Browsing by Author "KANSAL, SANDEEP"
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ThesisItem Open Access DEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF PURPLE BLOTCH IN ONION(UHF,NAUNI, 2018-07) DANGI, RISHIKA; KANSAL, SANDEEPABSTRACT Purple blotch caused by Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cifferi is one of the major disease in onion growing areas of Himachal Pradesh. Survey studies conducted in the present investigation revealed that disease occurred in moderate to severe form in different onion growing localities of Solan and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. The test pathogen was isolated in pure culture on PDA. The microscopic examination of test fungus revealed peculiar obclavate or obpyriform conidia with long beak. Thus, based on cultural and morphological characters the test pathogen was identified as Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cifferi. Pathogenicity tests revealed initial symptoms as small sunken whitish fleck which later on became oblong with peculiar purple zonations giving target board like appearance to the lesion. Epidemiological studies revealed that temperature of 25oC, RH of 100.0 per cent and leaf wetness period of 24 h were optimum for the disease development reflecting significantly high rate of infection. The results of survival studies indicated a significant decrease in survivability of pathogen with the increase in storage duration and depth of burial. In vitro evaluation studies reflected Cabrio Top (metiram + pyraclostrobin), Folicur (tebuconazole), and Amistar (azoxystrobin) as most efficacious fungicides in inhibiting the mycelial growth of Alternaria porri while amongst botanicals garlic and NSKE provided significantly high inhibitory response. Field evaluation studies inferred the application of four foliar sprays of Cabrio Top (metiram + pyraclostrobin) @ 0.2 per cent at ten days interval started with the initiation of disease to be most efficacious in limiting the purple blotch of onion (83.41%) and enhancing the bulb yield (255.32 q/ha) with ICBR ratio of 1:8.78.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF PHYTOPHTHORA LEAF BLIGHT AND FRUIT ROT OF BELL PEPPER(UHF,NAUNI, 2015) SINGH, AWANEESH KUMAR; KANSAL, SANDEEPABSTRACT Phytophthora leaf blight and fruit rot caused by Phytophthora capsiciLeon. is one of the most important disease of bell pepper in mid-hills of Himachal Pradesh. Survey studies conducted in the present investigation revealed that the disease occurred in moderate to severe form in different bell peppergrowing localities of Solan, Shimla and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. Temperature of 25°C was found optimum for symptom development and the relative humidity 95 percent with 24 h of leaf and fruit wetness period favoured the disease development most under controlled conditions. The epidemiological studies conducted under field conditions revealed that warm and wet conditions coupled with high humidity favoured the rapid Phytophthora blight disease progression. The in vitroevaluation of fungicides indicated Sectin (fenamidone 10% + mancozeb 50% WG) and Ridomil-MZ (metalaxyl 8% + mancozeb 64%) as potent growth inhibitor of Phytophthora capsici while amongst the botanicals, garlic and neem extracts were most promising. Amongst the different fungal antagonists evaluated in vitro conditions, Trichoderma harzianum proved most inhibitory to Phytophthora capsiciwhile testing their antagonistic efficacy through dual culture or through volatile and non-volatile toxicants. The integrated management studies conducted under field conditions revealed that treatment combination T 10 or T 7 i.e. the prophylactic spray either with Sectin @0.2% or Ridomil-MZ @ 0.25% followed byfour periodic spray of copper oxychloride @0.3% applied in combination with soil application of neem cake and Trichoderma harzianum @2.5kg/50kg FYM/ha besides mulching of treatment plots proved most efficacious in limiting the Phytophthora blight disease and enhancing the fruit yield.