Browsing by Author "KUMAR, ASHISH"
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ThesisItem Open Access COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC FARMING PRACTICES ON PRODUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT CROPPING SYSTEMS(CSKHPKV, Palampur, 2017) KUMAR, ASHISH; Saini, J.P.ABSTRACT The experiment was laid out in split plot design with three farming practices in main plots and four cropping systems as in subplots with three replications. Among farming practices, organic farming practice resulted in significantly higher MGEY (7571.40 kg ha-1) and production efficiency (20.74 kg ha-1 day-1) over inorganic farming practice.Organic farming practice remaining at par with integrated farming practice resulted in significantly higher uptake of N, P, K and protein yield over inorganic farming practice. Organic and integrated farming practice outperformed inorganic farming practice in improving various soil properties. At the conclusion of the experiment, a reduction of 7.2% in bulk density was recorded under organic farming practice while inorganic farming practice resulted in an increase of 1.6% over its initial value. Soil organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon increased by 30 and 53%, respectively under organic farming practice while, inorganic farming practice resulted in a decrease of microbial biomass carbon by 1.06% over its initial value. Organic farming practice resulted in an increase of about 24, 50 and 28% inavailable N, P and K, respectively over its initial value while, its corresponding values under inorganic farming practice were 15, 35 and 20%. In the absence of premium pricing and comparatively lower yields of cereal crops under organic farming practice the inorganic farming practice resulted in higher net returns and benefit: cost ratio to that of organic farming practice. Legume based mash – gram cropping system improved the soil fertility status with respect to available N, P, K and soil physical and biological properties over all other cropping systems. While, maize – wheat and mash – wheat cropping systems remaining at par with each other resulted in significantly highest MGEY, production efficiency and net returns but benefit: cost ratio was significantly highest under mash – wheat cropping systemsover all other cropping systemsThesisItem Open Access DNA POLYMORPHISM OF MYOSTATIN GENE IN DIFFERENT MEAT AND NON-MEAT GOAT BREEDS(Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University, Jabalpur, 2012) KUMAR, ASHISH; Singh, Dr.Ajit PratapThe present study was conducted on three breeds of goat viz. Black Bengal (20 samples), Barbari (20 samples) and Sirohi (20 samples). In this investigation, an attempt has been made to identify different allelic patterns of MSTN gene in these breeds of goat by PCR-RFLP technique. Two regions- i) 701 bp fragment of partial 5’UTR and partial exon-1 and ii) 272 bp fragment consisting of exon-1 of MSTN gene were amplified in each breed. Both the fragments were subjected to PCR-RFLP. The first fragment (701 bp) was digested by using DraI restriction enzyme and second fragment (272bp) was digested by using NlaIII restriction enzyme. Various genotypes were identified and these gene and genotype frequencies were calculated. The different genotypes of MSTN gene were cloned and sequenced and the sequence data was compared with the available NCBI GenBank sequences. These sequences were submitted to NCBI GenBank data. Genomic DNA isolated from fresh blood. All the samples yielded sufficient amount of DNA. Quality of isolated genomic DNA samples showed compact bright flouroscent band of genomic DNA under UV transilluminator indicating its good quality. Purity and concentration of genomic DNA was determined by ND 2000 spectrophotometer (Nanodrop Inc USA). DNA samples with O.D. 260 /O.D. 280 ratio ranging between 1.7 to 1.9 indicating high purity and absence of contamination of proteins and other impurities. PCR programme is optimized and a suitable annealing temperature with consistent results were obtained at 57 0 C and 510C for MSTN-I and MSTN-II respectively. MSTN gene was amplified using thermocycler (Gene AmpTM PCR System 9700 ABI). The optimized PCR reaction mixtures contained 2x mastermix (Fermentas), 1µl forward and reverse primer of 10 pico mole concentration. PCR amplification of both the fragment MSTN-I and MSTN-II was carried out by using the sets of primers reported by Zhang et al. (2011). The PCR amplified products of MSTN-I and MSTN-II were run on, agarose gel electrophoresis (2%) at 5 V/cm for 45-60 min and found a single clear band of 701 bp and 272 bp respectively. Restriction enzyme digestion of MSTN-I (701 bp) PCR amplified product with DraI restriction enzyme revealed two genotypes (patterns), “AA” and “AB”. The genotype AA only found in Black Bengal and AA and AB both found in Barbari and Sirohi. The homozygous genotype AA can not be digested by Dra-I (696 bp) and the heterozygote genotype AB was digested and yields three bands of 696, 504 and 197 bp. PCR-RFLP analysis of MSTN-II with Nla-III restriction enzyme revealed only one types of genotype i.e. DD (219 and 53 bp) in all three breeds.ThesisItem Open Access EVALUATION OF MAIZE BASED VEGETABLE CROP SEQUENCES AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SOIL FERTILITY UNDER MID HILL CONDITIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH(CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishavavidyalaya, Palampur, 