of trachea and lungs were collected for histopathology from the Jammu region, Jammu & Kashmir state, India with age ranged from 6 months to 2 and a half years. Among them, 8.97% trachea and 37.82% lungs were found to be apparently abnormal in naked eye. In trachea, the gross lesions like congestion and /haemorrhages (5.13%), frothiness (3.20%) and foreign bodies (1.92%) and histopathologically, congestion/haemorrhage (8.97%), acute tracheitis (7.05%) and sub-acute fibrinous tracheitis (4.49%) were recorded. Grossly lungs showed emphysema (23.08%), atelectasis (2.56%), cysts (4.49%), congestion (8.97%), haemorrhage (4.49%), red hepatization (10.26%) and grey hepatization (11.53%), adhesion with pleura/ thickening of pleura (0.64%), abscesses (1.28%) and growth (0.64%). Histopathological examination of lungs revealed emphysema (24.36%), atelectasis (3.21%), haemosiderosis (4.49%), congestion (12.18%), edema (8.97%), bronchitis (5.76%) brochiolitis (9.62%), haemorrhagic pneumonia (7.69%), bronchopneumonia (1.92%), fibrinous bronchopneumonia (3.84%), fibrinous purulent bronchopneumonia (1.92%), suppurative broncho-pneumonia (2.56), interstitial pneumonia (8.33%), granulomatous pneumonia (1.28%), verminous pneumonia [parasitic pneumonia (2.56%), and hydatid cysts (6.41%)], bronchiolar cell hyperplasia (0.64%) and bronchiolar-alveolar carcinoma (0.64%). For the morphological descriptions, the lesions were categorized into various types; however a single section showed intermixure of various lesions.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RESISTANCE AGAINST BENZIMIDAZOLES IN GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF SMALL RUMINANTS(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2010) Khajuria, J.K.; Katoch, RajeshEpidemiological and resistance survey on prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in sheep and goats of stationary flocks of Jammu Province was carried out during the period of July, 2008 to June, 2009. Out of 5760 faecal sample (sheep 2880 Goat 2880) examined, 61.86 % animals were found positive for helminthic ova. Among them 46.97 % revealed strongyle eggs, 12.04 % Trichuris and 4.14 % Strongyloides. The other helminthic ova recorded were Fasciola 6.28 %, amphistomes 10.53 %, Dicrocoelium 3.95 % and anoplocephalids 1.57 %. Highest prevalence of helminthic infection (75.10%) and strongyles (57.86%) was observed in animals of low altitude subtropical zone (I) as compared to middle agro-climatic zone (II) (67.24%) and (50.10%) and high altitude temperature zone (III) (43.22%) and (32.96%). Prevalence of amphistome and Fasciola eggs were higher in zone I and II, respectively. Season wise significantly (P<0.05) higher prevalence of strongyles was recorded in monsoon and lowest in winter in all the three zones. Coproculture studies revealed infective larvae of H. contortus, Ostertagia., Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum and Strongyloides spp. Percent larvae count showed H. contortus to be the highest in all the three zones. Trichostrongylus and Ostertagia larvae were higher in animals of high altitude temperate zone as compared to other zones. Month wise data of eggs per gram of faeces showed two peaks of strongyles in zone I (April and August) and zone II (May and August) where as only one peak was observed in zone III (July). Age wise analysis showed higher infection of strongyles in young animals as compared to adults, irrespective of zones. Average worm count was higher in zone I (sheep 955.39 ± 101.25 and goats 867.81 ± 103.37) as compared to zone II (sheep 831.88 ± 108.48 and goats 790.25 ± 111.28) and zone III (sheep 531.93 ± 65.12 and goats 428.0 ± 70.46). Like wise positivity of GIT for infection was higher in zone I (85%) as compared to zone II (80%) and zone III (67.5%). H. contortus was predominant in all the three zones. Young animal s' GIT revealed higher number of worms as compared to adult. Like wise GIT of females has higher load as compared to males. Resistance studies based on egg hatch assay using Thiabendazole revealed highest ED50 (0.6423) in Sheep Breeding Farm, Billawar, followed by animals of zone I (sheep 0.6104 and goats 0.5926), zone II (0.5820 and 0.5307), zone III (0.5014 and 0.4201) respectively. Faecal egg count reduction