Browsing by Author "James, P C"
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ThesisItem Open Access Assessment of immunity to duck plague virus (duck virus enteritis)(Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1993) Diwakar Dattatrayrao, Kulkarni; KAU; James, P CDuring 1991, six outbreak clinically suspected to be duck plague (DP) with 33 per cent morbidity and 26 per cent mortality were investigated Duck plague virus was isolated from each outbreak. The isolates were able to produce the lesions and death of the duck embryos but failed to kill the chicken embryos during initial passages. One of the strains, named DP-S was partially attenuated by 10 passages in chicken .embryos following 20 passages in duck embryos. Though the attenuated strain did kill ducks, its pathogenicity index was reduced from 1.9 to 1,23. The isolate DP-S under transmission electron microscope revealed virions of herpes virus morphology. Two DP vaccines - commercial vaccine and lab-adapted vaccine having virus titres 0.74 and 3.5 log 10 ELD 50/ml respectively, were separately inoculated into four groups of ducklings respectively, two groups receiving single dose and two receiving double dose of corresponding vaccines at an interval of four weeks. Another group of ducklings was kept as control without vaccination. Three ducks in each group were challenged with virulent DPV at four,eight and 20 weeks post-vaccination. The birds in all the five groups were screened at regular intervals for studying the immune response by virus neutralization (VN), leucocyte migration-inhibition (LMI) and passive haemagglutination (PHA) test The challenged and survived birds were screened for the carrier status of DPV by examination of their rectal swabs for virus isolation. In an organized farm, 180 ducks were given commercial vaccine at one year of age and were screened for VN antibodies, LMI response and PHA titres before and eight weeks post -vaccination. Randomly selected two birds were challenged six weeks post-vaccination. The findings of the study are briefly listed as under: Six duck plague outbreaks were investigated, the virus isolated, and characterized. It was partially attenuated in duck and chicken embryos. The commercial, vaccine could elicit very poor immune response as compared to laboratory adapted vaccine. The immunity could not last long even upto eight weeks in single vaccination and 20 weeks in double vaccination.ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence of chlamydial agents in livestock in Kerala(Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1988) Reji Francis; KAU; James, P CThe magnitude of the prevalence of chlamydial infections in the live stock in Kerala was assessed by screening the smears of various clinical materials after staining , isolation using chicken embryos and guinea pigs and serologically by passive haemagglutination test. The results obtained were discussed correlating to the managemental practises in the organised herds and agroclimatic conditions. A total of 71 bio sample comprising 17 bovine abortion materials , 15 bull semen, 6 seminal vesicular secretion , one synovial, fluid from a calf, 5 caprine abortion material, 15 caprine pneumonic lungs, 5 samples from perinatal mortality in kids , 4 ovine lung tissue and one conjunctival washings from a buffalo were utilised for screening the smears stained by Gimenez ,Macchiavellos, modified Ziehi-Neelsen and Giemsa's methods and for isolation purpose . On screening the stained smears, one bovine abortion material, two bull semen, one caprine abortion material and three caprine pneumonic lesions were found positive for developmental forms of chlamydiae which could be discerned intra and extracytoplasmically . The overall prevalence rate by this method was 9.9% and species wise prevalence rates were 7.3 % among cattle and 16 % among goats.. Attempts for isolation resulted in the recovery of chlamydiae from two of 17 bovine abortion materials , four of 15 bull semen and two of 15 caprine pneumonic lungs. The overall prevalence based on isolation rate was 11.3% and species wise prevalence rates were 14.6% and 8% respectively for cattle and goats. A total of 169 serum samples consisting of 92 from cattle , 67 from goats and 10 from sheep were screened serologically . Of these 21 from cattle , 13 from goats and one from sheep were found positive showing titres of 1:16 and above . The overall seroprevalence rate was found to be 20.7 % and species wise rates were 22.8%, 19.4% and 10% for cattle , goat and sheep .ThesisItem Open Access Prevalence of yeast and yeast like fungi in bovine mastitis and their in vitro drug sensitivity(Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1995) Sukumar, K; KAU; James, P CThe present investigation was undertaken to identify the the biochemical polymorphism at serum alkaline phospha tase (SAP) loci and to study the heterogenity of SAP variation in crossbred cattle It was also envisaged to analyse the association of SAP variation and traits of economic importance such as milk production and composition of milk One hundred and ten animals belonging to two different crosses of local nondescript cattle viz Crossbred Holstein Friesian (57) and Crossbred Brown Swiss (53) were typed for SAP variance by standardising Horizontal Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) Two genotypes FS and SS were determined The highest frequency of FS genotype was in Holstein Friesian crossbred than in Brown Swiss crossbred The genotype FF was absent in both the crossbreds The highest frequency of SS genotype was in Brown Swiss crossbred than in Holstein Friesian crossbreds Two alleles namely pF and P$ with two phenotypes FS and SS were identified as SAP locus pT allele had the frequency of 0 20 and pS allele had the frequency of 0 80 in the pooled crossbreds Both the Holstein Friesian crossbreds and Brown Swiss crossbred are in genetic equilibrium at the SAP loci No association could be established between milk yield (305 days) and serum alkaline phosphatase level A non significant negative correlation existed between milk fat percentage and SAP level whereas a significant positive correlation existed between milk SNF percentage and SAP level The correlation between SAP level and milk total solids were found to be negative and non significant in Brown Swiss crossbreds