Browsing by Author "Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard"
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ArticleItem Open Access Aflatoxicosis in Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) Chicks(TANUVAS, Chennai, 2013-01) Senthilkumar, P.; Reetha, T. Lurthu; Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Selvaraj, J.; TANUVASThe study was conducted in the emu chicks reared at Emu Research Unit, Regional Research Centre, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Pudukkottai during the year 2011. Emu chicks were kept in the brooder with a floor space of 4 sq.ft/chick. Emu chicks were offered emu starter mash from 5th day onwards and water ad libitum. Chicks were showing gradual loss of appetite, lethargy, loss of weight, depression and ruffled feathers from 13th day onwards. Two emu chicks died on subsequent days at the age of 17 and 21 days. Haemorrhage in the subcutis of the thigh region, enlarged liver with mottled and friable in consistency, distended pericardial sac with amber coloured fluid and congested intestinal and tracheal mucous membrane were recorded in the necropsy. Histologically, diffuse severe vacuolar changes of hepatocytes, congestion of epicardium with multifocal mild sub-acute epicarditis and diffuse mild congestion of trachea were observed. The feed sample was analysed for aflatoxin and it contained aflatoxin B1-45ppb and aflatoxin B2-20ppb. From this study, it can be concluded that aflatoxins in the feed caused death in the emu chicks after 13 and 17 days of feeding.ThesisItem Open Access Analyses Of Management Factors Influencing Fat And Solids-Not-Fat Content Of Cow’s Milk In Namakkal District(TANUVAS, Chennai, 2008) Singh, D. Anandha Prakash; TANUVAS; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Purushothaman, M.R.Analyses of management factors influencing fat and solids-not-fat content of cow’s milk in Namakkal district were carried out to study the feasibility of improving the milk fat and SNF content. A survey among the dairy farmers revealed that average number of cows available per farmer was 3.01. Maximum number of farmers reared Jersey crossbreds either singly (71.33 per cent) or combined with Holstein Friesian crossbred cows (18 per cent). Majority of the farmers followed individual concentrate feeding (99.33 per cent) and fed the concentrate before milking (86.67 per cent) whereas, green (94.67 per cent) and dry fodder (99.33 per cent) were fed after milking. Zero grazing was followed by 28 per cent of farmers in Sendamangalam block followed by 16 per cent in Namakkal block and none from Mohanur block. Average grazing duration per day ranged from 3.8 to 5.2 hours in the selected blocks. Irrespective of the blocks 59.33 per cent of farmers soaked the concentrate feed in water and fed to the animals. Maximum number of farmers had green fodder availability only during rainy or post-monsoon season. Majority of the farmers fed sorghum fodder alone (37 per cent) or in combination with field grass (30 per cent) or Co-3 grass (18 per cent). The overall mean dry matter intake (DMI) received through concentrate, green and dry fodder were 3.04 kg, 2.37 kg and 3.29 kg for milch cow. Farmers had fair knowledge on milk fat and SNF and their awareness to improve fat and SNF was poor. Only 6.67 per cent farmers attempted to improve the milk composition with either mineral mixture or calcite. The milk fat and SNF trend analyses showed that the mean milk fat and SNF per cent had highly significant difference between blocks, months and seasons. The overall mean morning and evening milk fat and SNF per cent were 4.342 ± 0.003 and 4.436 ± 0.003; 8.170 ± 0.001 and 8.207 ± 0.001, respectively. Maximum fat per cent was recorded during October (4.518 ± 0.009) and November (4.541 ± 0.009) months and the lower values were recorded during March (4.330 ± 0.007) and April (4.332 ± 0.009). The highest SNF per cent was registered during August (8.244 ± 0.003) and September (8.240 ± 0.003) and the lowest values observed during March (8.181 ± 0.002), April (8.176 ± 0.003) and May (8.182 ± 0.003). North-east monsoon recorded the highest fat per cent (4.517 ± 0.005) and both southwest (8.229 ± 0.002) and north-east monsoon (8.228 ± 0.002) recorded maximum SNF per cent. The lowest milk fat per cent (4.343 ± 0.005) and SNF per cent (8.180 ± 0.002) were recorded during summer. The suggestive measures trial revealed that the mean dry matter intake did not differ significantly between the treatment groups as well as between the treatment periods. During the treatment period the milk yield was significantly higher (8.46 ± 0.08 litres) in spray cooled cows (T1) followed by sodium bicarbonate (8.24 ± 0.05 litres) and least in yeast (7.65 litres) supplemented cows (T3). Both milk fat and SNF per