Browsing by Author "Jaspal Kaur"
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ThesisItem Restricted Biocontrol Of White Rot Of Pea Caused By Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum (Lib.) De Bary(Punjab Agricultural University ;Ludhiana, 2004) Jaspal Kaur; Munshi, G DThesisItem Restricted Characterization of stripe rust resistance in Triticum aestivum L.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Maheshwari, Rishabh; Jaspal KaurStripe rust Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst),is one of the most devastating disease of wheat worldwide. During crop season 2019-20 and 2020-21, 67 wheat germplasm lines were evaluated at seedling stage against different pathotypes of stripe rust pathogen (46S119, 110S119, 238S119, mixture) under controlled conditions. From seedling reaction test it was observed that twenty eight (28) lines possess resistance against all the tested pathotypes of Pst. Yr 5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr24 and Yr26 are the major genes which are responsible for seedling resistance either singly or in combination in these 28 wheat genotypes. All the test lines were also evaluated under field conditions over two locations viz. Ludhiana and Gurdaspur during two years and were categorized into different clusters based on area under disease progress curve (AUPDC). Twenty eight lines were categorized into highly resistant based on the AUPDC value ranging (0-100). The lines with AUPDC (100-200) showed partial resistant reaction which is due to the presence of APR genes (Yr70, Yr17, Yr40, Yr36, Yr47) in combination in these lines. Biochemical analysis revealed that activity of defensive enzymes (PAL,TAL) along with the activity of antioxidant enzymes (Peroxidases, Polyphenol oxidases) were upregulated in the genotypes PBW725, BWL1789, BWL6990 with concomitant decrease in H2O2 and MDA content suggesting that these enzymes (defensive and antioxidant) plays an important role in imparting resistance in cultivars against stripe rust pathogen. Moreover the activity of PR proteins like glucanases and chitinases behaved differently in different genotypes with a maximum increase recorded under inoculated condition in PBW725 indicating there active participation in disease resistance. Histopathological studies were conducted for two lines namely PBW725 and PBW343 from 12 to 120 h time period, where the spore germination occurs similarly in both line at 12 and 24 h post infection (pi). Further in PBW 343, a susceptible line, forms appressoria that enter stomata and forming sub-stomatal vesicle and finally colonized the tissue with developed haustoria. In PBW 725 (resistant line) where the germ tube was aborted at earlier stages and no further colonization was observed.ThesisItem Open Access Cloning, Sequencing and Biocomputational analysis of Drosha coding sequence in Indian water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis)(Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, 2015) Jaspal Kaur; Mukhopadhyay, C.S.Drosha is a class III ribonuclease and is a critical enzyme involved in miRNA biogenesis. The rationale behind the current study was to profile the tissue specific expression of bubaline Drosha and characterize the evolution of the enzyme in the light of other RNases of animal and prokaryotic origin. The overlapping partial clones of bubaline Drosha were custom sequenced. The sequences of Drosha transcript variants and other RNases (Dicer, RNase-A, -L, -H, Prokaryotic RNases) of divergent origin were subjected to biocomputational analyses (using MEGA6 and Datamonkey server) which indicated that the bovidae, suidae, and marine mammals form different clusters within the phylogenetic tree. Different RNases types and transcript variants varied considerably indicating natural selection in evolution. To identify the selection in codons of the Drosha and RNases the RNAse domains of representative divergent sequences were analyzed using different models like SLAC and REL of Datamonkey server. It was observed that the Drosha undergone purifying selection whereas the ribonuclease domains of Dicer and Drohsa undergone positive selection. The evolutionary divergence analysis of the RNases and the Ribonuclease domains of Dicer and Drosha revealed that the Dicer and Drosha have evolved independently than other RNase enzymesThesisItem Open Access Gene scouting for rust(s) resistance in wheat germplasm(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2018) Sandeep Singh; Jaspal KaurDuring the Rabi crop season of the year 2016-17, six hundred and seven (607) wheat germplasm lines were evaluated in the field and found sixty six lines resistant