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF ALTERNARIA LEAF SPOT OF CABBAGE(2015) THAKUR, SAHIL; KANSAL, SANDEEPABSTRACT Alternaria leaf spot caused by Alternaria brassicicola (Schw.) Wiltsh. is one of the major disease of cabbage in wet temperate areas of Himachal Pradesh. Survey studies conducted in the present investigation revealed that the disease occurred in moderate to severe form in different cabbage growing localities of Shimla, Solan, and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. Temperature of 20±1°C was found optimum for symptom development and the relative humidity 95±5 percent with 16 h of leaf wetness period favoured the disease development most under controlled conditions. The sporulation of Alternaria brassicicola was observed to be favoured most at temperature 20-30ºC and relative humidity ≥90%. The epidemiological studies conducted under field conditions revealed that wet and humid conditions coupled with moderately low temperature favoured the rapid Alternaria blight disease progression. Survival studies suggested that the survivability was greater in stem debris than in leaf debris and the pathogen recovered in considerable proportion in stem plant debris even after seven months storage period. The in vitro evaluation of fungicides indicated Cabriotop (metiram 55% + pyraclostrubin 5% WG), Indofil Z-78 (zineb 75% WP) and Captaf (captan 50% WP) as potent growth inhibitor of Alternaria brassicicola while amongst the botanicals, garlic and neem extracts were most promising. Amongst the different fungal antagonists evaluated in vitro conditions, Trichoderma harzianum proved most inhibitory to Alternaria brassicicola while testing their antagonistic efficacy through dual culture or through volatile substances. The integrated management studies conducted under field conditions revealed that treatment combination consisting of soil application of Trichoderma harzianum @ 2.5 kg/50kg FYM/ha and mulching with black polythene sheet in combination with four periodic spray of zineb @ 0.2% at 10 day interval proved most efficacious in limiting the Alternaria leaf spot disease and enhancing the yield.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL BLIGHT OF BEAN(UHF,NAUNI, 2021-09) SAKSHI SUCHITA; SAKSHI SUCHITA; KANSAL, SANDEEP; KANSAL, SANDEEPABSTRACT The present study on bacterial blight of bean revealed the disease in higher proportion in rainy season crop as compared to summer season crop being grown in Solan and Sirmaur districts of Himachal Pradesh. The pathogen isolated from the infected plants manifested smooth, shiny and dark yellow coloured colonies on Luria-Bertani agar medium and was identified as Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli on the basis of various morphological and biochemical characters. The shape of bacterium was observed as straight rods with rounded edges having average size of 0.52×1.36μm. The pathogen exhibited initial symptoms much earlier in case of carborundum abrasion method as compared to pin prick method of inoculation on both potted plants as well as detached leaves. The symptoms initiated as the formation of small yellow fleck which later turned into brown irregular necrotic spots. The brown spots further coalesced together and resulted in blightning of leaves. The warm temperature (30°C) coupled with high relative humidity (>90%) and leaf wetness period (>16 h) were found conducive for bacterial blight development on bean. The pathogen survived in the infected seed for one year whereas, a significant decrease in viability was recorded with the increasing depth of burial of infected plant debris. Streptocycline was observed to be the most potent inhibitor of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli in in vitro evaluation studies while the in vivo studies revealed that seed treatment with Streptocycline 100ppm in combination with three periodic sprays of copper oxychloride 0.3% at seven days interval started after the initiation of disease was most promising in limiting the disease. Field evaluation studies also revealed seed treatment with Streptocycline @100ppm in combination with three periodic sprays of copper oxychloride @0.3% at 10 days interval started after disease initiation as most cost effective (1:16.38) in limiting bacterial blight of bean (67.60%) and enhancing the pod yield (100.79 q/ha).ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF BACTERIAL WILT OF TOMATO(NAUNI,UHF, 2020-10) AAKASH; KANSAL, SANDEEPABSTRACT Bacterial wilt of tomato (Ralstonia solanacearum) (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. appearing in moderate to severe form in different tomato growing localities of Solan and Sirmaur districts was observed as a serious disease of tomato. The bacterium isolated from infected plants was identified as Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. on the basis of morphological, cultural and biochemical tests. The test pathogen indicated initial symptoms as loss of turgidity within 4-5 days of inoculation of 3 week old seedlings which further progressed to drooping/wilting of plants accompanied