cent in the spray cooled cows (4.23 ± 0.05 and 8.23 ±0.02) and sodium bicarbonate supplemented cows showed significantly higher values during the treatment period. Among the treatment groups, the spray cooled cows had the highest positive response in milk yield both in the morning (5.03 ± 0.05 litres) and evening (3.42 ± 0.04 litres) followed by sodium bicarbonate (4.96 ± 0.03 and 3.28 ± 0.03 litres) supplemented cows. The yeast supplemented cows had the least positive response (4.58 ± 0.07 and 3.07 ± 0.04 litres). The spray cooled cows recorded the maximum fat per cent both in the morning (4.16 ± 0.05) and evening (4.30 ± 0.06) during the treatment period. The mean SNF per cent was also higher in the spray cooled cows (8.23 ± 0.02) followed by mineral mixture (8.22 ± 0.02) and yeast (8.21 ± 0.01) supplemented cows.ThesisItem Open Access An Analysis on Job Ambitions of Veterinary Students in Tamil Nadu(TANUVAS, 2009) Geetha, R; TANUVAS; Manivannan, A; Narmatha, N; Jagatheesan, P.N. RichardArticleItem Open Access Anthelmintic Efficacy of Papaya Latex (Carica papaya) against Ascardia galli infection in Turkeys(Indian Veterinary Journal, 2011-10) Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Senthilkumar, P.; TANUVASHelminthic problem is common in turkey birds reducing their production performance. Medicinal plants may become good alternative for modern synthetic anthelmintics in small holder farms, if their efficacy can be proved scientifically under controlled studies.ThesisItem Open Access Assessment Of Functional Properties Of Emu Oil(Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, 2013) Muthusamy, P.; TANUVAS; Thyagarajan, D.; Selvan, S.T.; Gnanaraj, P. Tensingh; Jagatheesan, P.N. RichardThis study was conducted with the objectives of surveying the existing emu farming system and oil processing methods, analysing the biochemical profile of emu oil, establishing value addition using emu oil and assessing the therapeutic value of emu oil. The survey was conducted with twelve emu farmers located in Karur, Dindugul, Namakkal, Villupuram and Kancheepuram districts of Tamil Nadu. The results on socio-economic status of the farmers revealed land holding was up to 1 to 5 acre and less than one acre category in 66.66% and emu farming was practiced as allied activity in 41.67%. Majority (75%) of the respondents relied on custom mixing of feed and only five farmers out of twelve carried out the slaughter of emu. Number of birds slaughtered weekly varied from three to maximum of 30 birds (80%). More than three fourth (80 %) of the emu farmers processed emu oil manually and 60% of the farmers reported 4 litres of emu oil yield from one emu having body weight of 40 kg. The highest fat was recovered in 16 months age group followed by 14 and 15 months old emu birds. The emu oil was extracted from the emu fat samples. The data revealed highly significant differences (P≤ 0.01) in live weight, dressing percentage and skin yield and only significant differences (P≤ 0.05) in other parameters such as heart, liver, intestine, breast bone and carcass weight between different age groups of emu. Significant variation (P≤ 0.05) could be seen in free fatty acid, acid value and saponification value in different age groups. Likewise significant difference was registered in linolenic acid and unsaturated fatty acid levels in emu oil. Inclusion of emu oil in japanese quail feed didn’t cause any variation in production parameters like body weight, feed efficiency and livability. However, significant (P≤ 0.05) difference in hen day egg production between 7 and 12 weeks was observed. Significant difference were also observed between different treatments in hatching parameters live infertile eggs, dead in germ, total hatchability percent and hatch weight of chicks. Inclusion of graded levels emu oil in feed in Japanese quail between 0 and 6 weeks of age resulted in, significant (P≤ 0.05) variation in stearic, arachidic, behenic acid, linolenic and eicosapentaenoic acid in male breast meat and in palmitic acid arachidic acids in female breast meat. Likewise in male quail leg meat, significant variation (P≤0.05) in eicosapentaenoic acid component and in female quail leg meat docosahexaenoic acid was observed. Pooled saturated fatty acid composition in breast meat showed significant difference (P≤0.05) in stearic, behenic and total saturated fatty acid. However saturated fatty acid composition in quail leg reflected significant difference (P≤ 0.05) in palmitic acid. In respect of pooled unsaturated fatty acids, significant difference (P≤ 0.05) was seen in eicosapentaenoic acid in breast meat and linolenic, eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid in leg meat. The analysis of data on effect of emu oil supplementation in feed on saturated fatty acid