to stripe rust, three hundred thirty six lines resistant to leaf rust and thirty four lines resistant to both stripe rust and leaf rust. In the second year (2017-18), the wheat germplasm was evaluated against different pathotypes of Puccinia striiformis tritici (Pst) (238S119, 110S119, 46S119 and 78S84) and P. triticina (Pt) (77-5 and 77-9) at seedling stage. From seedling reaction test it was observed that fifty six (56) lines and one hundred and ten lines (110) possess resistance against all the pathotypes of Pst and Pt tested respectively. All the test wheat lines were categorized into different clusters based on final rust severity (FRS), area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), relative area under disease progress curve (rAUDPC) and coefficient of infection (CI). Fifty two (52) lines were highly resistant to stripe rust and one hundred seventy one (171) lines were highly resistant to leaf rust and remaining lines showed different reaction based on the particular range of slow rusting parameters. Genotypes which showed resistance either to stripe rust or to leaf rust were further evaluated against mixture of Pst pathotypes (238S119, 110S119, 46S119 and 78S84) and individually against 110S119 and 46S119. For leaf rust evaluation was done by using mixture of Pt pathotypes (77-5, 77-9, 104-2 and 12-2) and 77-5 and 77-9 in isolation. NILs carrying known APR genes and susceptible checks for also used for comparison purpose under the field conditions. The results of the present study revealed that fifty two lines has resistance against most prevalent pathotypes of stripe rust in Punjab (238S119, 110S119, 46S119 and 78S84) and one hundred seventy one (171) lines have resistance to mixture (77-5, 77-9, 104-2 and 12-2) pathotypes of Pt. Reaction on NILs showed that Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr24, Yr26, Yrsp, Yr31, Yr51, Yr47, Yr57, Yr63 are effective against most prevalent pathotypes of stripe rust in Punjab and Lr2a, Lr2b, Lr8, Lr19, Lr22a, Lr23, Lr(27+31), Lr45, Lr51, Lr53, Lr57, Lr58, Lr76 are effective against leaf rust pathotypes. For deployment of resistance sources, total 40 crosses were made. Eleven lines resistant to stripe rust were crossed with PBW621 and twenty nine lines resistant to leaf rust were crossed with HD3086. F1 and F2 plants obtained were tested separately against stripe rust and leaf rust. From the disease reaction of majority of F1 and F2 populations it was concluded that resistance in these lines is controlled by single dominant gene against both stripe and leaf rust.ThesisItem Restricted Identification and molecular mapping of resistance gene(s) in cultivated wheat derived from Aegilops speltoides against leaf blight (Bipolaris sorokiniana)(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Jashanpreet Kaur; Jaspal KaurLeaf blight of wheat (Bipolaris sorokiniana) is emerging as a major threat to successful wheat production in warm and humid areas of the world. In India, this disease is responsible for high yield losses in Eastern Gangetic Plains Zone. More recently, this disease is extending gradually towards cooler, traditional wheat growing North-western part of the country which is a major contributor to national cereal basket. Deployment of resistant cultivars is considered as the most economical and ecologically sound measure to avoid losses due to this disease. So in this study, efforts were made to evaluate 317 backcross introgression lines (DSBILs) derived from Triticum durum (PDW274-susceptible) X Aegilops speltoides (resistant) and 26 backcross introgression lines from Triticum aestivum (PBW550) × Aegilops speltoides developed in our wide hybridisation programme against leaf blight for two consecutive years, 2018-19 and 2019-2020. Phenotypic evaluation of these lines showed a continuous variation in disease severity indicating that the resistance to leaf blight is certainly quantitative in nature. Out of 317 lines, 89 lines were selected and evaluated under polyhouse conditions and further used for mapping QTLs using SNPs. Thirteen QTLs across chromosomes 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4B and 5B linked to leaf blight resistance were identified using stepwise regression-based Likelihood Ratio Test (RSTEP-LRT) for additive effect of markers and single marker analysis (SMA). These SNP markers were further validated on BC1F1 and BC2F1 population developed from DS13 X HD3086 and one marker S5B_703858864 linked to QSb.pau-5B.3 was found to be polymorphic for the parents and thus, may prove to be a potential diagnostic marker for spot blotch resistance.ThesisItem Restricted Mapping of stripe rust resistance gene(s) in recombinant inbred lines of Triticum aestivum L.