2013) KUMAR, ASHISH; NEGI, S.C.Eight cropping sequences viz. maize – wheat, maize (green cob) + frenchbean (pole type) – pea – summer squash, maize + soybean – garlic, maize (green cob) – broccoli – potato, maize (green cob) + asparagus bean – radish – onion, maize (green cob) + mash – cauliflower – frenchbean, maize (green cob) + ricebean – cauliflower – buckwheat, maize (green cob) + asparagus bean – broccoli – radish were evaluated for their production potential, economic feasibility, energy production and effects on soil fertility conditions under mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh. Study of one year of crop cycle revealed that maize (green cob) + frenchbean (pole type) – pea – summer squash and maize (green cob) + asparagus bean – radish – onion sequences resulted in significantly higher maize equivalent yield (34,989 and 36,897 kg ha-1), production efficiency (119.4 and 112.5 kg ha-1 day-1), net returns (₹ 223568.6 and ₹ 225468.9 ha-1) and B: C ratio (1.5 and 1.5) than other crop sequences. Maize - wheat sequence was superior over all crop sequences in terms of carbohydrate yield, protein yield and energy equivalents (3,556.7, 590.5 and 73065.0, respectively), energy output (2,40,289 MJ ha-1), energy output: input ratio (9.4) and energy productivity (1.41). Maize – wheat sequence resulted in highest nitrogen uptake; maize (green cob) + frenchbean (pole type) – pea – summer squash resulted in highest phosphorus uptake and maize (green cob) – broccoli – potato sequence resulted in highest potassium uptake. Build up of N, P and K was recorded in most of the crop sequences and especially those which involved legume as one of its component crop, while nutrient mining (N, P and K) was recorded after completion of all crop sequences. Maize – broccoli – potato resulted in higher cost of cultivation and energy input than other crop sequences due to the labour intensive nature of potato crop.ThesisItem Open Access INTEGRATED WEED MANAGEMENT IN TARO [Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (L.) Schott.](Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand-6, 2018) KUMAR, ASHISH; Sengupta, S.Taro [Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (L.)Schott.] is one of the important tuberous vegetable of the world and known as "Great leaved Caladium" or "Elephant ear "in English, "Dasheen" in USA, "cocoyam" in West Africa. In India, taro is extensively grown in Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam and Orissa. It is also popular in North eastern states of India and successfully grown throughout the region due to its adaptability to a wide range of soil and climatic conditions. Colocasia being kharif crop is liable to be highly infested with weeds which is extremely hazardous both in terms of crop health as well as productivity. It has been well established that the yield loss due to weeds is quite higher (60-70%). Even though taro is having much economic importance, but there is very little information available regarding the Integrated weed management practices for its maximum quality and quantity. An investigation to study the “Integrated weed management in Taro [Colocasia esculenta var. antiquorum (L.) Schott.]” was carried out in the experimental farm of Department of Horticulture, Ranchi Agriculture College, Birsa Agricultural University during kharif season of 2017 with an objective to identify the different weed flora, to evaluate the response of different herbicides and cultural methods of weed control, growth, yield and the attributing traits of taro and to determine the economics of different integrated weed control methods in taro. The treatments consisted of 13 different weed control methods, viz. Pre emergence herbicide Atrazine @ 1kg a.i. ha-1 at 2 DAS (T1), Pre emergence herbicide Oxyflourfen @ 200g a.i. ha-1 at 2DAS (T2), Post emergence herbicide Paraquat @ 0.5kg a.i. ha-1 at 30 DAS (T3), Handweeding at 3 and 8 WAS (T4), Pre emergence herbicide Atrazine @ 1kg a.i. ha-1 at 2DAS+ Handweeding at 12 WAS (T5), Pre emergence herbicide Oxyflourfen @ 200g a.i. ha-1 at 2DAS+ Handweeding at 12 WAS (T6), Post emergence herbicide Paraquat @ 0.5kg a.i. ha-1 at 30 DAS+ Handweeding at 12 WAS (T7), Sesbania @ 50kg ha-1 broadcasted at the time of sowing and incorporated at 60 DAS (T8), Straw mulch @ 7 tonnes ha-1 at the time of sowing (T9), Transparent plastic mulch @ 40kg ha-1 at the time of sowing (T10), Black plastic mulch @ 40 kg ha-1 at the time of sowing (T11), Weedfree check -Manual Handweeding at fortnightly interval (T12), Weedy check (T13) were laid out in Randomized Block Design with 3 replications. Results revealed that among all the categories, broad leaved weeds dominated the field followed by narrow leaved and sedges weeds. Weed density and dry weight were significantly reduced by different weed management methods. The lowest weed density (0.00 weed m-2 at 45 DAS, 32.00 weeds m-2 at 90 DAS and 117.33 weeds m-2 at 135 DAS) and lowest weed dry matter (0.00 gm-2 at 45 DAS, 13.72 gm-2 at 90 DAS and 34.65 g m-2 at 135 DAS) were recorded under (Black plastic mulch) T11. Maximum weed control efficiency (100.00 %, 98.08 % and 93.65 %) at 45, 90 and 135DAS was found in Black plastic mulch (T11). Minimum weed index 0.00 % was found in Black plastic mulch (T11). All weed management practices significantly improved the yield of tuber over weedy check. Maximum height of plant was recorded