Browsing by Author "Joy, A D"
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ThesisItem Open Access Anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Withania somnifera and Catharanthus roseus in rats(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1997) Arivuchelvan, A; KAU; Joy, A DThe present study was undertaken with the objective of determining the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of withania somnifera and Catharanthus roseus. Alcoholic extract of both the plants were used for the study and the effect produced by the above plants were compared with that of the known non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug namely, diclofenac sodium which served as the positive control drug. To assess the anti-inflammatory effect two methods namely, cotton pellet and carrageenin induced paw oedema were adopted. In cotton pellet method five groups of eight rats each were used per plant. First group was kept as a control, which received five per cent gum acacia only. IInd, IIIrd and IVth group received 200, 400, 600 mg/kg alcoholic extract of C. roseus Vth group served as the positive control which received diclofenac sodium 3 mg/kg dose level. All the drugs were administered orally. C. roseus produced significant anti granuloma activity when compared to control group. Higher activity was produced by 600 mg/kg body weight extract (35.88 per cent anti-inflammatory activity). For W. somnifera also same experimental design was adopted with dose rates of 750, 1000, 1500 mg/kg body weight. W. somnifera produced dose dependent antigranuloma activity. Higher dose (1500 mg/kg body weight) produced more antigranuloma activity (53.92 per cent) which was comparable to the antigranuloma activity of diclofenac sodium. Haematological parameters before and after treatment showed no significant changes for both the plants. In carrageenin induced paw oedema method al so five groups of eight rats each were used per plant. All the three doses of extract and reference drug were given thirty minutes prior to the carrageenin injection and the paw thickness was recorded three hour after injection. c. roseus produced significant antioedema activity in this model. Higher dose (600 mg/kg) produced equipotent effect compared to diclofenac sodium 3 mg/kg. W. somnifera also produced dose dependent anti oedema activity. Extract at the dose rate of 750, 1000, 1500 mg/kg produced 19.4, 35.23, 44.62 per cent antioedema activity respectively. But the reference drug diclofenac sodium produced higher antioedema activity. For evaluating antinociceptive effect of C. roseus and W. somnifera, seven groups of eight animal each were used. All the dose rates of both the plant extracts were compared with diclofenac sodium for a period of two hours showed no significant analgesic effect.ThesisItem Open Access Anti-ulcer effect of Azadirachta indica (neem) and Eupatorium triplinerve (Ayyappana) in rats(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2005) Sangeetha Satheesan; KAU; Joy, A DThe present study was conducted in adult albino rats to assess the anti-ulcer effect of alcoholic extract and powder of leaves of Azadirachta indica and Eupatorium triplinerve in comparison with famotidine, a standard anti-ulcer drug. Ninety six rats weighing 150-200gm body weight of either sex divided into twelve groups were used for the study with eight rats in each group. Group 1 was administered the vehicle, five per cent gum acacia for seven days where as group 2 was administered aspirin at the dose of 200mg/kg for seven days. Group 3 was administered aspirin for seven days and from 8th day onwards, they were maintained by normal feeding and watering for 20 days to assess the natural healing. Famotidine, a standard anti-ulcer drug was given at the dose of 40mg/kg for 20 days following aspirin administration to the group 4 animals. The alcoholic extract and powder of A.indica and E.triplinerve were administered to the treatment groups (Groups 5-12) at the two dose levels of 250mg/kg, 500mg/kg and 500mg/kg, 1000mg/kg respectively for 20 days following aspirin administration. The control group as well as the aspirin group were sacrificed on the 8th day, whereas all the other groups were sacrificed on 28th day. The number of ulcers and severity (ulcer score) were determined with the help of magnifying lens and the ulcer index and healing index were calculated. Various biochemical parameters were studied to confirm the anti-ulcer activity of the plant preparations under study. The degree of lipid peroxidation, as well as the anti-oxidant enzyme status, namely, superoxide dismutase and catalase levels were assessed in gastric mucosa. The serum alkaline phosphatase activity was estimated on 28th day of the experiment. Body weight was taken at weekly intervals. Heamatological parameters such as total leucocyte count, differential count and haemoglobin count were determined to assess any changes in the haemogram. Histopathological study was also conducted to evaluate the severity of ulceration and healing process. The results indicated that all the treatment groups under study produced a significant decrease in ulcer index when compared to aspirin treated control group. The alcoholic extract at the two dose levels 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg as well as powder at the two dose levels 500mg/kg and 1000mg/kg of both A.indica and E.triplinerve were found to produce a dose-dependent healing effect which is comparable to that of famotidine. Administration of the herbal formulation at the various dose levels brought about a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and an increase in the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes namely, superoxide dismutase and catalase, which suggest its efficacy in preventing free radical induced damage. The treatment reversed the increased activity of serum alkaline phosphatase observed in the aspirin treated group. There was no significant difference in the mean body weight gain between any of the groups. Haematological study revealed no significant change and all values fall within the normal range of blood value for the species under study. The results are substantiated by the histopathological studies, which confirmed that treatment with A.indica and E.triplinerve inhibited aspirin-induced necrosis, haemorrhage and congestion in gastric mucosa. Phytochemical analysis of the extracts revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, triterpenes, alkaloids, phenolic compounds which are known to affect the integrity of mucous membranes. In the present study, the fact that A.indica and E.triplinerve significantly reduced ulcer index in a dose-dependent manner supports their cytoprotective effect, which may be mediated by prostaglandins and the ulcer healing effect could be attributed to its predominant effect on the mucosal defensive factors rather than offensive factors.ThesisItem Open Access Influence of Piper longum (Linn) on the anti-inflamatory and anti-nociceptive effect of diclofenac in rats(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2004) Seema, S; KAU; Joy, A DThe present study was undertaken to assess the influence of P. longum on the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effects of diclofenac in rats. The experiment was conducted in two stages. In the first stage the anti-inflammatory effect was assessed by carrageenin induced paw oedema method. Four groups of eight albino rats each were used for the study. First group was kept as control which received tween 80 only. Group II served as the positive control which received diclofenac at the dose of 3 mg/kg on the seventh day. Groups III and IV were given 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg P. longum extract respectively for seven days, and 3 mg/kg diclofenac on the seventh day. The percentage inhibition of paw oedema was 64.26 and 62.32 for groups III and IV, while it was 67.38 for the diclofenac treated group II. No significant change was noticed in the weight of adrenal gland in groups II, III and IV as compared with that of control. The adrenal ascorbic acid and adrenal cholesterol levels were reduced in all the treatment groups (Group II, III and IV), compared with the control group (Group I). The maximum reduction was observed in the diclofenac alone treated group. In the groups treated with P. longum extract and diclofenac, the reduction in the level of adrenal ascorbic acid and adrenal cholesterol was more for the 100 mg/kg P. longum treated group. The serum AST levels were significantly higher in Group II compared with the control group. The serum ALT and cholesterol levels showed no significant variation between groups. Variation in the haematological parameters between groups was not significant. For evaluating the influence of P. longum extract on the anti-nociceptive effect of diclofenac, four groups of eight rats each were used.The results of the anti-nociceptive study also revealed a reduction in the anti-nociceptive activity of diclofenac in the groups treated with P. longum extract and diclofenac combinations compared with the diclofenac alone treated group. The change in weight of the adrenals was not significant in the groups II, III and IV compared with that of the control. The adrenal ascorbic acid and adrenal cholesterol levels were found to be depleted in all the three treatment groups (Group II, III and IV) compared with the control group (group I). The depletion was maximum in the diclofenac treated group. In the groups treated with P. longum extract and diclofenac, the reduction in the level of adrenal ascorbic acid and adrenal cholesterol was more for the 100 mg/kg P. longum treated group. Variations in serum parameters like AST and cholesterol were not significant between groups. The serum ALT levels for groups given diclofenac alone and those given the P. longum extract and diclofenac combinations were significantly increased compared with that of the control group. The ALT level was maximum in the diclofenac treated group. The haematological parameters showed no significant variation between the groups. Phytochemical study on the alcoholic extract of P. longum revealed the presence of alkaloids. The results of the study indicate that the rats given diclofenac alone showed a greater anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect than those administered P. longum extract in combination with diclofenac. This may be due to the microsomal enzyme induction which enhances the metabolism of diclofenac. Thus the experimental findings indicate that co-administration of