(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2022) Waris, Mohammad; Jaspal KaurStripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst) has been identified as the most devastating wheat rust disease and is considered one of the major constraints on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The pathogen's polycyclic and airborne nature causes the emergence of novel pathotypes, resulting in the breakdown of many resistance genes and considerable losses in grain yield and quality. To combat the emergence of novel pathotypes, breeders and plant pathologists are constantly on the lookout for stable and long-lasting sources of resistance. Thus, this research work was designed to find novel sources of resistance. A 441 germplasm entries were evaluated, first for their seedling response against the most prevalent pathotypes of Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (238S119, 110S119, and 46S119). Based on infection-type data, out of the 441 lines, 30 lines were found highly resistant to all three pathotypes tested, and 27 lines were highly susceptible. The same entries were also tested for adult plant resistance against stripe rust under field conditions at Ludhiana and Gurdaspur during 2019-21. From the field response against stripe rust infection, i.e., based on final rust severity (FRS) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) for all three years at Ludhiana and Gurdaspur, the lines were categorized into highly resistant, resistant, moderately resistant, moderately susceptible, and susceptible. To see the performance of genotypes in multi-environments the data was subjected to GGE biplot analysis. Wheat genotypes were inconsistent in terms of stripe rust reaction at the tested locations. IC111939 (G1) was found to be the "ideal" genotype in both environments. Gene postulation in the 45 lines which shows both all-stage resistance as well as adult plant resistance was done by using 13 known YR geneassociated markers pertaining to 5 Yr genes (Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr24, and Yr26). Yr5 presence was detected in sixteen lines with two linked markers, i.e., Xwmc175 and Xgwm120; Yr10 was detected in ten lines linked with the marker Xpsp3000; Yr15 was detected in fourteen lines with two linked markers, i.e., Xgwm413 and Xgwm273; Yr24/26 was detected in 15 lines with two linked markers, namely Xbarc181 and Xbarc187. For mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in RILs of bread whe at, four F5:6 RIL populations (IC530087 x PBW621, IC530078 x PBW621, IC553914 x PBW621, and IC529094 x PBW621) were tested with stripe rust pathotypes at the seedling stage (238S119, 46S119, and 110S119) as well as at the adult plant stage against a mixture of pathotypes. The same amounts of DNA from ten resistant (R) and ten susceptible (S) lines from each of the four populations were used to make the R and S bulks. A BSA-based 90K SNP array was performed, and 81,423 SNPs were reduced to 71,991 KASP SNPs. The polymorphic SNPs were then used for the mapping of stripe rust resistance genes in all the RILs. A total of 66 KASP markers were developed from the sequencing data. Out of 66 KASP markers, 35 were found to be polymorphic between the parents, and 19 were validated on RIL populations. Mapping using these 19 markers led to the identification of five major QTLs, qYr-pau1A_P5, qYr-pau-5B_P5At, qYr-pau-5A-p11, qYr-pau-6A, qYr-pau-2B_P7, and one minor QTL, qYrpau-P9-3b, on chromosomes 1A, 5B, 5A, 6A, 2B, and 3B, respectively. KASP markers associated with these genes can be directly utilized for marker-assisted breeding in wheat.ThesisItem Open Access Pathological and molecular variation in Puccinia triticina the incitant of leaf/brown rust of wheat and host resistance(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2021) Harmandeep Kaur; Jaspal KaurLeaf/brown rust of wheat, caused by Puccinia triticina (Pt), is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide. To study the virulence pattern/ diversity of P. triticina, the surveys for leaf rust occurrence were conducted in Punjab during 2018-2021. SBS Nagar (Saroya block) Ludhiana west, Rupnagar (Anandpur sahib) and Gurdaspur were observed as hot spot areas for leaf rust of wheat and disease severity recorded was in the range of 5-40S at different locations. From virulence profiling of the leaf rust infected samples collected from Punjab, it was found that Pt pathotypes 77-5, 77-9, 77-13 (121R60-1,7 ) and 1R 31 are known to occur in Punjab with varied frequencies. Out of which the prevalence of pathotype 77-9 was maximum (62.85%) followed by 