in Sesbania incorporated at 60 DAS (T8), followed by Black plastic mulch (T11). Maximum Girth of stem, Length and breadth of leaves, Number of leaves per plant, Leaf area index, Length and girth of mother corms and cormels, Number of mother corms and cormels per plant were recorded in Black plastic mulch (T11). Minimum incidence of Phytophthora leaf blight was recorded in Black plastic mulch (T11) followed by Weed free check (T12). Highest TSS (5.73°Bricks) was recorded under Weedy check (T13) in which no weeding was done while highest Ascorbic acid 13.06 mg 100g-1 was recorded under Oxyflourfen (T6). The maximum tuber yield (16.62 t ha-1) were recorded under Black plastic mulch (T11) followed by Weed free check (T12) 16.24 t ha-1. Highest net return (Rs 196677.00 ha-1), highest Marginal return per rupee (B:C ratio) [2.45] were recorded in Black plastic mulch (T11). However, the lowest Marginal return per rupee (B:C ratio) [1.68] was recorded in the Weedy check (T13). Highest weed population, weed dry matter and lowest tuber yield, net return and Marginal return per rupee (B:C ratio) were recorded under weedy check (T13). Thus, on the basis of results obtained in one year investigation (2017-18) it can be concluded that mulches, herbicides and hand weeding have potential of effective weed management in taro. After analysing the data it is concluded that the best treatments were black plastic mulch followed by Weed free check. Hence, black plastic mulch was found as the most promising treatment in order to get better vegetative growth higher productivity and profitability of taro owing to better weed control. However, as these results are based on one year data, it needs verification for at least one more year for making definite recommendation to the growers.ThesisItem Open Access MODIFICATION OF SORGHUM STARCH AND ITS APPLICATION IN DAIRY PRODUCTS(ICAR-NDRI, KARNAL, 2020) PANWAR, SHREYA; KUMAR, ASHISHSorghum is a climate smart crop but underutilised for human consumption because of thick pericarp, pigmentation and presence of anti-nutrients. Sorghum has not been much exploited for the manufacturing of value-added products, despite the fact that it contains 70% starch. Therefore, starch modification is required to improve the physico-chemical and functional characteristics of native starches. Among the various methods of starch modification, hydrothermal treatment has potential to generate environment-friendly modified starch. Therefore, the present work was carried out to standardize the process for sorghum starch modification through High Moisture Treatment (HMT) and Annealing (ANN). Among the three additives, application of 0.30% NaOH yielded starch with maximum purity. Further, characterization of isolated sorghum starch revealed that the swelling power (g/g) and solubility (%) were 6±0.50g/g and 3.48±0.83 % respectively; while water and oil absorption capacity (g/g) were found to be 1.07±0.03g/g and 1.58±0.09g/g, respectively. HMT modified starch exhibited significantly (p<0.05) higher dextrose equivalent (2.59 ± 0.01%), oil absorption capacity (2.6 ± 0.7g/g) and water absorption capacity (1.76± 0.38g/g); however, it resulted in significant (p<0.05) reduction in the swelling power (3.39±0.07 g/g) and solubility (2.44 ± 0.24%) of starch. The annealing treatment caused significant increase (p<0.05) in the oil absorption capacity (1.49±0.13g/g), water absorption capacity (1.55±0.28g/g) and dextrose equivalent value (3.31±0.00%) while, significant (p<0.05) reduction in the swelling power (3.62±0.19g/g) and solubility (2.12±0.16%) was observed. Dynamic rheology indicated that storage modulus (G’) for native starch (2990 ± 37 Pa) significantly (p<0.05) increased in HMT-20-4 (3185 ± 73.25 Pa) and HMT-30-4 modified starch (4275± 49.24 Pa). The native starch had crossover point of (786±71.14 Pa) and the maximum crossover was observed in the HMT-30-8 modified starch (1873± 31.19 Pa). These results suggested increased firmness in native starch after HMT modification thus indicating higher shear stability. In ANN starch, G' was significantly (p<0.05) higher in ANN-55-6 (4456.67±411.17 Pa) and ANN- 55-12 (4463.33±218.14 Pa) than native starch (2440.91± 289.25 Pa). FT-IR results revealed the increased organisation of double helices in the crystalline region of the modified starch. In modified starch, the increased oil absorption capacity positively correlates with emulsifying capacity, however, higher inter-molecular interaction was evident from the decreased solubility, swelling power and enhanced crystallite perfection. Based on the rheological properties and the functional properties, the HMT-20-4 and ANN-55-6 were selected for incorporation in yoghurt at the rate of 0.5,1 and 1.5 % as texture modifier. Textural, rheological and sensory analysis of yoghurt samples showed that 1.5 % HMT-20-4 starch was found best for incorporation into the product. Findings of the present investigation revealed that the hydrothermal modification of starch by HMT and ANN led to modified sorghum starch with higher shear and heat stability with improved water and oil absorption capacity. Further, these modified starches could be applied as a texture improver in yoghurt and related fermented dairy products.ThesisItem Open Access Resource use efficiency of chickpea production in Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh(RVSKVV, Gwalior (M.P.), 2012) KUMAR, ASHISH; Raghuwanshi, Dr. J.S.