Browsing by Author "JITESH KUMAR BAGHEL"
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ThesisItem Open Access Conservation agriculture and weed control effects on productivity and resource-use efficiency in rice-wheat cropping system(DIVISION OF AGRONOMY ICAR-INDIAN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE NEW DELHI, 2017) JITESH KUMAR BAGHEL; T.K. DasConservation agriculture (CA)-based rice (Oryza sativa L.) - wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend Fiori&Paol.) cropping system (RWCS) can be the possible option for higher productivity and sustainability of the RWCS in the North-western Indo-Gangetic plains of India. But, weed infestation is the most important constraint towards its adoption. The CA influences weed species dynamics and competition in RWCS and affects the productivity of crops. A suitable integration of CA and weed management option can lead to a viable and sustainable RWCS through effective weed management that leads to higher productivity and resource-use efficiency. Therefore, field experiments were carried out at the ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 2012-13 and 2013-14 to find out best weed control option for reducing crop-weed competition in RWCS, and to evaluate the effects of CA and weed control measures on resource-use efficiency, crop productivity and economics. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design, keeping CA practices in main plots and weed control measures in sub-plot with three replications. The CA treatments were: direct-seeded rice (DSR) - zero till wheat (ZTW), DSR - ZTW + rice residue retentions (RR), DSR + BM (brown manuring) - ZTW, DSR + BM - ZTW + RR, Mungbean residue (MR) + DSR – ZTW - zero till summer mungbean (ZTSMB), MR + DSR – ZTW + RR – ZTSMB + wheat residue retentions (WR), transplanted puddled rice (TPR) - ZTW and TPR – conventional till wheat (CTW). Weed control treatments in rice comprised of unweeded control (UWC), pre-emergence applications of pendimethalin at 1.5 kg/ha followed by postemergence applications of bispyribac-Na at 25 g/ha at 25 DAS/DAT, and these combination also integrated with one hand weeding (HW); and in wheat: unweeded control (UWC), preemergence application of pendimethalin at 1.0 kg/ha applied alone at 2 DAS; and sequenctional applications of pre-emergence pendimethalin at 1.0 kg/ha alone at 2 DAS followed by post-emergence applications of sulfosulfuron at 25 g/ha at 30 DAS. CA practices like brown manuring, summer mungbean and rice residue retention and zero till wheat influenced the growth, yield and yield attributers of rice and succeeding wheat. Higher rice yield was recorded in TPR than DSR practice. Among DSR practices, the triple cropping system including a legume (i.e. mungbean), MR + DSR – ZTW + RR – ZTSMB + WR combined with sequenctional applications pendimethalin followed bispyribac supplemented with one HW was found best treatment. It was next to TPR practices (TPR - ZTW & TPR - CTW) on the growth, yield, and yield attributes of rice. On the contrary, ZTW performed better than CTW. Higher growth and yield of wheat were recorded in ZTW. In wheat, the MR + DSR – ZTW + RR – ZTSMB + WR (with residues of three crops) and MR + DSR – ZTW– ZTSMB (without residue) and the applications of pendimethalin fb sulfosulfuron resulted in higher values of growth parameters, yield and yield attributes compared to the TPR - ZTW and TPR - CTW systems. The overall system productivity and monetary benefit were higher with treatments, MR + DSR – ZTW + RR –ZTSMB +WR combined with pendimethalin fb bispyribac along with one HW in rice, and pendimethalin fb sulfosulfuron in wheat. DSR was infested with diverse weeds in large numbers than TPR. Grassy weeds were more dominant than others in rice. Among DSR practices, the DSR - ZTW and DSRZTW + RR had maximum weed infestation. In wheat, broad-leaved weeds were more dominant, and higher weed infestation was observed in conventional till wheat practices, i.e., TPR-CTW and TPR-ZTW. The applications of pendimethalin fb bispyribac along with one HW in rice and pendimethalin fb sulfosulfuron in wheat effectively controlled weeds and provided higher weed control efficiency (WCE). The populations of plant-parasitic nematodeswere higher in DSR and ZTW practices than conventional practices. Treatments, DSR + BM - ZTW and DSR + BM – ZTW + RR resulted in higher number of nematodes in both rice and wheat. Weed density and nematode population were positively correlated. Herbicide application significantly reduced nematodes population. Higher values of microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA) were associated with DSR and ZTW practices. Weed control measures did not affect microbial activity. CA practices had significant impacts on C pools, available NPK and soil organic carbon. The treatments,MR + DSR – ZTW + RR – ZTSMB + WR, MR + DSR – ZTW – ZTSMB, and DSR + BM - ZTW + RR resulted in higher very labile C and available NPK. Weed control measure did not influence C pools and soil organic carbon. Thus, based on the two-year studies, a combination of the CA-based triple cropping system that involves summer mungbean residue retention in direct-seeded rice, followed by zero till wheat with rice residue, and zero-till summer mungbean with wheat residue retention, and the applications of pre-emergence pendimethalin 1.5 kg/ha alone followed by postemergence bispyribac-Na 25 g/ha at 25 DAS/DAT supplemented with one 1 hand weeding in rice, and the applications of pre-emergence pendimethalin 1.0 kg/ha at 2 DAS alone followed by post-emergence applications of sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha at 30 DAS in wheat, may be recommended for better weed management and higher crop productivity, profitability and resource-use efficiency in the North-western Indo-Gangetic Plains of India.ThesisItem Open Access Response of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties to nitrogen management under aerobic conditions(IARI, Division of Agronomy, 2011) JITESH KUMAR BAGHEL; Y. V. SinghA field experiment was conducted during the kharif season of 2010 at the research farm of the IARI, New Delhi, to study the influence of integrated nitrogen application and rice varieties under aerobic rice on growth, yield, physiological attributes and soil properties. The experiment was laid out in a Factorial Randomized Block Design with 16 treatment combinations and replicated thrice. Treatment combinations included four rice varieties viz. ‘Jaldi Dhan 13’ (JD 13), ‘Pusa Sugandh 5’(PS-5), ‘Anjali’ and ‘Pusa 834’ and four N application options viz., control; 120 kg N ha-1 (urea) 60 kg N ha-1 (urea) + 60 kg N ha-1 vermicompost (VC), and 90 kg N ha-1 (urea) + 30 kg N ha-1 (VC). Nitrogen through urea was applied in 3 equal splits i.e. at basal, at active tillering and at panicle initiation stage. Other recommended agronomic practices were followed to raise the crop. Results indicated that rice varieties showed significant variation in plant height, number of tillers and dry matter accumulation at different growth stages under aerobic .The variety ‘PS-5’ superseded other varieties in growth parameters. Highest grain and straw yields were recorded by ‘PS-5’ (3.7 t ha-1), followed by ‘Pusa 834’ (3.5 t ha-1). Application of N through urea showed significant influence on grain and straw yield of rice. Maximum grain yield (4.0 t ha-1) was recorded with 90 kg N (urea) + 30 kg N (VC) ha-1. The variety ‘Anjali’ showed maximum tolerance to root knot nematodes but ‘PS-5’ was found most susceptible to nematode. Rice varieties showed significantly different concentration and uptake of N in grain and straw. Concentration of micronutrients in grain and straw was at par but it was varied significantly under different N application options. Uptake of micronutrients in grain and straw was significantly increased due to the integrated application of N through urea and VC in 3 different combinations over the control. Soil organic carbon, total soil N and available Fe were not influenced by the varieties as well as by N application. There was increase in proline content with increase in age of the crop in all the varieties and by the application of N. Leaf soluble protein and chlorophyll were varied in all varieties and influenced due to the application of N in aerobic rice.