P. longum extract decreases the anti-inflammatory and anti-noceptive effect of diclofenacThesisItem Open Access Nephroprotective effect of hygrophila spinosa and mangifera indica in albino rats(Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 2007) Bibu John, Kariyil; KAAU; Joy, A DThe present study was undertaken to assess the nephroprotective effect of whole plant of Hygrophila spinosa and stem bark of Mangifera indica against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats. The experiment was conducted for a period of 30 days. The animals were divided into ten groups comprising eight each. Group I served as healthy control which received vehicle alone. Groups II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX and X received gentamicin sulphate at a dose rate of 80 mg/kg i.p. for eight days. Group II was retained as such without any treatment till the completion of the experiment. Group III and Group IV received ethanolic extracts of Hygrophila spinosa at a dose rate of 50 mg/kg p.o. and 250 mg/kg p.o. respectively whereas Group V and Group VI received aqueous extracts of Hygrophila spinosa at a dose rate of 50 mg/kg p.o. and 250 mg/kg p.o. respectively. Group VII and Group VIII received ethanolic extracts of Mangifera indica at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg p.o. and 500 mg/kg p.o. respectively while Group IX and Group X received aqueous extracts of Mangifera indica at a dose rate of 100 mg/kg p.o. and 500 mg/kg p.o. respectively. The blood samples were collected on 0th, 9th, 15th and 30th day and serum was used for the estimation of creatinine, urea, albumin, total protein, sodium, potassium and calcium. On 30th day, all the animals were sacrificed and kidney was used for the estimation of superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, catalase and reduced glutathione. Histopathological studies were also conducted to assess the nephroprotective action of these plant extracts. Administration of the herbal extracts at various dose levels brought about a significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and an increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and reduced glutathione, which suggest its efficacy in scavenging free radical-induced renal damage. Treatment with ethanolic extract of Hygrophila spinosa at the dose rate of 250 mg/kg was found to be the most effective treatment in scavenging the free radical-induced gentamicin nephrotoxicity. Treatment with the plant extracts showed a decreased creatinine level following gentamicin administration. The serum urea levels were significantly reduced in all the treatment groups. The significant reduction in serum urea levels was predominant in ethanolic extract of Hygrophila spinosa at the dose rate of 250 mg/kg and aqueous extracts of Mangifera indica. The most significant reduction in serum creatinine and serum urea levels was shown by ethanolic extract of Hygrophila spinosa at the dose rate of 250 mg/kg. Serum levels of albumin, total protein, sodium, potassium and calcium were within the normal range throughout the experiment. The results were substantiated by histopathological studies, which confirmed that treatment with ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Hygrophila spinosa and Mangifera indica inhibited gentamicin-induced proximal tubular necrosis. Ethanolic extract of Hygrophila spinosa at the dose rate of 250 mg/kg was found to be most effective in favouring nephroprotection. Phytochemical analysis of plant extracts revealed the presence of steroids, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, diterpenes and saponins. The findings of the present study validate the nephroprotective effect of Hygrophila spinosa and Mangifera indica for the management of renal disorders.ThesisItem Open Access Studies on the rate of disappearance of chloramphenicol from the blood of goats and calves(Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1975) Joy, A D; KAU; Rajagopalan, M KStudies were conducted in goats and calves on the blood level of chloramphenicol at three dose levels of 10 mg, 20 mg and 30 mg per kg body weight intramuscularly. The data obtained revealed that: Single dose of 10 mg per kg body weight, failed to produce minimum therapeutic concentration (5 mcg/ml) of the drug in blood of both goats and calves. At 20 mg per kg body weight, the minimum therapeutic concentration persisted between second and seventh hour in goats, and second and seventeenth hour in calves. At 30 mg per kg body, weight, the minimum therapeutic concentration maintained between second and eleventh hour in goats and second and nineteenth hour in calves. Peak concentrations of the drug were obtained both in goats and calves between second and third hour after the administration of chloramphenicol. The drug concentration was higher in urine than in blood and minimum therapeutic concentration was found to persist for 24 hours in all the three doses. In a limited attempt made to study the toxicity of chloramphenicol in calves, 100 mg per kg body weight, administered daily, intravenously for 30 days, did not produce acute toxicity. Transient “shock like” symptoms were noticed soon after injection and persisted for 10 to 15 minutes. No alternations in blood constituents could be detected for the 30 days duration.