121R60-1,7(31.42%). The genetic diversity among Pt isolates was studied using SSR markers which demonstrated that the new pathotype (121R60-1, 7) is more closely related to the pathotype77-9. To know the effectiveness of Lr genes, the leaf rust differentials (Indian and in Thatcher background) and commercial wheat cultivars/ known Lr gene lines were scored against P. triticina infection at four different locations of Punjab (Ludhiana, Gurdaspur, SBS Nagar & Abohar). The lines carrying Lr genes; Lr 9, Lr 19, Lr 24, Lr 25, Lr 28, Lr 29, Lr 32, Lr 42, Lr 45, Lr 47, Lr 52, Lr 57, Lr 58, Lr 76 exhibited resistance against the most prevalent pathotypes (77-5, 77-9 and 121R60-1, 7) of P. triticina in Punjab. One hundread and ninty seven wheat germplasm lines were evaluated at the seedling stage as well as at the adult plant stage against these pathotypes. Based on the seedling reaction test and adult plant response at Ludhiana and Gurdaspur during 2018-2021, it was inferred that thirty six lines showed highly resistant reaction whereas twenty six lines were highly susceptible with AUDPC value >400 and FRS value >40S. DNA of all these test lines was amplified with Lr gene specific markers to identify the gene(s) present in these lines. Based on the molecular data and race specific infection response at seedling as well as at adult plant stage; the leaf rust resistance genes Lr 9, Lr19, Lr24, Lr25, Lr 28, Lr29, Lr32, Lr42, Lr45, Lr47, Lr52, Lr57, Lr58 and Lr76 were postulated in these lines. All stage resistance was imparted by the genes; Lr9, Lr19, Lr24 and Lr28 against prevalent Pt pathotypes in Punjab. The F3 and F5 generation of seven populations were evaluated against P. triticina from 2018-2021 under field conditions at PAU (Ludhiana). The genotypic ratio 1:2:1 and 1:1 for F3 and F5 population respectively fit significantly on the phenotypic data. For gene mapping the resistant and susceptible bulks along with resistant and susceptible parents were genotyped with 90K SNP chip Ilumina array. The SNPs located on the chromosome 5A for population (IC 321853 X HD 3086); 7B for population (IC 549520 X HD 3086); 1B,1D and 6A for population (IC 252609 X HD 3086); 1A, 1D, 3B, 4B and 5A for population (IC 252742 X HD 3086) and 1A, 1B, 2B, 3B and 7A for population (IC 539316 X HD 3086) were selected for designing the KASP markers.ThesisItem Restricted Virulence spectrum of puccinia striiformis f. Sp. Tritici in Punjab(Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, 2017) Harmandeep Kaur; Jaspal KaurStripe rust of wheat, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is one of the most devastating disease of wheat worldwide. The purpose of this research was to survey Punjab fields to determine the prevalence of stripe rust, characterize the race structure of Pst on the basis of virulence and to know the molecular diversity of the pathogen population. During the year 2014-2015 disease severity was in the range of 5-60 per cent in Rupnagar while 10-20 per cent in other areas. During the crop season 2015-16 maximum disease severity was in the month of December i.e.10-40 per cent in Rupnagar followed by traces to 40 per cent in SBS Nagar and 20 per cent in Hoshiarpur, Gurdaspur, Fatehgarh Sahib and 10 per cent in Ludhiana, Patiala on different cultivars. Race characterization was done by inoculating differential lines carrying known resistance genes along with 15 supplemental cultivars with 12 Pst isolates collected from hot spot areas of Punjab along with pathotypes 78S84, 46S119 and 110S119 obtained from IIWBR, Regional station, Flowerdale, Shimla. On the basis of their reaction on differentials, 3 races namely 46S119, 110S119 and 238S119 were identified. Genes Yr1, Yr5, Yr10 conditioned resistance against all isolates tested on differentials and all isolates were virulent on Yr2, Yr3, Yr4, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9. Variation for virulence was observed among isolates on YrSD, YrSU and Yr9+. Out of fifteen (15) supplement genotypes, six (6) genotypes namely PBW729 (Yr15), PBW730 (Yr10), BWL2763 (Yr15), BWL3277 (Yr5), BWL3558 (Yr5), BWL4405 (Yr10) having resistance genes Yr5, Yr10, Yr15 were recorded highly resistant. PBW 343 showed ‘highly susceptible’ reaction against all isolates of Pst with maximum disease severity of 80 per cent and minimum incubation period of 8-9 days. Molecular diversity (based on SSR polymorphism) showed that isolates collected from Punjab were more diverse than isolates obtained from IIWBR, Regional station, Flowerdale, Shimla. On the basis of SSR primers (SOB, PAU, Ludhiana) result revealed that previous year isolates were genetically different than current isolates.