Browsing by Author "Giraddi, R S"
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ThesisItem Open Access BIO-DEGRADATION OF SOME AGRO-EVDUSTRIAL WASTES USING EARTHWORM, Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg)(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2002) Kitturmath, M S; Giraddi, R S"Investigations on the bio-degradation of some agro-industrial wastes using earthworm, Eudrilus eugeniae (Kinberg), influence of different feeding additives on the degradation process and nutrient analysis of vermicompost samples were undertaken at the Main Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka during 2001-02. Different agro-industrial wastes such as pressmud, bagasse, coir waste, groundnut shell and rice husk were used in the experiment. Faster multiplication of worms and eventual recycling of wastes into vermicompost were observed in pressmud. Bagasse and coir waste were intermediate in their acceptability to earthworms. Coversely, groundnut shell and rice husk proved undesirable agroindustrial wastes, which took significantly longer period for degradation. The treatment pressmud 50% -i- cowdung 50% supported higher number of cocoons, non-clitellate, clitellate worms and vermicompost production. F'ressmud and biogas spent slurry proved as better substrates for degradation of distillery waste. The treatment distillery waste + pressmud -i- cowdung 40% encountered higher production of cocoons, non-clitellate, clitellate worms and vermicompost production. Different feeding additives were tested for degradation of agro-industrial wastes like groundnut shell and rice husk which were found undegraded in the field experiment. Among the different additives tested, rice bran and wheat bran proved as good additives along with the palatable substances like cowdung and paddy straw. Mango leaf powder and gram husk were moderate in their effectiveness. Fermentation yeast sludge proved as least preferred additive for earthworms. Higher number of cocoons, non-clitellate, clitellate worms and vermicompost production was noticed in the treatment - groundnut shell 75% + paddy straw 25% -I- rice bran 2% being next to the standard check. However, the treatment - groundnut shell -I- fermentation yeast sludge 1% proved as undesirable waste - additive combination. Similar trend was also observed in rice husk also. There was a considerably higher levels of macro and micronutrients recorded in the vermicompost samples prepared from different agro-industrial wastes compared to their initial levels."ThesisItem Open Access EFFECT OF EARTHWORM DENSITY AND WATER QUALITY ON VERMICULTURE AND VERMICOMPOSTINC(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2002) Dayanada, K; Giraddi, R S"Investigations on the effect of earthworm density and water quality on vermiculutre and vermicomposting were undertaken at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad during 2000-01. Two crop residues, soybean harvest waste and cereal straw having varied C:N ratios were used as substrates. With the increase in earthworm density from 100 to 250 worms per bed of 1.0 x 1.0 x 0.5 m, the fecundity, non-clitellate and clitellate worms in numbers increased progressively. Similar increase was observed with vermicompost production which ranged from 11.17 kg at 100 worms density to 15.17 kg at 250 worms density. When observed on per worm basis, the rate of increase in earthworm development was higher at 100 worms density (7.25 and 5.61 fold) followed with 150 worms (5.48 and 4.30 fold), 200 worms (4.44 and 3.51 fold) compared to 250 worms (3.69 and 2.97 fold) which was the lowest in both soybean waste and cereal straw. The productivity of vermicompost was also higher at 100 worms (0.13 and 0 1 kg) inoculation density in both substrates and it decreased (lowest of 0.07 and 0.05 kg at 250 worms) with the increase in earthworm density. Between the two residues, soybean residue was a good substrate for cocoon production, development of worms and vermicompost production compared to cereal straw where the population growth and quantum of biodegradation were relatively less. Considering various parameters, 100 worms per bed appears to be the optimum inoculation density in both the substrates. Higher number of cocoons, population growth and vermicompost was obsen/ed in potable water and sewage water - potable water mix (1:5 proportion). The treatments to follow this were water with RSC of < 2.5 meL""\ water with EC of 2 dSm""^ and sewage water - potable water mix (1:2 proportion). However, other treatments such as water with RSC of 5 meL'\ water with EC 4 dSm""^ were moderate in their effect. Direct application of sewage water exerted adverse effect on the development of worms. No development of worms was seen in treatments, water with EC of 8 dSm'^ and RSC of 10 meL""' due to initial mortality of the worms immediately after release