Browsing by Author "Karthiayini, K"
Now showing 1 - 4 of 4
Results Per Page
Sort Options
ThesisItem Open Access Antioxidant potential of malphigia glabra(acerola) berries in rats(College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , Mannuthy, 2009) Arul Mary Luveena, A; KAU; Karthiayini, KThe present study was designed to assess the effect of aqueous extract of mature fruits of Malphigia glabra (Acerola) berries on paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Forty-two adult male Wistar albino rats were used for the experiment. The rats were randomly divided into five groups with eight animals each in G1, G2 and G5 and nine animals in G3 and G4. Group G1 served as normal control rats. The G2 (untreated vehicle alone) rats were administered with 40 % sucrose syrup p.o. @ 10 ml/kg b.w. on day one and two and then at three days interval for 21 days. The G3 group of rats were administered with paracetamol @ 2 g/kg b.w. p.o., on day one and two and at every three days interval upto day 18. The G4 (curative group) rats were administered with paracetamol p.o. @ 2 g/kg b.w. on day one and two and at every three days interval upto day 18 and Acerola berry extract (20 ml/ kg b.w., p.o.) for 21 days. The G5 (protective group) rats were given Acerola berry extract p.o. @ 20 ml/ kg b.w. for 17 days and paracetamol p.o. @ 2 g/kg b.w. on day 18 and 19. Body weight was recorded at weekly intervals. Blood samples were collected from eight animals in each group on day zero, four, 10, and 21. In G5 group, an additional blood collection was made on 18th day of the experiment before administration of paracetamol. The haematological parameters such as total erythrocyte count (TEC), haemoglobin (Hb) concentration, total leukocyte count (TLC) and differential leukocyte count (DLC) and serum biochemical parameters such as alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin:globulin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin, reduced glutathione were analysed. One animal each from G3 and G4 was euthanized on day four and rest of the rats were euthanized on day 21. Levels of liver reduced glutathione, lipid peroxides and superoxide dismutase (SOD) on 21st day were estimated. Representative samples of liver and kidney tissues collected on day four and 21 were subjected to histopathological examination. Administration of paracetamol in G3 group caused a significant (P 0.05) increase in the levels of serum ALT, AST, ALP, total cholesterol, BUN and total, direct and indirect bilirubin while reduced glutathione content was significantly reduced. The activities of liver reduced glutathione and SOD were also decreased significantly whereas the liver lipid peroxide content was significantly increased. Haematological analysis showed significantly decreased TEC and Hb concentration and a significantly increased TLC with monocytosis. No significant (P> 0.05) variation was observed in body weight, and in the levels of serum total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin:globulin. Histopathology indicated necrosis of hepatic cells, diffused haemorrhage, central venous congestion and focal coagulation in liver; while tubular dilatation and congestion was observed in kidney. Administration of Acerola berry extract along with paracetamol in G4 (curative group) rats effectively reversed the levels of serum ALT, AST, ALP, total cholesterol, BUN, total bilirubin (direct and indirect), reduced glutathione (in liver and serum), liver SOD and lipid peroxides in liver to normalcy signifying the antioxidant and hepatocurative effect of the extract. However, the active antioxidant components of Malphigia glabra such as vitamin C and polyphenols has a short half life, so that the berry extract could not produce any prophylactic effect against paracetamol induced toxicity in G5 (protective group) rats, evidenced by toxic range of values.ThesisItem Open Access Effect of season and antistress agents on physiological and biochemical parameters of Broiler Chicken Under Stress(Department of veterinery physiology, College of veterinary and animal sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Karthiayini, K; KAU; Philomina, P TThe study was conducted with the objective of ascertaining the efficacy of certain antistress agents as probiotic with multiple strains of bacteria and yeast (Protexin), antibiotic as virginiamycin (Stafac-20) and vitamin C in ameliorating the overcrowding stress induced during summer and rainy seasons in respect of physiological, biochemical, hormonal, immunological and production parameters of broiler chicken. The experiment was carried out on one-month-old Vencob broiler chicks in two separate phases; phase-I during summer and phase II during rainy season. In each seasonal phase, the birds were divided into five groups with 12 birds in each group. Each group was replicated twice. The birds in different groups were G-I – unstressed control birds (provided with a floor space of 696 cm2/bird), G-II – stressed control (floor space reduced by 50% to have a space allowance of 348 cm2/bird), G-III – overcrowded birds supplemented with Protexin at the rate of 0.025 per cent in the diet, G-IV- overcrowded birds supplemented with virginiamycin at the rate of 0.002 per cent in the diet, and G-V- overcrowded birds supplemented with vitamin C at the rate of 0.03 per cent in the diet. Blood samples were collected from six birds in each replicate using appropriate anticoagulants. Haematological parameters were estimated using the whole blood. Plasma samples were separated and used for estimating biochemical and hormonal parameters. Quantification of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and electrophoretic separation of plasma proteins were carried out. Heterophil:Lymphocyte (H:L) ratio and lymphoblastogenic response were also recorded. The data were analysed statistically using appropriate tools. Values of total erythrocyte count (TEC), concentration of haemoglobin (Hb), volume of packed red blood cells (VPRC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), total leukocyte count (TLC) monocyte percentage, concentration of plasma total proteins, plasma alanine amino transferase (ALT) activity, plasma concentration of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), organ weight of different organs as heart, spleen, liver, gizzard, fat percentage and dressing percentage were not significantly affected by applied stress of overcrowding. The percentage of heterophils, lymphocytes, basophils, H/L ratio, plasma concentration of globulin, total lipids, total cholesterol, and glucose, activities of plasma enzymes such as aspartate amino transferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed efficiency were influenced by overcrowding stress in both summer as well as rainy seasons. Although the concentration of stress hormones (cortisol and corticosterone) increased significantly (P0.05) by overcrowding stress in six week old broilers, continued application of the same stress caused waning off the increase to merely insignificant level. The applied stress and summer heat deteriorated the immune status of the broilers whereas the supplemented feed additives normalised many of the stress-induced changes in the haematological, biochemical and production parameters. Out of the antistress feed supplements used vitamin C was found more efficacious and economical than Protexin and virginiamycin in repealing the stress induced alterations in broilers at six and eight weeks of age both in summer and rainy seasons. Virginiamycin supplementation adversely affected the haematological parameters. Seasons significantly changed the concentration of Hb, VPRC, heterophil count, lymphocyte count, H/L ratio, plasma LDH activity, plasma concentration of T3, T4, and cortisol as well as body weight of broiler chicken. The values of heterophil count, H/L ratio, plasma concentration of LDH, and cortisol were higher in summer, whereas, lower values were observed for Hb concentration, VPRC, lymphocyte count, plasma concentration of T3 and T4 and body weight. The birds in summer gave a better economical gain than those in rainy season. Haematological parameters such as TEC, TLC, MCH, percentages of monocytes, basophils, biochemical parameters such as plasma concentration of glucose, total proteins, albumin, globulin, A:G ratio, plasma concentration of total lipids, triglycerides, total cholesterol, AST, and ALT, corticosterone and production parameters such as body weight gain, organ weight, body fat percentage and dressing percentage were not significantly affected by seasons. Both overcrowding and summer heat stress reduced the feed intake of broilers. The plasma concentration of albumin, total lipids, cholesterol, glucose, AST, ALT, and LDH were increased significantly with the increase in age (4-8 weeks period) in both seasons. Significant reductions in the plasma concentration of corticosterone and T3 were noticed with the advancement of age. The values of VPRC, TLC, plasma concentration of globulin, A:G ratio, plasma concentration of triglycerides and cortisol, were not significantly affected by the age of the birds (4 to 8 weeks). From the results of the study it could be inferred that stress of overcrowding adversely affected many of the physiological, biochemical and production parameters of six and eight week old broiler chicken. Antistress feed supplements such as Protexin, virginiamycin and vitamin C were effective to rectify most of the stress-associated changes, but not all. The vitamin C was found better and more economical than other feed additives as Protexin and virginiamycin. Dietary supplementations of antistress agents were more effective in overcrowded, heat stressed birds of summer season than their counter parts of rainy season.ThesisItem Open Access EXPRESSION OF VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR (VEGF) AND ITS BIOLOGICAL RECEPTOR, VEGFR2 IN GRANULOSA CELLS OF MALABARI GOAT(Kerala Veterinary and animal science university, Pookode, 2016-07-05) Supriyaraj, D; Karthiayini, KThe aim of the present study was to quantify the relative gene expression levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and its biological receptor, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) in Granulosa cells (GCs) of medium (Gp-I; 3-5mm diameter) and large (Gp-II; >5mm diameter) goat ovarian follicles, by real-time PCR. Quantification of Progesterone (P4) and Estradiol-17β (E2) was also performed in the follicular fluid (FF) of two different follicular groups by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pooled samples (n=7) of FF from two groups of follicles were used for the study. The results showed that the mean relative expression levels of VEGF and VEGFR-2 mRNA in GCs of Gp-II follicles was higher when compared to Gp-I follicles but it was non-significant (p>0.05). The mean (± S.E) increase in relative expression values of VEGF and VEGFR-2 was 1.47 ± 0.78 and 3.84 ± 2.51 respectively. The follicular fluid P4 and E2 concentration was significantly (p≤0.05) higher in the Gp-II follicles than the Gp-I follicles. The mean (± S.E) P4 concentration (ng/mL) in FF of Gp-I and Gp-II follicles were 10.56 ± 2.3 and 20.53 ± 3.82 respectively. The mean (± S.E) E2 concentration (ng/ml) in FF of Gp-I and Gp-II were 12.08±2.78 and 22.08±1.97 respectively. The study revealed the GCs VEGF do not play a significant role in transition of medium (3-5mm) to large (>5mm) follicle in caprines. Increase in concentration of E2 with the follicle size might be due to increase in number of GCs with increase in the size of follicle because GCs are the principal site of aromatization activity which enhanced the production of E2. Similarly, increase in P4 concentration in Gp-II follicles might be due to the production of P4 in the synthetic pathway of follicular production of E2.ThesisItem Open Access Microbial Protein Synthesis in Relation to Ammonia Level in Rumen(TANUVAS, 1995) Karthiayini, K; TANUVAS; Nayeem, Mohammed; Rao, R. Govinda; Rani, S. Meera