test using fenbendazole @ 5 mg/kg showed resistance against strongyles in all the three zones including Sheep Breeding Farm, Billawar. The percent reduction was the highest in animals of zone III (67 to 68%) as compared to zone II (64 to 66%) and zone I (62 to 67%). The lowest percent reduction was observed in sheep of SBF Bilawar (45%). Allele specific PCR revealed higher frequency of heterozygous resistant (rS) alleles (56.25%) as compared to homozygous susceptible (SS) (31.20%) and homozygous resistant (rr) 12.5% irrespective of zones. Majority of sheep and goat breeders do not follow scheduled deworming in Jammu region. The findings of present study provides a database for devicing an effective GIN control programme in Jammu Province.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON EPIDEMIOLOGY AND RESISTANCE AGAINST BENZIMIDAZOLES IN GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES OF SMALL RUMINANTS(Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu, 2010) Khajuria, J.K.; Katoch, RajeshEpidemiological and resistance survey on prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in sheep and goats of stationary flocks of Jammu Province was carried out during the period of July, 2008 to June, 2009. Out of 5760 faecal sample (sheep 2880 Goat 2880) examined, 61.86 % animals were found positive for helminthic ova. Among them 46.97 % revealed strongyle eggs, 12.04 % Trichuris and 4.14 % Strongyloides. The other helminthic ova recorded were Fasciola 6.28 %, amphistomes 10.53 %, Dicrocoelium 3.95 % and anoplocephalids 1.57 %. Highest prevalence of helminthic infection (75.10%) and strongyles (57.86%) was observed in animals of low altitude subtropical zone (I) as compared to middle agro-climatic zone (II) (67.24%) and (50.10%) and high altitude temperature zone (III) (43.22%) and (32.96%). Prevalence of amphistome and Fasciola eggs were higher in zone I and II, respectively. Season wise significantly (P<0.05) higher prevalence of strongyles was recorded in monsoon and lowest in winter in all the three zones. Coproculture studies revealed infective larvae of H. contortus, Ostertagia., Trichostrongylus, Oesophagostomum, Bunostomum and Strongyloides spp. Percent larvae count showed H. contortus to be the highest in all the three zones. Trichostrongylus and Ostertagia larvae were higher in animals of high altitude temperate zone as compared to other zones. Month wise data of eggs per gram of faeces showed two peaks of strongyles in zone I (April and August) and zone II (May and August) where as only one peak was observed in zone III (July). Age wise analysis showed higher infection of strongyles in young animals as compared to adults, irrespective of zones. Average worm count was higher in zone I (sheep 955.39 ± 101.25 and goats 867.81 ± 103.37) as compared to zone II (sheep 831.88 ± 108.48 and goats 790.25 ± 111.28) and zone III (sheep 531.93 ± 65.12 and goats 428.0 ± 70.46). Like wise positivity of GIT for infection was higher in zone I (85%) as compared to zone II (80%) and zone III (67.5%). H. contortus was predominant in all the three zones. Young animal s' GIT revealed higher number of worms as compared to adult. Like wise GIT of females has higher load as compared to males. Resistance studies based on egg hatch assay using Thiabendazole revealed highest ED50 (0.6423) in Sheep Breeding Farm, Billawar, followed by animals of zone I (sheep 0.6104 and goats 0.5926), zone II (0.5820 and 0.5307), zone III (0.5014 and 0.4201) respectively. Faecal egg count reduction test using fenbendazole @ 5 mg/kg showed resistance against strongyles in all the three zones including Sheep Breeding Farm, Billawar. The percent reduction was the highest in animals of zone III (67 to 68%) as compared to zone II (64 to 66%) and zone I (62 to 67%). The lowest percent reduction was observed in sheep of SBF Bilawar (45%). Allele specific PCR revealed higher frequency of heterozygous resistant (rS) alleles (56.25%) as compared to homozygous susceptible (SS) (31.20%) and homozygous resistant (rr) 12.5% irrespective of zones. Majority of sheep and goat breeders do not follow scheduled deworming in Jammu region. The findings of present study provides a database for devicing an effective GIN control programme in Jammu Province.