indicating that they are unsuited for vermiculture and vermicomposting for all three species. The toxicity of salt water on the survival of worms was in the order of Eudhlus eugeniae < Eisenia fetida < Perionyx excavatus whereas for sewage water it was E. fetida < E. eugeniae < P. excavatus."ThesisItem Open Access POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF DEFOLIATOR PESTS OF CABBAGE(University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, 2000) Dhana Raj, B; Giraddi, R SSeasonal abundance studies indfcated that maximum population (24.18) larvae/plant) of diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella (L.) was noticed during third week of January in rabi season and it was lowest (0.13 larvae/plant) during third week of April to first week of May in summer season. Minimum population (0.15) of tobacco caterpillar. Spodoptera litura Fab. was noticed during third week of November and attained peak (12.05) in the same season (rabi) between first week to third week of January. Whereas the peak population (6.95) of cabbage leaf Webber, Croddolomia binotalis Zell, was observed in first week of September in kharif and lowest population (0.45) was observed in first week of May in summer season. While, maximum population (10.69) of cabbage head borer, Hellula undalis (Fab.) was noticed during third week of April in summer season and lowest population (0.01) was observed during first week of August in kharif. Among the new insecticides tested in field, spinosad @ 0.048%, fipronil @ 0.005%, lufenuron @ 0.005%, novaluron @ 0.01%, fiufenoxuron @ 0.01% and thiodicarb @ 0.15% in that order proved significantly superior in reducing the larvae of P. xylstella, S. litura, C. binotalis throughout the crop period. However, lufenuron, novaluron, spinosad, fiufenoxuron and carbosuifan @ 0.025% proved superior in that order against cabbage head borer. With respect to ovidical toxicity all the tested new chemicals except fipronil exhibited good ovicidal action against 0-24, 24-48 and 48-72 hrs old eggs of P. xylostelia, S. litura, C. binotalis and H. undalis. Of the modules of IPM evaluated, adoptable module with mustard trap crop was found to be the best in reducing the pest load on cabbage crop, increasing the yield tremendously compared to biointensive module and RPP. Mustard plants effectively trapped P. xylostelia, C. binotalis and H. undalis population. This module also recorded higher benefit cost ratio of 4.17 over RPP.ThesisItem Open Access STUDIES ON POPULATION DYNAMICS AND MANAGEMENT OF MANGO LEAFHOPPERS(University of Agricultural Science, Dharwad, 2000) Girish Kumar, H M; Giraddi, R S"Studies on the population dynamics of mango leafhoppers conducted at Dharwad revealed the occurrence of three species of leafhoppers namely Amritodus atkinsoni (Leth.) Idioscopus nitidulus [Leih.] and Idioscopus clypealis (Leth.) throughout the year. The order of dominance was A. atkinsoni > I. nitidulus > I. clypealis. A. atkinsoni and I. nitidulus were the major species comprising 41.02 per cent and 40.18 per cent, respectively. The population of both A. atkinsoni and I. nitidulus shot up during November-December and maintained the peak activity upto March. On the contrary, I. clypealis remained at low density upto December first fortnight, there onwards increasing trend was seen upto January, later decline in population was noticed from January second fortnight. However the population again shot up from February second fortnight to March second fortnight. Among the three species I. clypealis had significant positive correlation with maximum temperature (r=0.532). Population of all the three species as well as total leafhopper numbers was negatively and significantly correlated to morning, afternoon and mean relative humidity. Dead leafhoppers due to incidence of Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Vieges were found attached to plant axils and also on the undersurface of leaves. The natural incidence varied from zero (2^^^ fortnight of November) to 5.79 per cent (2""^ fortnight of October). Incidence of V. lecanii and morning afternoon and mean relative humidity were positively and significantly correlated. Field collected live leafhoppers carried infection by the entomopathogens, namely V. lecanii and Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill which was indicated by their development in PDA medium in the laboratory. Lambda cyhalothrin (0.5 ml/litre) and imidacloprid (0.25 ml/litre) were the most effective chemicals in reducing the population of the leafhoppers. Cypermethrin, profenofos, monocrotophos and acephate were the next to follow, whereas fipronil and endosulfan were the least effective treatments. Among the sequential sprays tried, sprays of Verticel followed with monocrotophos appeared to be promising in terms of reducing the pesticide load in the environment."