whereas a non significant positive correlation existed between the SAP level and milk total solids in Holstein Friesian crossbreds Animals belonging to the FS genotype are better milk producers compared to the SS genotype For higher fat percentages the performance of SS genotype was compara tively better The performance of SS genotype is better for producing milk with more than 8 5 percentage of SNF FS genotype performed better for producing milk having higher percentage of total solidsThesisItem Open Access Prevalence of yeast and yeast like fungi in bovine mastitis and their in vitro drug sensitivity(Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1996) Sukumar, K; KAU; James, P CA total of 200 milk samples from clinical cases of bovine mastitis were culturally screened during a period of six months. Pathogenic fungal organisms could be isolated only from 26 samples. Out of this 26 positive samples, yeast and yeast like fungal organisms were isolated from 20 samples and mould from six cases. The major pathogen isolated were candida spp namely C. tropicalis, C. parapsilosis and C. guillermondi. The other organisms were Geotrichum candidum, Trichosporon cutaneum, Sacharomyces cerevisiae, Torulopsis spp and Rhodotorula rubra. The filamentous fungi isolated were Sepedonium spp, Aspergillus ochraceous group, Cladosporium carrionii, Penicillium spp and Trichophyton verrucosum. In majority of the cases yeast and yeast like fungi produced chronic mastitis in which hardness of udder and reduction in milk yield with watery milk containing flakes were noticed. In cases of mastitis where in mould was involved, chronic mastitis characterized by hardness of udder and reduction in milk yield with straw yellow coloured milk, viscid in consistency. Sensitivity pattern of the fungal isolates to the commonly employed antifungal chemotherapeutic agents like Amphotericin B, Clotrimazole, Fluconazole, Griseofuivin, Itraconazole, Ketocanazole, Nystin and Pimaricin (Natamycin) was elucidated. Among the above agents Clotrimazole and Itraconazole exhibited maximum inhibitory activity. All the isolates were found to be resistant to Griseofulvin. In vitro drug sensitivity pattern of fungal isolates employing the discs impregnated with essential oils of cinnamon, clove and lemon grass and alksloids of Cassia alata was studied. Cinnamon leaf oil possessed maximum antifungal activity and the extracts of Cassia alata failed to evince the ability to inhibit the growth of fungal isolates. The antifungal activity of plant extracts were compared with the commonly antifungal chemotherapeutic agents.ThesisItem Open Access Secretory immunoglobulins of the duck (Anas platyrrhynchos domesticus)(Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1996) Hari, Kumar A V; James, P CThe profile and functional properties of the immunoglobulins of serum, bile, mucos of trachea and intestine of ducks were studied. The immunoglobulins were separated by salting out using ammonium sulphate. The various fractions of immunoglobulines were further resolved by Sephadex G-200 gel filteration which gave two peaks for serum and tracheal immunoglobulins and a single peak each for bile and intestinal immunoglobulins. The purity of these fractions were checked by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. The different fractions obtained were quantified by single radial immunodiffusion. The level of fraction 1 in the bile ranged between 1718 µg/ml and 1959 µg/ml and that of serum, 1718.06 µg/ml to 2442 µg/ml, in the S.typhimurium treated groups. The level of fraction 1 in the NDV treated groups ranged from 1115 µg/ml to 1597.35 µg/ml in bile, and 1597.35 µg/ml to 1959.34 µg/ml in serum. The level of fraction 2 in serum ranged from 1797 µg/ml to 2591 µg/ml in S.typhimurium treated group and 1400 µg/ml to 1797 µg/ml in the NDV treated group. Fraction 2 was not detectable in bile. The antibody response of ducks to a bacterial and viral antigen (anaculture of S.typhimurium and R2B strain of New Castle Disease virus respectively) was assessed. On conducting standard tube agglutination test, the serum, bile and oviduct washings revealed antibody tires against S.typhimurium in inoculated birds ranging between 1:20 and 1:160 in the case of serum; 1:10 and 1:80 in the case of bile and tire less than 1:10 for oviduct washings. No antibody titre could be detected for tracheal and intestinal washings and testicular extracts. The HI titre ranging from 1:32 to 1:128 could be observed for serum, 1:32 to 1:64 for bile and a titre of 1:16 was observed for oviduct washings of ducks parenterally administered with NDV. The tire was relatively low for serum when NDV was administered intranasaly. Intestinal and tracheal washings and testicular extract failed to reveal any HI antibodies.ThesisItem Open Access Survey on the incidence of Salmonellae in meat animals(Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Mannuthy, 1977) James, P C; Abdulla, P KPrior to this “Survey on the Incidence of Salmonellae in Meat Animals” the information on the serotypes of Salmonella prevalent and the magnitude of their occurrence in livestock in Kerala had been meagre except for the reports by Sulochana et al. (1973) and Balakrishna Pillai (1975). The work carried out during the present investigation has gathered more information on the prevalence of Salmonella in livestock in Kerala. In this study the prevalence of Salmonella serotypes in the different species of animals was probed. A total of 823 biomaterials, besides 50 drain samples were subjected to cultural screening. This venture resulted in the recovery of 56 strains of Salmonella. Serological identification of many of these strains proved the prevalence of S. typhimurium, S. weltevreden and S. urbana. The preponderatingly prevalent serotypes were found to be the former two. Pathogenicity studies employing S. typhimurium culture in mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, calves and piglets were conducted. All these animals were found to be susceptible to infection by S. typhimurium evincing varying degrees of clinical manifestations. The advantages of employing modified McConkey’s medium (Sharma, 1961) containing Mannitol instead of lactose and composite medium 1 and 11 developed by Chitin is et al. (1972) to differentiate Salmonella at primary screening level have been discussed