with vascular discoloration. Epidemiological studies revealed rapid bacterial wilt development in acidic (pH <6.0) and saturated soil (≥ 90%) at higher temperature levels (30-350C). The in vitro evaluation studies indicated streptocycline as potent inhibitor of R. solanacearum while the in vivo studies revealed the significant efficacy of streptocylcine @ 200ppm applied as seed & seedling root dip treatment in combination with three periodic drenching with Bordeaux mixture @ 0.8%. Field evaluation studies revealed treatment consisting of application of bleaching powder @ 15kg/ha before transplanting, amending the soil pH to neutral with lime, seedling root dip treatment with streptocycline @ 200ppm for 5 minutes in combination with four periodic drenching with Bordeaux mixture @ 0.8% at 10 days interval starting with appearance of disease as efficacious in limiting (65.47%) the bacterial wilt and enhancing the fruit yield (380.7q/ha).ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF LATE BLIGHT OF TOMATO(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-04) KAUSHAL, SONIA; KANSAL, SANDEEPABSTRACT Late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary has been recorded as one of the most destructive disease of tomato among various other diseases. It appeared in moderate to severe form in different tomato growing areas of Solan, Sirmaur, Shimla and Kullu districts of Himachal Pradesh. The different isolates of fungus collected from infected leaves and fruits of diseased plants revealed of white to creamish white, submerged to densely arial mycelium on OMA. Mycelium was coenocytic with sympodial branching of sporangiophores bearing ovoid to limoniformsporangia. The molecular identification revealed a PCR product of 900bp using ITS1 and ITS4 primers. Thus, based upon morphological, cultural characters and molecular characters the causative fungus was identified as Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. The pathogenicity tests revealed peculiar symptoms on leaves as water soaked lesions which later enlarged rapidly and turned to black necrotic spots bearing mildew like downy growth covering most of leaf surface. Dark olivaceous greasy spots covering fruit surface were also observed. The variability study of different isolates of Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary collected from different tomato growing localities of H.P had manifested varied cultural, morphological, pathogenic and molecular characters. Epidemiological studies revealed that the temperature of 20ºC, relative humidity of 100%, leaf wetness period of 24 h and inoculum concentration of 5x104 sporangia/ml were optimum for the rapid progression of disease reflecting significant higher infection rate under artificial epiphytotic conditions. Under field conditions, disease was affected by variation in weather variables, as cool (16-20°C) and wet weather coupled with high relative humidity (>90%) favoured the progression of late blight disease. The screening of twenty seven genotypes using detach leaf and whole plant assay revealed Arka meghali, Solan Lalima, Him Sona, EC-526146 and BT-1012 as moderately susceptible against the disease. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of fungicides indicated Sectin 60 WG (fenamidone 10%+ mancozeb 50%) and Curzate M8 (cymoxanil8%+mancozeb64%)) as potent inhibitors of P.infestans while garlic and neem extracts were most promising amongst different botanicals. Trichoderma harzianum had proved the most efficacious antagonist. Field evaluation studies inferred the soil application of Trichoderma harzianum @ 2.5 Kg/50 FYM/ha in combination with six periodic spray of fungicides including fenamidone 10%+ mancozeb 50% @ 0.2% followed by copper oxychloride @ 0.3% and mancozeb @ 0.25% at ten days interval started with the initiation of disease to be most efficacious in limiting late blight of tomato and enhancing the fruit yield (532,75q/ha) with ICBR ratio of 1:16.50.