composition in quail eggs revealed that significant differences (P≤0.05) were observed only in stearic and arachidic acids between different treatment groups. The results on effect of emu oil supplementation in feed on unsaturated fatty acid composition in quail eggs revealed that oleic, palmito-oleic, linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic and total unsaturated fatty acids exerted a significant difference (P≤0.05). The inflammatory changes observed in the soft skin tissue on the foot pad of legs of B2 broiler chicken revealed that faster healing was noticed in emu oil applied group as compared to the induced control during different time intervals at 6, 24,72 and 120 hrs after treatment with emu oil. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that major fatty acid present in emu oil is oleic acid and emu oil has two important fatty acids, namely linoleic and linolenic acids which have health promoting and anti inflammatory properties.ArticleItem Open Access Biology of Emu(TANUVAS, 2011) Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Anandh, M. Anna; Paramasivam, A.; Reetha, T. Lurthu; Senthilkumar, P.; Rajarajan, G.; TANUVASThe emu originated Australia and belongs to an order of flighless birds called ratites. Other ratites include the ostrich (South Africa), rhea (South America}, cassowary {Australia}, and kiwi (New Zealand). The farming of Emu is well established in Australia, United States, Europe, Chine, and South East Asia and is gaining popularity in India too.ArticleItem Open Access BIOMETRY OF OVARIES AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF OESTROUS CYCLE IN BUFFALOES(2006-01) Selvaraju, M.; Vijayanand, K.R.; Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Chandrahasan, C.; TANUVASKnowledge of the biometry of female genital organs especially ovary is imperative in breeding operations and for diagnosis, control and treatment of infertility (Chauhan and Adamu, 1990). Many studies have been made on biometry of genitalia in different breeds of buffaloes (Kaikini, 1974 and Parkale and Hukeri, 1989). However, reports on the biometry of buffalo ovaries at different stages of oestrous cycle and anoestrus are less. Hence, the present investigation has been undertaken to compare the biometry of buffaloe ovaries at various stages of oestrous cycle.ArticleItem Open Access Blood Biochemical Profile and Oestrus Induction to Augment Fertility in Anoestrus Murrah Buffaloes(2006-01) Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Selvaraju, M.; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; Chandrahasan, C.; TANUVASArticleItem Open Access BLOOD BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE IN RELATION TO DIFFERENT BODY WEIGHTS IN MECHERI SHEEP(Indian Veterinary Association, 2002-10) Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Arunachalam, S.; Sivakumar, T.; Selvaraju, M.; TANUVASMecheri sheep is one among the five recognized hairy breeds of sheep reared in Tamil Nadu. It has a circumscribed distribution comprising of Salem and Namakkal districts and Bhavani taluk of Erode district in Tamil Nadu. Ramprabhu and Dhanapalan (1998) reported the mean values of various blood biochemical parameters in Nilagiri and Merino Nilagiri crossbred sheep under farm condition. However, no information is available on blood biochemical profiles of Mecheri sheep and hence, an investigation was made to record the blood biochemistry of this breed in its home tract.ArticleItem Open Access Breeding Management of Emu(TANUVAS, 2011) Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Anandh, M. Anna; Paramasivam, A.; Reetha, T. Lurthu; Senthilkumar, P.; Rajarajan, G.; TANUVASEfficient production of viable healthy emu chicks is vital to the emu industry. The detailed knowledge of incubation of emu eggs and emu hatchery management is a must for emu farmers.OtherItem Open Access Breeding Season and Laying Pattern in Emu(TANUVAS, 2010) Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Reetha, T. LurthuOtherItem Open Access Colibacillosis in Emu ChicksRajarajan, G.; Reetha, T. Lurthu; Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; TANUVASEmu chicks aged one month old, maintained at TANLJVAS-Regicmal Research Centre. Pudukkottai, were exhibited clinical signs of anorexia, dullness, reluctant to move, respiratory distress and pyrexia.OtherItem Open Access Colisepticaemia in Emu (Dromaius Novaehollandiae)(TANUVAS, 2010) Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Reetha, T. Lurthu; Senthilkumar, P.; Paramasivam, A.ArticleItem Open Access COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF HATCHING PERFORMANCE OF TURKEY (Meleagris gallopavo) VARIETIES(TANUVAS, Chennai, 2015-05) Henry, A. Clement Ebenezer; Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Paramasivam, A.; Mehala, C.; TANUVASThe study was carried out to assess the hatching performance of five turkey varieties maintained under standard managemental practices at TANUVAS – Regional Research Centre, Pudukkottai.ArticleItem Open Access Comparative Efficacy Of Two Different Disinfection Methods Against Coccidian Oocysts(2006-09) Kumar, P.; Kumar, V. Ramesh Saravana; Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Mohan, B.; TANUVASCocidiosis, one of the important disease of sheep and goats, can be controlled by adopting sanitary measures inside the animal enclosure. Two different disinfection methods viz. flame gun application and liquid ammonia spray were selected and their efficacy was studied against ovine and caprine coccidian occytes.OtherItem Open Access Correlation of Temperature Humidity Index with Production Performance of Crossbred Jersey Cows in the Semi-arid Region of Tamilnadu(TANUVAS, Chennai, 2013-06) Henry, A. Clement Ebenezer; Arunachalam, S.; Sivakumar, T.; Jagatheesan, P.N. RichardThesisItem Open Access Distribution and Management Practices of Coimbatore Sheep(TANUVAS, Chennai, 2005) Rajapandi, S.; TANUVAS; Saravanakumar, V. Ramesh; Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Viswanathan, K.Coimbatore sheep is one among the three recognized breeds of wooly sheep reared in Tamil Nadu. Detailed information on the distribution, migration, management practices and sheep farming structures is lacking at present. Hence, an investigation was undertaken to study the habitat and distribution, management practices, sheep farming structure and the socio-economic status of the farmers involved in Coimbatore sheep rearing. The distribution of Coimbatore sheep was determined by surveying 36 villages in Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu. Coimbatore sheep were distributed in Sulur and Sultanpet Panchayat Union of Palladam taluk; Madukkarai and Thondamuthur Panchayat union of Coimbatore South taluk and Periyanaiyakkanpalayam Panchayat Union of Coimbatore district. The size of pure flocks ranged from 20 to 2100 with a mean of 362.33. The estimated population of Coimbatore sheep was 1,10,620. Coimbatore sheep migrate from their villages of origin almost in all directions up to 5 to 8 km depending on the availability of grazing land and harvested paddy fields. Flocks were also migrated to Palakkad district in Kerala state from September to March or April. However, some flocks were provided with nylon nets or wooden reaper as side protection. Sheep grazing duration was 8 to 12 hours a day with a grazing distance ranged from 5 to 8 km from the penning site. No concentrate feeding was in practice both in migratory and stationary flocks. Watering was done 2 or 3 times a day depending upon the availability. The penning charges per day per sheep varied from 50 paise to one rupee. Rams more than 18 months old were allowed with ewes at a ratio of 1:20 throughout the year and mating was uncontrolled. Shearing was done once in a year during the month of May and June. The average annual greasy fleece yield as reported by the farmers was 0.5 kg to 0.75 kg per sheep. The wool was sold at the average rate of Rs. 18 to 25 per kg. Women were found engaged in weaving blankets and rugs. Deworming was done 3 or 4 times in a year with commonly available anthelmintics. Among the flock surveyed 27.61 per cent farmers were not carrying out any vaccination. Lambs were sold from 30 to 90 days at the rate of Rs. 450 to 600 per head. Among Coimbatore sheep farmers studied male members were more (51.72 per cent) than females (48.28 per cent). The overall literacy was about 60.44 per cent. The sex-wise literacy rate revealed higher (P<0.01) percentage (58.67 per cent) in males than in females (41.33 per cent). The land holding averaged 3.92 acres. The ‘Z’ test revealed highly significant difference between the irrigated and unirrigated land holding of Palladam and Coimbatore South taluks surveyed. The overall average family income of the three taluks was Rs. 30928.84 per year. Out of total 268 households rearing Coimbatore sheep, 30.22 per cent (81) were maintaining less than 100 sheep, 19.4 per cent (52) were maintaining 101 to 250 sheep, 32.83 per cent (88) were maintaining 251 to 500 sheep and 17.54 per cent (47) were maintaining more than 500 sheep. The net return per animal was estimated as Rs. 363.50.ArticleItem Open Access Distribution, morphological characters and adopted husbandry practices of Mecheri sheep in its home tract(2003-05) Jagatheesan, P.N. Richard; Arunchalam, S.; Sivakumar, T.; Selvaraju, M.; TANUVASThe Mecheri sheep is a medium sized hairy breed found in Salem and Namakkal districts of Tamil Nadu. Ganesakala and Rathnasabapathy (1973) reported the habitat and the morphological characteristics of Mecheri sheep based on field observations.