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF STEMPHYLIUM BLIGHT OF GARLIC(UHF, NAUNI, 2018-10) BHARDWAJ, CHIDEMBRA; KANSAL, SANDEEPABSTRACT Stemphylium blight caused by Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E. Simmons is an important destructive disease among various other diseases. It appears every year in moderate to severe form in different garlic growing areas of Solan and Sirmaur districts of Himachal Prdaesh. The causative fungus isolated from infected leaves of diseased plants grew in the form as off white mycelium, which later turned golden brown and finally velvety on PDA. Conidia were oblong to oval, light to olive brown in colour, produced on straight to variously curved cylindrical conidiophores. Thus, based upon morphological and cultural characters, the causative fungus was identified as Stemphylium vesicarium (Wallr.) E. Simmons. The pathogenicity tests revealed peculiar symptoms as small white to yellow flecks which later turned into lesions tan brown in colour and expanded along the leaf blade, giving blighted appearance to the leaves. Epidemiological studies revealed that the temperature of 25ºC, inoculum concentration of 6x104 conidia/ml, leaf wetness period of 72 h and relative humidity of more than 90 per cent were optimum for the rapid progression of disease reflecting significant higher infection rate under artificial epiphytotic conditions. Under field conditions, disease was affected by variation in weather variables, as dry and moist weather coupled with intermittent rains favoured the progression of Stemphylium leaf blight disease. Twelve genotypes were tested against Stemphylium blight disease of garlic. None of the genotypes tested was found immune or resistant to the disease whereas, Kandaghat Selection was found moderately resistant against the disease. In vitro evaluation of fungicides indicated Folicur (tebuconazole), and Companion (carbendazim+mancozeb) as potent mycelial growth inhibitors of S. vesicarium. Field evaluation studies inferred the application of three foliar sprays of Folicur (tebuconazole) @ 0.1 per cent at ten days interval started with the initiation of disease to be most efficacious in limiting Stemphylium blight of garlic (71.5%) and enhancing the bulb yield (145.7q/ha) with ICBR ratio of 1:9.1.ThesisItem Open Access EPIDEMIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OFANGULAR LEAF SPOT OF FRENCH BEAN CAUSED BY Phaeoisariopsis griseola (Sacc.) FERRARIS(2012) ADIKSHITA; KANSAL, SANDEEPAbstract Angular leaf spot caused by Phaeoisariopsis griseola (Sacc.) Ferraris is one of the most important foliar disease of French bean in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh. Survey and surveillance studies conducted in the present investigation revealed that the disease occurred in moderate to serve form in different French bean growing localities of Solan, Shimla and Sirmour districts of Himachal Pradesh. Temperature of 25°C was found optimum for conidial germination and the relative humidity 95 percent with 24 h of leaf wetness period favoured the disease development under controlled conditions. The epidemiological studies conducted under field conditions revealed that moderate temperature (23 ± 2°C) and high humidity (>90%) prevailing during the rainy season found to be congenial for the rapid disease progression. The in vitro evaluation of fungicides indicated Sectin (fenamidone 10% + mancozeb 50% WG) and Index (mycobutanil 10% WP) as potent growth inhibitor of P. griseola while amongst the botanicals, garlic and neem extracts were most promising. Amongst the different fungal antagonist evaluated in in vitro studies Trichoderma harzianum proved most inhibitory to P. griseola while testing their antagonistic efficacy through dual culture or through its toxic substances. The integrated management studies conducted under field conditions revealed that treatment consisting of seed treatment with Trichoderma harzianum @ 0.5% and Sectin @ 0.3% followed by pre-sowing soil application of T. harzianum @ 2.5 kg/50 kg FYM/ ha and four periodic sprays of Sectin @ 0.2% at 15 days interval started with the appearance of disease proved most efficacious in limiting the angular leaf spot disease and enhancing the green pod yield.ThesisItem Open Access MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR AMELIORATING GROWTH AND YIELD OF BOTTLE GOURD(UHF,NAUNI, 2022-11) AKSHIKA; KANSAL, SANDEEPAbstract The present investigation titled “Management practices for ameliorating growth and yield of bottle gourd” was conducted during Kharif season of 2021 at the experimental farm, Department of Vegetable Science, Dr. Yashwant Singh Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, (Nauni) Solan (HP).The different integrated modules consisting of use of chemical (fungicides and micronutrients) and non-chemical (beejamrit, jeevamrit, Trichoderma viride and Bacillus subtilis) were evaluated for their efficacy in enhancing the different growth, yield and seed parameters in bottle gourd. Analysis of variance revealed the significant varied response of different treatment modules on most of the growth, yield and seed parameters of bottle gourd. The combined application of fungicides, biocontrol agents and micronutrients were found more promising in enhancing growth, yield and seed quality parameters as well as reducing disease severity in bottle gourd as compared to the independent application of fungicides. Among different treatment modules, the treatment module consisting of seed treatment with carbendazim @ 0.25% followed by application of multi micronutrient mixture @ 5 kg/ha at the time of earthing up and four periodic sprays of azoxystrobin + chlorothalonil @ 0.25 % at 15 days interval started 30 days of crop emergence, proved most promising for enhancing growth, yield and seed parameters viz. vine length (8.82 m), numbers of primary branches/vine (9.67), number of male flowers/vine (170.73), number of female flowers/vine (21.87), per cent fruit set (46.04), number of fruits/plant (10.07), fruit length (32.2 cm), fruit width (8.17 m), fruit weight (660.60 g), fruit yield [per vine (6.65 kg), per plot (99.75 kg) and per hectare (591.12 q)], marketable yield [per plot (90.77 kg) and per hectare (537.92 q)], 100 seed weight (24.37 g), seed germination percentage (97 %), seedling length (41.78 cm), seedling dry weight (96.16 mg), Seed Vigour Index-I (4052.70), Seed Vigour Index-II (9327.18 ) besides reducing the severity of economically important diseases (downy mildew and anthracnose) manifested highest net return of (₹8,14,633/ha) with B:C ratio of (3.12). The non-chemical treatment modules consisting use of beejamrit, jeevamrit and Trichoderma viride for treating seed, soil and foliar application were also found potent in increasing growth and yield parameters exhibiting net returns of (₹5,81,173/ha - ₹6,40,658/ha) with B:C ratio (2.35-2.42) for organic production of bottle gourd.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON ALTERNARIA LEAF SPOT OF BRINJAL(UHF,NAUNI, 2019-11) KUMAR, SUNIL; KANSAL, SANDEEPABSTRACT Alternaria blight caused by Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler has been observed as one of the important disease in brinjal growing areas of Himachal Pradesh. The survey and surveillance studies revealed that disease appeared in moderate to a severe form in different localities of Solan, Bilaspur and Mandi districts of Himachal Pradesh during the 2018 cropping season. The pure culture of the pathogen was isolated over PDA. Morphological studies revealed olive-green to dark brown colour colonies with zonation, dark colour septate hyphae, obclavate to pyriform, golden to dark brown conidia with regular transverse and longitudinal septa and comparatively smaller beak. On the basis of cultural and morphological characters, the pathogen was identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler. The pathogen exhibited initial symptoms after 120, 62 and 75 h of inoculation on potted plants, detached leaves, and detached fruit respectively. The symptoms initiated as the formation of yellow fleck on leaves which turned brown necrotic irregular to circular spot surrounded by a yellow halo. The further enlargement and coalescing of these spots resulted in blightning of leaf lamina followed by drying of the leaf. The temperature of 25ºC and pH of 6.5 were found optimum for mycelial growth and dry mycelial weight respectively. The epidemiological study revealed the temperature of 25ºC, RH of >90% and leaf wetness period >16h as most conducive for rapid disease progression reflecting the high apparent rate of infection. Survival studies indicated a significant decrease in the survivability of pathogen with increasing duration of storage and depth of burial. In vitro evaluation of fungicides revealed Folicur, Contaf, and Tilt as most efficacious fungicide in inhibiting the mycelial growth of Alternaria alternata, while among botanicals garlic clove extract and Darek extract provided significantly high inhibitory responses. Field evaluation studies referred the application of four foliar sprays of Contaf (hexaconazole) @ 0.05 per cent at 10-day interval started with the initiation of disease as most efficacious in limiting the Alternaria blight of brinjal (80.33%) and enhancing the fruit yield (156.90q/ha) with ICBR of 1:15.27.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON FUNGAL ANTAGONISTS OF Sclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.) deBary CAUSING STALK ROT OF CAULIFLOWER(UHF,NAUNI, 1988) KANSAL, SANDEEP; BHARDWAJ, S.S.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON SCLEROTIUM ROOT ROT OF YELLOW HORNED POPPY(COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE,SOLAN, 1993) KANSAL, SANDEEP; KAUL, J.L.